This article was downloaded by: [University of Sydney]

On: 30 April 2015, At: 13:45

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing

with all Aspects of Plant Biology: Official Journal of the
Click for updates Societa Botanica Italiana
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tplb20

Essential oil composition of Angelica archangelica L.

(Apiaceae) roots and its antifungal activity against
plant pathogenic fungi
a b a
D. Fraternale , G. Flamini & D. Ricci
a
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi
di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via Bramante 28, 61029Urbino, Italy
b
Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126Pisa, Italy
Accepted author version posted online: 08 Dec 2014.Published online: 10 Dec 2014.

To cite this article: D. Fraternale, G. Flamini & D. Ricci (2014): Essential oil composition of Angelica archangelica
L. (Apiaceae) roots and its antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi, Plant Biosystems - An International
Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology: Official Journal of the Societa Botanica Italiana, DOI:
10.1080/11263504.2014.988190

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2014.988190

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained
in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no
representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the
Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and
are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and
should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for
any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever
or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of
the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any
form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://
www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
 Plant Biosystems, 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2014.988190

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Essential oil composition of Angelica archangelica L. (Apiaceae) roots

and its antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi

D. FRATERNALE1, G. FLAMINI2,*, & D. RICCI1,**

1
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”,
Via Bramante 28, 61029 Urbino, Italy and 2Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33,
56126 Pisa, Italy
Downloaded by [University of Sydney] at 13:45 30 April 2015

Abstract
This study reports the results of gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC – MS) analyses of the essential oil of Angelica
archangelica L. (Apiaceae) roots, as well as its in vitro antifungal activity against 10 plant pathogenic fungi. Moreover, the
essential oil was evaluated for its antifungal activity using the agar dilution method, and also minimum inhibitory
concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations were determined. The major compounds identified by GC– MS
were a-pinene (21.3%), d-3-carene (16.5%), limonene (16.4%), and a-phellandrene (8.7%). The oil showed in vitro
antifungal activity against some species of the Fusarium genus, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria solani. Our study indicates that
the oil of A. archangelica could be used as a control agent for plant pathogenic fungi in natural formulations.

Keywords: Antifungal activity, Angelica archangelica, essential oils, GC –MS, phytopathogenic fungi

Introduction 2011; Marcetic et al. 2012; Maxia et al. 2012; Orhan

et al. 2012). In crops and in the production of food
Angelica archangelica L. (Apiaceae) is an herbaceous
for humans and animals, the pathogenic and
biennial aromatic plant native to Eurasia, which is
toxinogenic fungi represent a problem because they
commercially cultivated in Italy, Germany, Finland,
can not only induce yield losses and food decay but
Hungary, and several other countries. The essential
also represent a serious risk for consumers by
oil extracted from dried angelica roots was used in producing dangerous secondary metabolites as
flavor formulations for alcoholic beverages, such as mycotoxins mainly produced by fungi of the genus
vermouths, gin, bitters, benedictine, and chartreuse- Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium (Serra et al.
type liqueurs (Paroul et al. 2002). For therapeutical 2006). The use of synthetic fungicides to control
purposes, angelica root essential oil is used for these fungi can lead to problems due to high toxicity
gastrointestinal disorders as carminative, and for its to mammals and to the accumulation of residues in
antispasmodic, depurative, diaphoretic, digestive, the environment (Chen et al. 2008). Also postharvest
diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, nervine, stimulant, synthetic fungicide treatment of stored products may
stomachic, and tonic actions (Bruni & Nicoletti pose a danger to the consumer due to the residue that
2003); in addition, the essential oil of A. archangelica may remain on food (Scordino et al. 2008). For this
roots is also used in aromatherapy (Nivinskiene et al. reason, natural products as well as essential oils
2005). The odor of the oil is warm, aromatic with a extracted not only from cultivated or wild plants but
green-spicy top-note, and a pleasant musky dry-out also from plant tissue cultures (Boix et al. 2013) are
(Nivinskiene et al. 2003). In recent years, some today very interesting for the formulation of
essential oils from plants belonging to the Apiaceae fungicides and potential herbicides which are safe
family, and also frequently used as human food, were for the environment and the consumer (Menghini
tested for their antimicrobial and antiviral activities et al. 1994; Basile et al. 2011). The purpose of this
(Askari et al. 2010; Wanner et al. 2010; Pavlovic et al. paper is to describe the in vitro antifungal activity of

Correspondence: D. Fraternale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”,
Via Bramante 28, 61029 Urbino, Italy. Tel: þ 39 072 2303774. Fax: þ 39 072 2303777. Email: [email protected]

q 2014 Società Botanica Italiana

 2 D. Fraternale et al.

the essential oil of A. archangelica roots on plant matching against commercial (NIST 98 and
fungal pathogens, namely some species of Fusarium ADAMS 95) and home-made library mass spectra
genus, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, and Rhizoc- built up from pure substances and components of
tonia solani. known essential oils and MS literature data
(Stenhagen et al. 1974; Massada 1976; Swigar &
Silverstein 1981; Davies 1990; Jennings & Shiba-
Materials and methods moto 1990; Adams 2009). Moreover, the molecular
Plant material weights of all the identified substances were
confirmed by GC – CIMS, using MeOH as CI
The roots of A. archangelica were collected in ionizing gas.
September 2011 at the end of the first year of
vegetation in the Botanical Garden of the University
of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU) (central Italy) at Microbial strains
500 m a.s.l. Plants were identified by Dr Daniele The essential oil of A. archangelica roots was tested
Fraternale, and voucher specimens were deposited in against 10 phytopathogenic fungi: Fusarium oxy-
the Herbarium of the Botanical Garden (Aa63). sporum Schl., Fusarium culmorum (Wm. G. Sm.)
Sacc., Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Fusarium
coeruleum Lib. ex Sacc., Fusarium sporotrichioides
Downloaded by [University of Sydney] at 13:45 30 April 2015

Extraction and analysis of the essential oil

Sherb., Fusarium tabacinum (J.F.H. Beyma)
The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation for 2 h of W. Gams, Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg,
air-dried roots in a Clevenger-type apparatus as which are very important plant pathogens that can
described by the European Pharmacopoeia. induce necroses or wilts in crops of economic
We analyzed three roots samples from the unique importance (Minerdi et al. 2008), Botrytis cinerea
collection and obtained the same oil composition. Pers that causes gray mold rot (Amzad Hossain et al.
The oil was separated and dried over anhydrous 2008), Alternaria solani Ell. et Mart. that produces a
sodium sulfate, stored in hermetically sealed glass disease in tomato and potato plants called early
containers, and kept under refrigeration at 48C blight (El-Mougy 2009), and Rhizoctonia solani
before analysis and used in biological tests. The oil Kühn that can induce various plant diseases such as
yield was 0.9% (v/w). The gas chromatography (GC) collar rot, root rot, and wire stem (Bouzenna &
analyses were accomplished with a HP-5890 Series II Krichen 2013). Fungal strains were kindly supplied
instrument equipped with HP-WAX and HP-5 by DI.PRO.VAL (Faculty of Agriculture) of Univer-
capillary columns (30 m £ 0.25 mm, 0.25 m film sity of Bologna, Italy.
thickness), and with the following conditions:
temperature program of 608C for 10 min, followed
Antimicrobial screening
by an increase of 58C/min to 2208C; injector and
detector temperatures at 2508C; carrier gas helium Activity against phytopathogenic fungi was assayed
(2 ml/min); detector dual FID; split ratio 1:30; by an agar dilution method in the appropriate culture
injection of standards of 0.5 ml). For both the media (PDA, Difco, Detroit, USA). For this, 5 ml of
columns, identification of the chemicals was per- the oil was mixed with 0.25 ml of absolute ethyl
formed by comparison of their retention times with alcohol (5% of the 5 ml of oil) and 0.25 ml of Tween
those of pure authentic samples and by means of 20 (Fluka, St. Louis, USA) (5% of the 5 ml of oil)
their linear retention indices (LRIs) relative to the obtaining an emulsion. Aliquots of this emulsion
series of n-hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography– were added to the culture medium at a temperature
electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC –EIMS) of 40 –458C, then poured into Petri dishes (Ø9 cm)
analyses were performed with a Varian CP-3800 gas- (Zambonelli et al. 1996; Ricci et al. 2005).
chromatograph equipped with a HP-5 capillary Concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800, and
column (30 m £ 0.25 mm; coating thickness 1600 ppm were tested. Fungi were inoculated as
0.25 mm) and a Varian Saturn 2000 ion trap mass soon as the medium solidified. A disc (Ø0.5 cm) of
detector. Analytical conditions: injector and transfer mycelial material, taken from the edge of 7-day-old
line temperatures at 2208C and 2408C, respectively; fungal cultures, was placed at the center of each Petri
oven temperature was programmed from 608C to dish containing 25 ml of test medium. Controls
2408C at 38C/min; carrier gas helium at 1 ml/min; consisted of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1600 ppm of the
injection of 0.2 ml (10% hexane solution); split ratio emulsion above described, where the essential oil was
1:30. Identification of the constituents was based on replaced with sterile distilled water. The Petri dishes
comparison of the retention times with those of with the inoculum were placed in the dark under
authentic samples, comparing their LRIs relative to controlled temperature conditions of 22 ^ 18C. The
the series of n-hydrocarbons, and by computer efficacy of treatment was evaluated after 7 days by
 Angelica archangelica oil antifungal activity 3

measuring the diameter of the fungal colonies when were separately laid out on the middle of the Petri
all the free surface of the medium in the control Petri dishes containing the corresponding agar medium
dishes had been covered. The values were expressed (PDA). After incubation, the colonies were counted
in terms of percentage of mycelia growth inhibition on the membranes. Previously, we checked that the
and calculated according to the formula: mixture 5% ethanol þ 5% Tween 20 did not inhibit
the germination of spores. MFCs were calculated
dc 2 dt as the lowest concentrations of oil, which inhibited
£ 100;
dc the recovery of fungus. All experiments were
performed in triplicate, if the MFC results were
where dc is the diameter of control fungal colony; different only the higher value obtained was noted.
dt is the diameter of fungal colony with treatment To obtain the development of conidia of Fusarium
(Zambonelli et al. 1996; Ricci et al. 2005). species, B. cinerea and A. solani, 7-day-old mycelia
The fungicidal activity of the oils was determined were exposed for 10 days to 12 h of near-ultraviolet
using the technique of Carta and Arras (1987) (NUV) light and 12 h dark. Nystatin dihydrate
and Thompson (1989): the mycelial disks were (Fluka) was used as a positive control
transferred from Petri dishes in which no growth (McCutcheon et al. 1994).
was observed (total inhibition ¼ 100) onto fresh
plates of PDA, in order to verify, after 7 days, the
Downloaded by [University of Sydney] at 13:45 30 April 2015

fungistatic or fungicidal activity of such inhibition. All Statistical analysis

experiments were carried out in triplicate. Analysis of variance was performed by one-way
ANOVA following by Tukey’s post hoc test.
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations Statistical differences at p , 0.05 were considered
to be significant.
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
values (mg/ml) were determined by the dilution
method in solid medium (Carta & Arras 1987; Results and discussion
Thomson 1989). Dilutions of the emulsions of oil
Essential oil analysis
were made in the culture medium over the
concentration range of 200 ppm (200 mg/ml) and Analysis of the volatiles of A. archangelica roots is
400 ppm (400 mg/ml) for all species of Fusarium reported in Table I. Altogether, 35 compounds were
tested, and of 400 and 800 ppm for B. cinerea and for identified, accounting for 96.3% of all volatiles. The
A. solani with steps of 50 ppm. MICs were main volatiles were monoterpene hydrocarbons
determined as the minimum tested concentration (90.1%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
with no visible growth. All experiments were (3.2%), oxygenated monoterpenes (3.0%); oxyge-
performed in triplicate if the MIC results were nated sesquiterpenes were not detected at all. The
different only the higher value obtained was noted. principal constituent was the monoterpene hydro-
carbon a-pinene (21.3%), followed by d-3-carene
(16.5%) and limonene (16.4%). Several authors
Determinations of minimum fungicidal concentrations
have analyzed the composition of this essential oil,
(MFCs)
largely used as ingredient in the composition of
MFCs were obtained using a membrane filtration various beverages (Bruni & Nicoletti 2003). Most
method (Ricci et al. 2005) and were calculated of the oils from A. archangelica roots were composed
from 400 to 800 ppm for all species of Fusarium of monoterpene hydrocarbons: a-pinene was found
tested, and from 800 to 1600 ppm for B. cinerea to be the dominant constituent in more than half of
and for A. solani with steps of 100 ppm. After the investigated plant oils obtained from Finland,
homogenization, each fungal inoculum (1 ml) Norway, France, Brazil, etc. Other important
(108 spores/ml) was added to 10 ml of oil emulsion components, such as b-phellandrene, d-3-carene,
(obtained as above mentioned) at the test b-pinene, limonene, p-cymene, and a-phellandrene,
concentrations, and the mixture was kept at room were also found in A. archangelica roots oil (Chalchat
temperature for a contact time of 15 min. After the & Garry 1997; Paroul et al. 2002; Nivinskiene et al.
contact time, 1 ml of the mixture was transferred 2003; Nivinskiene et al. 2005; Wedge et al. 2009;
into a sterile filtration apparatus (Millipore Swin- Pathak et al. 2010). In accordance with the above
nex-25, Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) washed reports, also the composition of our oil was also
twice with 100 ml of the neutralizing solution characterized by the presence of a-pinene, d-3-
consisting of distilled water containing 10% Tween carene and limonene. Notably, in our oil, we
20 sterilized at 1208C for 20 min, filtered and observed the total lack of b-phellandrene, which is
rinsed with sterile distilled water. The membranes usually one of the major compounds in
 4 D. Fraternale et al.

Table I. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Angelica other four species of Fusarium tested, 600 ppm for
archangelica L. B. cinerea, and 750 ppm for A. solani. The MFC
values are 600 ppm for all species of Fusarium
Compound
number Name LRI Percentage tested and 1300 ppm for B. cinerea and A. solani. The
lowest MIC values (300 –350 ppm) were obtained
1 a-Tujene 932 0.8 for the Fusarium species used in the test, whereas
2 a-Pinene 941 21.3 A. solani and B. cinerea were found to be less
3 Camphene 955 1.5
4 Thuja.2,4(10)-diene 959 0.3
sensitive, compared with nystatin dihydrate (positive
5 Sabinene 978 5.1 control), fungicidal at 50 ppm on all tested fungi.
6 b-Pinene 981 1.3 None of the concentrations used inhibited the
7 Myrcene 993 5.5 growth of R. solani.
8 d-2-Carene 1002 0.2 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time
9 a-Phellandrene 1006 8.7
10 d-3-Carene 1013 16.5
that the in vitro antiphytopathogenic fungal activity of
11 a-Terpinene 1020 0.7 the essential oil of A. archangelica against A. solani,
12 p-Cimene 1028 2.2 B. cinerea, and R. solani is reported; Zabka et al.
13 Limonene 1032 16.4 (2009) tested 1000 ppm of this oil, against
14 (Z)-b-Ocimene 1042 1.8 F. oxysporum and F. verticillioides obtaining a low
15 (E)-b-Ocimene 1051 5.1
percentage of inhibition of mycelial growth, 29% and
Downloaded by [University of Sydney] at 13:45 30 April 2015

16 g-Terpinene 1063 1.3

17 Terpinolene 1090 1.4 30%, respectively, compared with the control, but
18 cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol 1123 0.3 without showing and discussing its chemical
19 trans-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol 1141 0.2 composition.
20 cis-Verbenol 1142 0.2 Also Pawar and Thaker (2007) reported that the
21 4-Terpineol 1180 0.5
22 p-Cimen-8-ol 1184 0.2
essential oil of A. archangelica could not inhibit the
23 cis-Piperitol 1195 0.2 growth of F. oxysporum f. sp cicer and Alternaria porri
24 trans-Piperitol 1207 0.2 but also the chemical composition of the oil used by
25 Isobornyl acetate 1287 1.2 these authors is not reported; for this reason, it is
26 a-Copaene 1377 0.9 impossible to set up a discussion based on oil
27 b-Elemene 1392 0.2
28 b-Caryophyllene 1419 0.2
composition and antifungal activity of different
29 b-Copaene 1430 0.2 A. archangelica oils.
30 a-Humulene 1456 0.6 Limonene (16.4%) is one of the major components
31 Germacrene D 1482 0.3 present in our oil. Recently, it was demonstrated that
32 b-Himachalene 1500 0.2 this compound plays a key role in the activity against
33 a-Muurolene 1501 0.3
34 d-Cadinene 1524 0.2
some phytopathogenic fungi as Rhizoctonia solani,
35 Germacrene B 1556 0.1 Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum capsici
Monoterpene hydrocarbons 90.1 and Phytophthora capsici (Hossain et al. 2008); also the
Oxygenated monoterpenes 3.0 presence of a-pinene (21.3%) can account for the
Sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons 3.2 antifungal activity of our essential oil of A. archangelica:
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes 0.0
Total identified 96.3
this compound possesses strong antifungal activity
(Matasyoh et al. 2007; Afolayan & Ashafa 2009), also
LRI, linear retention indices. against phytopathogenic fungi (Hossain et al. 2008).
b-pinene (1.3%), a-tujene (0.8%), and b-caryophyl-
lene (0.2%), although present in very small amounts in
A. archangelica oil, both in the root as well as in the our oil, are considered toxic against phytopathogenic
fruit (Sigurdsson et al. 2005); on the contrary, its fungi, as reported by Cakir et al. (2004) and Bajpai
isomer a-phellandrene was detected (8.7%). et al. (2007), and they can act in synergy with the major
compounds limonene and a-pinene. Our oil was
inactive against R. solani (Table II), this could be due to
Antifungal activity
the high percentage of a-pinene (21.3%) and
The in vitro antifungal activity of the essential oil of monoterpene hydrocarbons (90.1%) as shown by
A. archangelica shows that the Fusarium species Cakir et al. (2004), which reported that a-pinene
employed are totally inhibited (fungistatic effect) at strongly increased the growth of R. solani; in our
400 ppm, whereas B. cinerea and A. solani are totally experiments, the growth of R. solani was not inhibited
inhibited (fungistatic effect) at 800 ppm (Table II). at any concentration of oil tested, but not even
Results obtained from the agar dilution method, increased (data not shown). This result confirms that
followed by the measurements of MIC, indicate that there was no significant correlation between the
(Table III) the values are 300 ppm for F. culmorum, activity and the percentage of some major components
F. oxysporum, and F. verticilloides, and 350 ppm for the identified (Bajpai et al. 2007).
 Angelica archangelica oil antifungal activity 5

Table II. Effect of Angelica archangelica roots essential oil on in vitro growth of selected fungal pathogens (% inhibition).

Essential oil (ppm)

Phytopathogenic fungus Nystatin 50 ppm* 200 400 800 1600

F. culmorum 100 75.4 ^ 3.6 100† 100‡

F. oxisporum 100 64.2 ^ 3.5 100† 100‡
F. solani 100 73.5 ^ 3.7 100† 100‡
F. coeruleum 100 72.3 ^ 3.4 100† 100‡
F. sporotrichioides 100 61.3 ^ 3.3 100† 100‡
F. tabacinum 100 66.8 ^ 3.1 100† 100‡
F. verticillioides 100 65.5 ^ 3.1 100† 100‡
B. cinerea 100 56.6 ^ 2.7a 85.4 ^ 4.4b 100† 100‡
A. solani 100 58.4 ^ 2.7a 80.5 ^ 4.1b 100† 100‡
R. solani 100 nd nd nd nd

Note: The values are the average of three determinations ^ standard error of the mean (SEM). Values with different superscripts (letters) in a
row are significantly different ( p , 0.05).
*Positive control; †fungistatic effect; ‡fungicidal effect; nd, no antifungal activity.
Downloaded by [University of Sydney] at 13:45 30 April 2015

Table III. Screening of MIC and MFC of Angelica archangelica example of stored products, and in the management of
essential oil. plant infectious diseases (Zabka et al. 2009).
Phytopathogenic fungus MIC (mg/ml) MFC (mg/ml)

Fusarium culmorum 300* 600

Notes
Fusarium oxysporum 300 600
Fusarium solani 350 600 *Email: [email protected]
Fusarium coeruleum 350 600 **Email: [email protected]
Fusarium sporotrichioides 350 600
Fusarium tabacinum 350 600
Fusarium verticillioides 300 600 References
Botrytis cinerea 600 1300
Alternaria solani 750 1300 Adams RP. 2009. Identification of essential oil components by gas
chromatography –mass spectroscopy. 4th ed., Carol Stream,
*
^ sd was not reported because the highest value of the three IL: Allured Publishing.
values obtained for each experiment was considered. Afolayan AJ, Ashafa AOT. 2009. Chemical composition and
antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Chrysocomaciliata
L. leaves. J Med Plants Res 3: 390–394.
Amzad Hossain M, Ismail Z, Rahman A, Kang SC. 2008.
The supposed mechanism at the basis of Chemical composition and anti-fungal properties of the
antifungal activity, as already reported by Zambonelli essential oils and crude extracts of Orthosiphonstamineus. Ind
et al. (1996) “is probably a result of chitin Crop Prod 27: 328–334.
penetration of the hyphal wall which damages the Askari F, Sefidkon F, Teimouri M. 2010. Essential oil composition
lipoprotein cytoplasmic membrane, leading to escape of the different parts of Pimpinellabarbata (DC) Boiss. in Iran.
J Essent Oil Res 22: 605 –608.
of cytoplasm, seen with SEM (scanning electron Bajpai VK, Rahman A, Kang SC. 2007. Chemical composition
microscope), as well as the emptying and squashing and anti-fungal properties of the essential oil and crude extracts
of the hyphae”. More recently, Soylu et al. (2006), of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Miki ex Hu. Ind Crop Prod 26:
testing the essential oils of various plants against 28–35.
Phytophthora infestans observed that sporangial Basile A, Cobianchi RC, Rigano D, Senatore F, Bruno M, Rosselli
S, et al. 2011. Potential allelopathic activity of Sideritisitalica
production was inhibited and light and SEM (Miller) Greuter et Burdet essential oil. Plant Biosyst 145:
observation on phytopathogen hyphae exposed to 241–247.
oil revealed considerable morphological alteration in Boix YF, Arrusa RCO, Defaveri ACA, Sato A, Lage CLS, Victo’
hyphae such as cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuo- rio CP. 2013. Callus in Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae):
lation, hyphal shrivelling, and protoplast leakage. A morphoanatomical, histochemical and volatile analysis.
Plant Biosyst 147: 751–753.
Our study indicates that A. archangelica oil may be Bouzenna H, Krichen L. 2013. Pelargonium graveolens L Her. and
used as control agent for some phytopathogenic fungi Artemisia arborescens L. essential oils: Chemical composition,
in in vitro experiments. However, for the practical antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and insecticidal
application of this oil further studies are needed with activity against Rhysopertha dominica. Nat Prod Res 27:
the aim to develop formulations to improve its 841–846.
Bruni A, Nicoletti M. 2003. Dizionario Ragionato di Erboristeria e
effectiveness and stability. Nonetheless, present results Fitoterapia. Padova: Piccin Nuova Libraria S.p.A.
suggest that this oil could have a potential application Cakir A, Kordali S, Zengin H, Izumi S, Hirata T. 2004.
for safe and eco-friendly antifungal treatments, for Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils isolated
 6 D. Fraternale et al.

from Hypericum hyssopifolium and Hypericum heterophyllum. labiateae plants and individual essential oil components. Turk J
Flavour Fragr J 19: 62–68. Biol 36: 239–246.
Carta C, Arras G. 1987. Azione inibitrice in vitro di olii essenziali Paroul N, Rota L, Frizzo C, Atti dos Santos AC, Moyna P,
nei confronti di alcuni patogeni di piante ornamentali. La Escalona Gower A, et al. 2002. Chemical composition of the
difesadellepiante 10: 195–202. volatiles of angelica root obtained by hydrodistillation and
Chalchat JC, Garry RP. 1997. Essential oilofroots (Angelica supercritical CO2 extraction. J Essent Oil Res 14: 282 –285.
archangelica L.) optimization of distillation, location in plant Pathak S, Wanjari MM, Jain SK, Tripathi M. 2010. Evaluation of
and chemical composition. J Essent Oil Res 9: 311–319. antiseizure activity of essential oil from roots of Angelica
Chen PJ, Moore T, Nesnow S. 2008. Cytotoxic effects of archangelica Linn. in mice. Ind J Pharm Sci 72: 371 –375.
propiconazole and its metabolites in mouse and human Pavlovic M, Petrovic S, Milenkovic M, Couladis M, Tzakou O,
hepatoma cells and primary mouse hepatocytes. Toxicol Vitro Niketic M. 2011. Chemical composition and antimicrobial
22: 1476–1483. activity of Anthriscus nemorosa root essential oil. Nat Prod
Davies NW. 1990. Gas chromatographic retention indices of
Commun 6: 271–273.
monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on methyl silicone and
Pawar WC, Thaker VS. 2007. Evaluation of the anti Fusarium
carbowax 20 M phases. J Chromatogr 503: 1 –24.
oxysporum f. sp cicer and anti Alternaria porri effects of some
El-Mougy N. 2009. Effect of some essential oils for limiting Early
essential oils. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 23: 1099–1116.
Blight (Alternaria solani) development in potato field. J Plant
Ricci D, Fraternale D, Giamperi L, Bucchini A, Epifano F, Burini
Prot Res 49: 57–62.
Hossain MA, Ismail Z, Rahman A, Kang SC. 2008. Chemical G, et al. 2005. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and
composition and antifungal properties of the essential oils and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Teucrium marum
crude extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus. Ind Crop Prod 27: (lamiaceae). J Ethnapharmacol 98: 195–200.
Downloaded by [University of Sydney] at 13:45 30 April 2015

328–334. Scordino M, Sabatino L, Traulo P, Gagliano G, Gargano M, Panto

Jennings W, Shibamoto T. 1990. Qualitative analysis of flavor V, et al. 2008. LC/MS/MS detection of fungicide guazatine
and fragrance volatiles by glass capillary gas chromatography. residues for quality assessment of commercial citrus fruit. Eur
New York: Allured Publishing. Food Res Technol 227: 1339–1347.
Marcetic M, Bozic D, Milenkovic M, Lakusic B, Kovacevic N. Serra R, Lourenco A, Alipio P, Venancio A. 2006. Influence of the
2012. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of region of origin on the mycobiota of grapes with emphasis on
essential oil of different parts of Seseli rigidum. Nat Prod Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Mycol Res 110: 971–978.
Commun 7: 1091–1094. Sigurdsson S, Ogimundsdottir HM, Gudbjarnason S. 2005. The
Massada Y. 1976. Analysis of essential oils by gas chromatography cytotoxic effect of two chemotypes of essential oils from the
and mass spectrometry. New York: Wiley. fruits of Angelica archangelica L. Anticancer Res 25:
Matasyoh JC, Kipihino JJ, Karubiu NM, Hailstorks TP. 2007. 1877– 1880.
Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil Soylu EM, Soylu S, Kurt S. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of the
of Tarchonanthus camphoratus. Food Chem 100: 1183–1187. essential oil of various plants against tomato late blight disease
Maxia A, Falconieri D, Piras A, Porcedda S, Marongiu B, Frau agent Phytophthora infestans. Mycopathologia 161: 119–128.
MA. 2012. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Stenhagen E, Abrahamsson S, McLafferty FW. 1974. Registry of
essential oils and supercritical CO2 extracts of Apium mass spectral data. New York: Wiley.
nodiflorum (L.) Lag. Mycopathologia 174: 61–67. Swigar AA, Silverstein RM. 1981. Monoterpenes. Milwaukee, WI:
McCutcheon AR, Ellis SM, Hancock REW, Towers GHN. 1994. Aldrich Chem. Comp.
Antifungal screening of medicinal plants of British Columbian Thompson DP. 1989. Fungitoxic activity of essential oil
native peoples. J Ethnopharmacol 44: 157–169.
components on food storage fungi. Mycologia 81: 51–153.
Menghini A, Albasini A, Bianchi A, Melegari M, Pignatari I,
Wanner J, Bail S, Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Schmidt E, Gochev V,
Longo A. 1994. Composition and antifungal activity of the
et al. 2010. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of
essential oil of two mericlones of Lavandula hybrida Reverchon
cumin oil (Cuminumcyminum, Apiaceae). Nat Prod Commun
grown in the central Apennines. Giorn Bot Ital 128: 450.
5: 1355–1358.
Minerdi D, Moretti M, Gilardi G, Barberio C, Gullino ML,
Wedge DE, Klun JA, Tabanca N, Demirci B, Ozek T, Baser KHC,
Garibaldi A. 2008. Bacterial ectosymbionts and virulence
silencing in a Fusarium oxysporum strain. Environ Microbiol 10: et al. 2009. Bioactivity guided fractionation and GC/MS finger
1725– 1741. printing of Angelica sinensis and Angelica archangelica root
Nivinskiene O, Butkiene R, Mockute D. 2003. Changes in the components for antifungal and mosquito deterrent activity.
chemical composition of essential oil of Angelica archangelica L. J Agric Food Chem 57: 464–474.
roots during storage. Chemija 14: 52– 56. Zabka M, Pavela R, Slezakova L. 2009. Antifungal effect of
Nivinskiene O, Butkiene R, Mockute D. 2005. The chemical Pimenta dioica essential oil against dangerous pathogenic and
composition of the essential oil of Angelica archangelica L. roots toxinogenic fungi. Ind Crop Prod 30: 250–253.
growing wild in Lithuania. J Essent Oil Res 17: 373 –377. Zambonelli A, Zechini D’Aulerio A, Bianchi A, Albasini A. 1996.
Orhan IE, Ozcelik B, Kartal M, Kan Y. 2012. Antimicrobial and Effects of essential oils on phytopathogenic fungi in vitro.
antiviral effects of essential oils from selected umbelliferae and J Phytopathol 144: 491–496.