Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. 02:ME28-1STSEM-2022-2023

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

DEGREE PROGRAM BSME COURSE NO. ME 28

SPECIALIZATION Mechanical COURSE TITLE Machine Design 2
YEAR LEVEL 4thth Year TIME FRAME 12Hrs WK NO. 3 IM NO. 2

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Design of Power Screws

II. LESSON TITLE

1. Square thread
2. Acme thread
3. Buttress thread

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

Power screw is a mechanical screw used for power transmission rather than fastening. A
mechanical screw is a cylinder or cone that has a helical ridge called a thread. A helix has one or more
turns, so a screw can have several turns. Power screws provide high mechanical advantage; allow a
relatively small force to be amplified for application.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Determine power screws if self-locking or not based on lead angles.

2. Design, analyze and solve problems on power screw
3. Apply Design standards in the actual field.

V. LESSON CONTENT

POWER SCREWS

Introduction:

The power screws (also known as translation screws) are used to convert rotary motion into
translatory motion. For example, in the case of the lead screw of the lathe, the rotary motion is available
but the tool has to be advanced in the direction of the cut against the cutting resistance of the material. In
the case of a screw jack, a small force applied in the horizontal plane is used to raise or lower a large
load. Power screws are also used in vices, testing machines, presses, etc. In most of the power screws,
the nut has axial motion against the resisting axial force while the screw rotates in its bearings. In some
screws, the screw rotates and moves axially against the resisting force while the nut is stationary and in
others, the nut rotates while the screw moves axially with no rotation.

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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Definitions and Useful Information (Power Screws)

Power Screws or translation screws are machines used to move weights and machine parts and
use square, ACME, or metric or trapezoidal threads.
The translation screw is used typically in conjunction with a collar for applications such as vises,
capstans, gate valves, and so on. Other applications such as lead screw on lathe machine do
not require a collar.
There are only types of threads that are applied for power screws namely: Square thread,
ACME thread, and Buttress thread.
The total torque required in raising or lowering the load is the sum of the torque applied to
overcome the collar friction and the torque require to overcome the threads friction

Design Considerations

o Torque and Power Requirements for Lifting and Lowering the Load

▪ The external torque, T, required for raising or lowering the load is just the torque required to
overcome collar friction (Tc) and thread friction (Ts).

T = Ts + Tc Eq. 7.1

o Collar Friction Torque, Tc, or the Torque Required to Overcome the Collar Friction in Raising or
Lowering the Load

▪ Collar friction torque is usually high unless anti-friction bearings are used in the collar. If anti-
friction bearings are used, collar friction is considered negligible. If no anti-bearings are used,
collar friction is considered in the computation.

▪ Collar friction torque is given by the following expression

D 
Tc = f c W  c  Eq. 7.2
 2 

Where, W = the load to be lifted or lowered

Tc = collar friction torque
Dc = collar friction diameter
fc = collar coefficient of friction

Dco + Dci
Dc = , if Dc is not given Eq. 7.3
2

Dco = outside collar diameter

Dci = inside collar diameter

o Thread Friction Torque, Ts, or the Torque Required to Overcome the Thread Friction in raising or
Lowering the Load

▪ Force analysis on the thread indicates that the load to be raised or lowered is dependent only
on the configuration of the type of screw being used.

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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▪ Types of screws commonly used for translation or power screws are as follows:
a) Square threads
b) ACME threads
c) Metric or Trapezoidal threads
d) American Standard Threads

o Depth of Threads, h

▪ For Square Thread

D o − D i = 2h

D o + D i = 2D m

h = Do − Dm Eq. 7.4

Where, Do = screw outside or major diameter

Di = screw root or minor diameter
1
h = p = depth of threads , inch
2
p = axial pitch of screw, inch

▪ For ACME Threads

h = 0.5 p + 0.01 inch Eq. 7.5

o Pitch of Thread, p, the distance measured along the pitch line exactly from a point on one thread
to the corresponding point on the adjacent thread.

1
p= Eq. 7.6
Number of Threads per Inch (or mm)

o Lead, L, the axial distance that the screw advances in one turn or revolution.
Vma
L = Nt p = Eq. 7.7
n
L = p → for single thread
L = 2p → for double thread
L = 3p → for triple thread
Where, L = lead, inch
Nt = number of threads or starts
p = pitch, inch
Vma = axial speed of the screw, fpm
n = rpm of the screw

o Lead Angle of the Threads

L
tan  = Eq. 7.8a
 Dm

 L 
 = tan −1   Eq. 7.8b
  Dm 

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Where,  = lead angle, degrees

Dm = pitch diameter of the screw

ANALYSIS (Square Threads)

Consider Figure 6.1 below to illustrate square thread power screw in lowering or raising of loads.

Figure 6.1. Square Threads Power Screw

W
T
Do
Nut


p
Thread

Collar
Frame
Di
Dm

Dci
Dco

Fig. 7.1 Square threads power screw

RAISING OF LOAD ANALYSIS (Square Threaded Power Screw)

o For the raising of load, consider Figure 7.2 below.
W


p

Nut

Fig. 7.2

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o Figure 7.3 below shows the unrolled or developed single thread of the screw for a single turn
(triangle of thread).

Ff = fFN
W

F  Lead


 FN Circumference = Dm

Figure 7.3. Unrolled Single Square Thread

o Symbols used in Figure 7.3 above:

W = load to be lifted or raised

F = tangential load
FN = load normal to the thread
Ff = frictional load
L = lead
Dm = mean or pitch diameter
Do = outside or major diameter
Di = inside or minor diameter

o From figure 7.3, take the summation of horizontal forces equal to zero [FH = 0]

F = Ff cos  + FN sin  = fFN cos  + FN sin  = FN ( f cos  + sin  )

F
FN = eq. 7.9
f cos  + sin 

o Taking the summation of horizontal forces equal to zero [Fv = 0]

W + fFN sin  = FN cos 

W = FN cos  − fFN sin  = FN ( cos  − f sin  )

W
FN = eq.7.10
cos  − f sin 

o Equating 6.9 and 6.10, and solving for the value of F,

W ( sin  + f cos  )
F=
cos  − f sin 

o Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos,

W ( tan  + f )
F= = Tangential Load Eq. 7.11
1 − f tan 

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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Torque Required Raising the Load, W

o Torque required to raise the load is equal to the tangential load times the mean diameter of the
screw. This torque is also the torque required to overcome the thread friction in raising the load,
and is given by the following expression:

D  WDm  tan  + f  L
T = F m  = 2  1 − f tan   Where, tan  =
 2    D m

 L   L + fD m 
+f  WD  D 
WD m  D m m 
T=  = m 
2  1 − fL  2  D m − fL 
 D m   D 
   m 

W Dm  L +  f Dm 
T=   Eq. 7.12
2   Dm − f L 

LOWERING OF LOAD ANALYSIS (Square Threads)

o For the lowering of load, consider the tread triangle shown in Figure 7.4 below.

 Lead
 F

 FN Circumference = Dm
Ff = fFN

Figure 7.4. Thread Triangle, Lowering of Load

o From Figure 7.4 above, take the summation of vertical forces equal to zero [Fv = 0]

W = fFN sin  + FN cos  = FN ( f sin  + cos  )

W
FN = eq. 7.13
f sin  + cos 

o Taking the summation of horizontal forces equal to zero [FH = 0]

F + FN sin  = fFN cos 

F = fFN cos  − FN sin  = FN ( f cos  − sin  )

F
FN = eq. 7.14
f cos  − sin 

o Equating 7.13 and 7.14, and solving for the value of F

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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W ( f cos  − sin  )
F= = tan gential load
f sin  + cos 

o Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos

W ( f − tan  )
F= = tangential load Eq. 7.15
f tan  + 1

Torque Required Lowering the Load, W

o The torque required to lower the load, W, is equal to the tangential load times the mean diameter
of the screw. This torque is also the torque required to overcome the thread friction in lowering
the load, and is given by the following expression:

D  WDm  f − tan   L
T = F m  = 2  f tan  + 1  Where, tan  =
 2    D m

WD m  fD m − L 
T=   Eq. 7.16
2  fL + D m 

Self-Locking Screw

o If the lead is large or the friction is low, the load will lower itself by causing the screw to spin without
any external effort. For this condition, the torque will be negative or zero.
o When a positive torque is obtained from the equation of torque for lowering the load, the screw is
said to be self-locking.
o Conditions for self-Locking Screw: fDm > L or f > Tan. From this relation, self-locking screw is
obtained whenever the coefficient of thread friction is equal to or greater the tangent of the thread
lead angle, f  tan .

ACME THREAD AND OTHER THREADS

o Torque Required to Overcome the Thread Friction in Raising the Load

WDm  cos n tan  + f 

Tf =   Eq. 7.17
2  cos n − f tan  

o Torque Required to Overcome the Thread Friction in Lowering the Load

WDm  cos n tan  − f 

Ts =   Eq. 7.18
2  cos n + f tan  

Where, n = normal pressure angle or thread angle

n = 14.5o, for ACME thread
n = 15o, for trapezoidal metric thread
n = 30o, for American Standard threads

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Example #1] Find the Hp required to drive a power screw lifting a load of 4000 lb. A 2.5 inches double
square thread with two threads per inch is to be used. The frictional radius of the collar is 2 inches and
the coefficients of friction are 0.1 for the threads and 0.15 for the collar. The velocity of the nut is 10 fpm.
(Board Prob. Oct. 1981)

Solution: W = 4000 lb
T

Nut

Thread
Collar

o Solving for the lead,

 1
L = 2p = 2   = 1 inch
2

o Solving for the pitch diameter of the screw,

D o + D i = 2D m Eq. 1

D o − D i = 2h = p Eq. 2

Where, h = 2p = depth of the thread (for square thread)

Adding equations 1 and 2, and solving for the value of Dm,

 1  1  1 
Dm = Do −   p = 2.25 −    = 2.25 inches
2  2  2 

 L  −1  p  −1  1 
o Solving for the lead angle,  = tan −1   = tan   = tan   = 8.052
o

D
 m D
 m  2.25  

tan  (1− f tan  )(100 % )

o Solving for the efficiency of the power screw, e =
f D 
tan  + f +  c c  (1− f tan  )
 Dm 

tan 8.052o (1 − 0.10 tan 8.052 )(100 % )

e= = 27.65 %
 0.15 ( 4 ) 
tan 8.052 + 0.10 +   (1 − 0.10 tan 8.052 )
 2.25 

W Vn 4000 (10 )
o Solving for the Required Hp, Hp = = = 4.38 ans.
33000 e 33000 ( 0.2765 )

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Example # 2] A single square thread power screw is to raise a load of 70 kN. The screw has a major
diameter of 36 mm and a pitch of 6 mm. The coefficient of thread friction and collar friction are 0.13 and
0.10 respectively. If the collar mean diameter is 90 mm and the screw turns at 60 rpm, find a) the combined
efficiency of the screw and collar; and b) the power input to the screw. (Brd Prob. Oct. 1982)

Solution:

W = 70 N


p

Di
Dm
Do

a) Determination of the combined efficiency

For the depth of the thread,

 1  1
h =   p =   ( 6 ) = 3 mm
2 2

For the mean diameter of the screw,

D m = D o − h = 36 − 3 = 33 mm

For the lead angle,

 L  −1  p  −1  6 
 = tan −1   = tan   = tan 
−1
 = tan 0.05787 = 3.3123
o

 Dm   Dm   33  

tan  (1− f tan  )(100 % )

Solving for the Efficiency, e =
f D 
tan  + f +  c c  (1− f tan  )
 Dm 

( 0.05787 ) 1− ( 0.13 )(0.05787 ) (100 % )

e= = 12.53 %
 0.10 ( 90 ) 
0.05787 + 0.13 +   1 − 0.13 ( 0.05787 ) 
 33 
b) Determination of the Power Input

For the linear speed of the screw,

Vn = n (L) = (60 rpm)(6 mm/rev) = 360 mm/min = 6 mm/s

Solving for the Power Input,

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WVn ( 70 N )( 0.006 m / s )
Power Input = = = 3.35 kW ans.
e 0.1253

Example #3] A double thread ACME screw driven by a motor at 400 rpm raises the attached load of 900
kg at a speed of 10 m/min. The screw has a pitch diameter of 36 mm; the coefficient of friction on threads
is 0.15. The friction torque on the thrust bearing of the motor is taken as 20 % of the total input. Determine
the motor power required to operate the screw.

Solution:
V 10
For the lead, L = = = 0.025 m = 25 mm
n 400

 L  −1  25 
For the lead angle,  = tan −1   = tan 
−1
 = tan 0.22105 = 12.465
o

 Dm   36  

For the torque required to overcome the thread friction in raising the load,

Ts = 
( o
)
WDm  cos  tan  + f   900 ( 0.036 )   cos14.5 ( 0.22105 ) + 0.15 

 = 
2  cos  − f tan    2  cos 14.5 o
− ( 0.15 )( 0.22105 ) 

Ts = 6.307 kg-m W = 900 kg

Where,  = 14.5o (for ACME thread)

For the total torque required to raise the load,

T = Ts + Tc = Ts + 0.20T p V = 10 m/min

Ts 6.306
T= = = 7.8837 kg  m = 77.312 N  m
0.80 0.80

Solving for the Power Input, Dm = 36 mm

nT  ( 400 )( 0.077312 )

P= = = 3.24 kW ans.
30 30

Example # 4] A single threaded trapezoidal metric thread has a pitch of 4 mm, and a mean diameter of 18
mm. It is used as a translation screw in conjunction with a collar having an outside diameter of 37 mm and
an inside diameter of 27 mm. Find the required torque to raise a load of 400 kg if the coefficient of friction
is 0.3 for both thread and collar. (Brd Prob. April 1985)

Solution:
Solving for the torque required to overcome the collar friction,

r +r  ( 0.3 )( 400 )  37 27 
Tc = f c W  o i =  +  = 1920 kg  mm = 18.83 N  m
 2  2  2 2 

 L  −1  p  −1  4 
For the lead angle,  = tan −1   = tan   = tan   = tan −1 0.07074 = 4.046o
 Dm   Dm   18 

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Solving for the torque required to overcome the thread friction,

WDm  cos  tan  + f  400 (18 )  cos15 ( 0.07074 ) + 0.30 

o

Ts =   =  
2  cos  − fs tan    cos15 − 0.30 ( 0.07074 ) 
o
2

Ts = 1403.6 kg-mm = 1.404 kg-m = 13.76 N-m

Solving for the total torque required to raise the load, T = T s + Tc = 13.76 + 18.83 = 32.59 N-m ans.

W = 400 kg

p = 4 mm

Example # 5] The root diameter of a double square thread is 0.55 inch. The screw has a pitch of 0.2
inch. Find the outside diameter and the number of thread per inch.
p
Solution:

Solving for the outside or major diameter, Di = 0.55”

Do = Di + p = 0.55 + 0.2 = 0.75 inch ans.

Lead
Solving for the number of threads per inch,

1 1
Number of Threads = = = 5 threads / inch ans.
p 0.2

Example #6] A vise is equipped with a 1-inch single square thread, with 4 threads/inch. The frictional
radius of the collar is 0.5 inch. The coefficient of friction for both the collar and threads is 0.2. How much
external torque must be applied to produce a force of 200 lb against the jaws of the vise?

Solution:
Vise Jaw
Screw
Collar Nut
Handle
F = 200 lb

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For the thread pitch,

1 1
p= = = 0.25 inch
Number of Threads per Inch 4

For the minor diameter, Di = Do – p = 1 – 0.25 = 0.75 inch

Do + Di 1+ 0.75
For the mean or pitch diameter of the screw, Dm = = = 0.875 inch
2 2

 L  −1  p  −1  0.25 
For the lead angle,  = tan −1   = tan   = tan 
−1
 = tan 0.09095 = 5.197
o

 Dm   Dm   0.875  

Solving for the torque required to overcome the collar friction,

fFDc ( 0.2 )( 200 )( 0.5 )

Tc = = = 20 in  lb
2 2

Solving for the torque required to overcome the thread friction,

FDm  tan  + f  200 ( 0.875 )  0.09095 + 0.2 

Ts = =   = 25.93 in  lb
2  1 − f tan   2 1 − 0.2 ( 0.9095 ) 

Solving for the total torque, T = Ts + Tc = 25.93 + 20 = 45.93 inches ans.

Example #7] A square thread screw has an efficiency of 65 % when raising a load. The coefficient of
friction for the threads is 0.15 with collar friction negligible. Pitch diameter is 70 mm. When lowering a
load, a uniform velocity is maintained by a brake mounted on the screw. If the load is equal 9000 kg, what
torque must be exerted by the brake?

Solution:
W = 9000 kg
o Solving for the lead angle from the equation of efficiency,

tan  (1 − f tan  )(100 % )

e=
tan  + f

e tan  + ef = tan  − f tan 2 

p

f tan 2  + e tan  − tan  + ef = 0

f tan 2  + ( e − 1) tan  + ef = 0

0.15(tan2 ) + (0.65 – 1)(tan ) + (0.65)(0.15) = 0

0.15(tan2 ) – 0.35(tan ) + 0.0975 = 0

( −0.35 ) − 4 (0.15 )(0.0975 )  2.01   = 63.54o

2
0.35 
tan  = = 
2 ( 0.15 ) 0.3233  = 17.91
o

Then,  = 17.91o

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o Solving for the exerted by the brake, using torque equation for the overhauling screw (the weight
itself will revolve the screw)

WDm  tan  − f  9000 ( 9.8066 )( 0.070 )  0.3233 − 0.15 

T= =  
2  1 + tan   2  1 + 0.15 ( 0.3233 ) 

T = 510.6 kN-m ans.

Example #8] What pitch must be produced on a square thread power screw to raise a 2000 lb weight at
40 fpm with power consumption of 4 Hp? The pitch diameter is 1.375 inches, f = 0.15, and collar friction
is negligible.

Solution:
W = 2000 lb

p V = 10 fpm

Vma 12Vma 12 ( 40 ) 480

For the value of rpm, in terms of p, n = = = =
L p p p

For the value of tan  in terms of p,

L p p
Tan  = = = = 0.2315 p
Dm Dm 1.375

63000 Hp 63000 ( 4 )
For the torque required in terms of p, T = = = 525 p
n 480
p

Determination of the thread pitch, from the torque equation,

WDm  tan  + f  2000 (1.375 )  0.2315p + 0.15 

T= =  
2  1 − f tan   2 1 − ( 0.15 )( 0.2315p ) 

1375 ( 0.2315p ) + 0.15 (1375 )

T= = 525 p
1 − 0.15 ( 0.2315p )

Simplifying the equation, 18.23 p2 - 206.69 p + 206.25 = 0

( −206.69 ) − 4 (18.23 )( 206.25 ) 10.23 inches

2
206.69 
p= =
2 (18.23 ) 1.106 inches

Then, the pitch of the screw: p = 1.106 inches ans.

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Example #9] A load of 10 000 lb is carried by a 2.5-inch, single-thread, ACME screw of standard
proportions. The pitch is 1/3 inch and the pitch diameter is 2-1/3 inches. The outside diameter of the collar
is equal to 4 inches and the inside diameter is equal to 1.25 inches. For fs = fc = 0.15, find the Hp required
to rotate the screw if the weight is to be raised at the rate of 10 fpm.

Solution:

For the Lead Angle,

 L   1 
−1 −1  p  −1  3  = 2.604o
 = tan   = tan   = tan
 Dm   Dm  21 
 3 

Dco + Dci 4 + 1.25

For the Collar Mean Diameter, Dc = = = 2.625 inches
2 2

W = 10 000 lb

p = 1/3 inch V = 10 fpm

Collar

For the Torque Required Overcoming the Thread Friction,

Ts =
1 ( )
WDm  cos  tan  + f  10000 2 3  cos14.5o tan 2.604o + 0.15 
=
   o 
2  cos  − f tan   2  cos14.5 − 0.15 tan 2.604 
o

Ts = 2 354.76 in-lb

For the Torque Required Overcoming the Collar Friction,

f c WDc 0.15 (10000 )( 2.625 )

Tc = = = 1 968.75 in  lb
2 2

Vma Vma 12 (10 )

For the rpm of the Screw, n = = = = 360 rpm
L p 1
3
Solving for the Hp Required Raising the Load,

Hp =
Tn
=
( 2354.76 + 1968.75)(360) = 24.71
ans.
63 000 63 000

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Example #10] A screw jack, with a 1 ¼ in. square thread, supports a load of 6000 lb. The material of the
screw is AISI C1022, as rolled, and the coefficient of friction for the threads is about 0.15. The maximum
extension of the screw from the base is 15 in. (a) Considering the ends of the screw restrained so that Le
= L, find the equivalent stress and the design factor. (b) If the load on the jack is such that it may sway,
the screw probably acts as a column with one end free and the other fixed. What is the equivalent stress
and the factor of safety in this instance? (c) What force must be exerted at the end of a 20-in. lever to
raise the load? (d) Find the number of threads and the length h of the threaded portion in the cast-iron
base for a pressure of 500 psi on the threads. (e) What torque is
necessary to lower the load?

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VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Problem-based Learning Activity

A square-thread screw, 2 in. in diameter, is used to exert a force of 24,000 lb. in a shaft
straightening press. The maximum unsupported length of the screw is 16 in. and the material
is AISI C1040, annealed. (a) What is the equivalent compressive stress in the screw? Is this a
satisfactory value? (b) What torque is necessary to turn the screw against the load for f = 0.15?
(c) What is the efficiency of the screw? (d) What torque is necessary to lower the load?

VII. EVALUATION:

VIII. ASSIGNMENT

(a) A jack with a 2-in., square-thread screw is supporting a load of 20 kips. A single thread is used
and the coefficient of friction may be as low as 0.10 or as high as 0.15. Will this screw always
be self-locking? What torque is necessary to raise the load? What torque is necessary to lower
the load? (b) The same as (a) except that a double thread is used. (c) The same as (a) except
that a triple thread is used.

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IX. REFERENCES

A) Book/Printed Resources

Brown, Jr T.H. (2005). Mark’s Calculation for Machine Design

Budynas-Nisbett (2006). Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design 8th Edition
Capote, R.S. (2015). Machine Design Reviewer
Doughty and Valance, (n.d.), Design of Machine Members
Duaso, C.G. (2013). Machine Design: A Simplified Approach
Faires, V.M., Design of Machine Elements (4 th Edition). USA: McMillan Company
Gupta, J.K. & Khurmi,R.S. (2005). A Textbook of Machine Design
Timings, R.L. (2006). New Mechanical Engineer’s Pocket Book
Tordillo, JAS (1998). Machine Design Reviewer
PME Code- 2012 Edition
Machineries Hand Book
Shigley and Mischke. (2001). Mechanical Engineering Design. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill

B). e-Resources
https://extrudesign.com/different-flexible-coupling-types/

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