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DEVELOPMENT AND ADVANCEMENT OF 3D PRINTER AND ITS IMPACT

Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering
CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE

Technical Report · January 2022

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20627.76321

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 A Technical seminar report on

DEVELOPMENT AND ADVANCEMENT OF 3D

PRINTER AND ITS IMPACT

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted by

JONNALA SAI MANEESH KUMAR (19B81A04F1)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution & Affiliated to JNTUH)
Ibrahimpatnam (M), Ranga Reddy (D), Telangana

2022-23
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that this technical seminar report “DEVELOPMENT AND ADVANCEMENT

OF 3D PRINTER AND ITS IMPACT” is the bonafide work of

JONNALA SAI MANEESH KUMAR (19B81A04F1)

Submitted in the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of ‘BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY’ IN
“Electronics and Communication Engineering” from CVR College of Engineering, affiliated to JNTU
University, Hyderabad is a bonafide project work carried out by them during the academic year 2022-2023.

Head of the department Faculty.1 Faculty.2

Dr. K. Lalithendra Ms. T. Padmavathi Dr. T. Esther Rani

head of the department Senior assistant professor Professor

Department of ECE Department of ECE Department of ECE

CVR College of Engineering CVR College of Engineering CVR College of Engineering

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be incomplete
without the mention of the people who made it possible and whose encouragement and
guidance have been a source of inspiration throughout the course of the project.

It gives me great pleasure to express my sincere thanks to our principal, Dr. K. Ramamohan
Reddy, and Dr. K. Lalithendra, Head of the ECE Department, CVR Institution of
Engineering, for being so kind as to set up the required facilities for carrying out the
Technical Seminar in the college.

My sincere gratitude goes out to the members of the technical seminar faculty Dr. T. Esther
Rani, Professor and Ms. T. Padmavathi, senior assistant professor in the electronics and
communication engineering department at CVR College of Engineering, whose vision and
wise counsel were crucial at the seminar’s successful conclusion.

I also want to thank my parents for aiding and encouraging me in selecting the subject for the
technical seminar as well as my friends for their inspiration.

I wish a deep sense of gratitude and heartfelt thanks to the management for providing
excellent facilities. I thank all those whose guidance helped me in this regard.

i
 ABSTRACT

A prominent issue in today's creative conversation is 3D printing. We'll look into

additive manufacturing, which is often referred to as 3D printing. We'll define this phrase and
discuss why it's so crucial in the outset. We'll venture back in time a bit further. When such
occurs, we should examine the materials and the 3D printing method that were utilised to
make the items. We might also recognise 3D printing's benefits and downsides. The
numerous apps that are now readily available require our attention. The future potential of
this invention is finally shown.

Keywords: Fused Deposition Method, Digital light processing, Stereolithography, PLA.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES v

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION To 3D Printer 1
1.1 Introduction 1

CHAPTER-2
POWDER BED FUSION 3D- PRINTING 3
2.1 Powder Bed Fusion 3

CHAPTER-3
LIGHT CURING 3D PRINTING 5
3.1 Light curing 5

CHAPTER-4
FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING 8
4.1 Fused Deposition Modeling 8
4.2 Working 8

CHAPTER-5
3D PRINTING IN THE MEDICAL FIELD 11
5.1 Bioprinting tissues and organoids 11
5.2 Surgery preparation assisted by the use of 3d printed models 12
5.3 3D printing of surgical instruments 12
5.4 Custom-made prosthetics using 3D Printing 13

i
CHAPTER-6
IMPORTANT FACTORS AFFECTING THE 3D
PRINTING PRICE 14
6.1 Factors that Affect 3D Printing Price 14
6.2 Key Takeaways 15

CHAPTER-7
3D PRINTING TO CONQUER OUTER SPACE 16
7.1 Space Race 16
7.2 ICON and NASA created a 3D Printing Surface Habitat for Mars 16
7.3 Life on Mars Through 3D Printing 17
7.4 3D Printed Spacesuits to Colonize the Rad Planet 18
7.5 Zebro Robots Pave the Way to Colonize Mars 18
7.6 3D Printed Bio-Adhesive Band-Aids 19
7.7 3D Printed Builds Ratchet Wrench 19

CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION AND OUTCOMES 21
8.1 Conclusion 21
8.2 Objects printed using 3D Printer 21

CHAPTER-9
REFERENCES 24

i
 List of Figures

3
2.1.1 DMLS Printer Working Explanation

2.1.2 SLS Printer Working Explanation and image of

Object being printed 4

2.1.3 Teeth printed using DMLS, SLS, SLM Printers 4

3.1.1 DLP Printer working Explanation 5

3.1.2 SLA Printer working Explanation 6

3.1.3 Light curing 3D Printer 7

3.1.4 Latest DLP and SLA 3d Printer 7

4.1 Two Filament FDM based 3D Printer 8

4.2.1 FDM Printer Hotend 9

4.2.2 FDM 3D printer Working Explanation and Printed Object 9

4.2.3 Different FDM based 3D Printer 10

5.1 Organs Printing using human cells 11

5.2 Back Bone Printed Using 3D Printer 12

5.3 Surgical Instruments printed using 3D Printer 13

5.4 Custom made Prosthetics using 3D Printer 13

7.1 3D printed House on Mars 16

7.2 3D Printed Habitat on mars 17

7.3 3D Printed Space Craft 17

7.4 3D Printed Spacesuits for mars Environment 18

7.5 Mars Colonization using 3D Printer 18

v
 19
7.6 3D Printer as Bio- adhesive Band-Aids

7.7 Ratchet Wrench Printed Using 3D Printer in International

Space Station 20
8.1 Materials and Main advantages of 3D printing Technologies 21

8.2.1 3D Printed Objects 21

8.2.2 3D Printed Prosthetic 22

8.2.3 3D Printed Heart Using human cells 22

8.2.4 3D Printed teeth and Body Parts 22

8.2.5 3D printed tools and Clamps 22

8.2.6 3D printer block diagram 23

8.2.7 STL 3D printer Block diagram 23

v
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO 3D PRINTER

1.1 Introduction
After Charles Hull unveiled the first three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in
1986, the manufacturing sector created a wide range of production techniques that have been
used in a wide range of industries. Hull created and developed a 3D printing method and
obtained the stereolithography (SLA) patent in 1986. Scott Crump was awarded a patent for
fused deposition modelling in 1990. (FDM). Since then, 3D printing has advanced
significantly.

An advanced manufacturing technique is three-dimensional printing, often known as

additive manufacturing. Based on digital computer-aided design (CAD) models, it uses
standardised materials to produce customised 3D items utilising predetermined automated
procedures. It is utilised for fast prototyping, which has been popularised in the
manufacturing, design, engineering, and industrial sectors for close to 30 years. The
traditional ways of experimentation and instruction are going to be dramatically altered by
3D printing due to the quick development of new materials, printing technology, and
equipment.

Digital imaging for surgical planning, personalised surgical instruments, and patient-
physician communication are frequently employed with 3D printing in the medical profession
in specialties including traumatology, cardiology, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, and
craniomaxillofacial surgery. Its uses in dentistry span from orthodontics, endodontics, and
periodontology to prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and oral implantology.

Process engineering benefits of 3D printing over conventional wax loss technologies

and subtraction computer numerical control techniques. Complete dentures and implant teeth
are more accessible due to their quick fabrication, high level of accuracy, and ability to be
personalised. The use of 3D printing in dentistry can also help to streamline the difficult
workflow involved in creating dental equipment and provide patients more individualised,
more affordable services. For instance, the repair was often made by milling until 3D printing
technology became widely used. Currently, 3D-printed restorations have demonstrated a
number of benefits. According to several research, 3D printed restorations have edge and
internal gap values that are much smaller than those of milled restorations. For instance,
dental crowns are often made from conventional plaster models, while they are becoming
increasingly common nowadays when made from 3D-printed models. The processing of 3D
printing materials is still debatable since a recent study revealed that the fit of crowns made
using 3D printing is less accurate than that of crowns made using a plaster model. This
finding suggests that 3D printing technologies are novel technologies with limited research.

The CAD data can be rapidly accepted by 3D printing technology. Additionally, it can
quickly produce fresh samples, complicated form goods, moulds, and models in addition to

1
single and small-batch parts. Numerous benefits include high resource usage, significant cost

2
gains, and the ability to produce specific scale items as needed. It still has a number of
drawbacks, though, including expensive processing and material costs and time-consuming
postprocessing. However, 3D printing has generally been used to good effect in the medical
industry.

The three primary 3D printing technologies—powder bed fusion (PBF), light curing
(DPL, SLA), and fused deposition modeling—are covered in this overview (FDM). We'll
also talk about the process settings and material composition that impact 3D printing
accuracy. The final section of this article goes into great length on the uses of 3D printing in
dentistry, including the production of working models and the main uses in prosthodontics,
oral and maxillofacial surgery, and oral implantology.

3
 CHAPTER-2
POWDER BED FUSION 3D PRINTING

Three types of 3D printing technologies PBF, light curing, and FDM can be
categorized according to various operating principles. They may be developed into particular
technologies, each with unique advantages, as shown in Table 1.

2.1 POWDER BED FUSION

Any powdered substance that may be sintered or fused by laser radiation and
solidified by cooling may be appropriate for these processes. PBF is classified into the
following printing technologies based on the energy sources and powder materials: selective
laser melting (SLM), selective laser sintering (SLS), electron beam melting (EBM), and
direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). Heat is used in each of these methods to melt powdered
materials. All types of metal products, including AM titanium (Ti) dental implants, custom
subperiosteal Ti implants, custom Ti mesh for bone grafting techniques, cobalt chromium
(Co-Cr) frames for implant impression procedures, and Co-Cr and Ti frames for dental
implant-supported prostheses, are manufactured using PBF in the dental industry.
Additionally, PBF has significant promise for producing ceramic restorations, which may be
utilized to create models, model casting abutments, and frame crowns.

2.1.1. DMLS Printer Working Explanation

Laser sintering and selective laser melting have different meanings under different
definitions. SLS and DMLS cannot operate in environments where the ambient temperature
is high enough to melt the materials. A significant porosity and a rough surface are produced
by the partial melting of the metal powder. While the powder melts precisely at the melting
point during the SLM process. By employing an electron beam to melt the material, another
method
4
called EBM varies from SLM. Both methods use pure argon gas to thoroughly melt the metal
powder in an inert construction chamber. The reservoir’s powdered substrate is applied to the
construction platform by PBF using a roller. The powder particles are then fused selectively
using a laser or electron beam in accordance with the cross-sectional design of the CAD file
being created. The build platform’s forms are scaled down by orders of magnitude in terms of
the thickness of the printed laye’s, and the process continues in cycles until the final product
is constructed.

2.1.2. SLS Printer Working Explanation and image of object being printed

Ti and its alloys are very well suited for SLS and other 3D printing processes. Studies
have shown that Ti structures made using 3D printing technology have high ductility, yield
strength, and ultimate tensile strength. Ceramics may also be utilized in SLS, however when
making them for dental purposes, a technological method known as polymer bonding is
needed to fuse the ceramic particles. The resulting mould components are thoroughly cleaned
and sintered. Since SLM doesn’t use binders to create intermediate green pieces, no
debinding procedure is necessary. In comparison to other 3D printing processes, PBF
fabrication takes less time. Higher rates of heating and cooling can cause thermal shock and
rupture, though. By heating the powder first, this may be prevented. Products made using
SLS can be fragile and porous and need intricate postprocessing. DMLS is a variant based on
this technology, and its products are highly dense. Using DMLS’s unique Ti mesh to direct
bone regeneration, Ciocca et al. developed an inventive interdisciplinary method for restoring
atrophied maxillary dental arches.

2.1.3. Teeth Printed using DMLS,SLS,SLM Printers

5
 CHAPTER-3
LIGHT CURING 3D PRINTING

3.1 Light Curing

A broad name for a class of 3D printing techniques employing photosensitive resin
materials that are cured and moulded under light irradiation is “light curing technology.”
SLA, digital light processing (DLP), and photo jet are the three major components (PJ). Light
exposure, platform movement, and resin refilling are the three distinct steps that make up the
printing process in SLA and DLP technologies.
One of the first widely used 3D printing techniques, SLA uses a reservoir for
photosensitive liquid resin, a platform for building models, and an ultraviolet (UV) laser to
cure the resin. The build platform is immersed in a liquid resin during construction, and the
resin is polymerized using a UV laser. The uncured resin then covers the preceding layer after
the build platform has moved a distance equal to one layer’s thickness. In SLA technology,
there are two ways to shift the platform. The platform’s top-down movement is the first. The
building platform that is submerged in the resin reservoir is covered with a coating of resin.
The building platform descends once the laser has scanned the top layer, and a wheel next to
it adds a fresh resin layer. Until the item is produced, the construction cycle is repeated. In
contrast, the platform is submerged at the bottom of the resin reservoir in the platform-
bottom- up method, and only one layer of resin may spread over the space between the
platform and bottom. The resin layer would be scanned using the laser, which is positioned at
the reservoir’s bottom. The platform extends by one layer after curing, and because to
gravity, the resin material can entirely cover the space between the platform and the bottom.
Compared to the platform-top down technique, the platform-bottom-up strategy provides a
number of benefits. First, in the second method, the resin is in direct contact with oxygen
while it is polymerizing, whereas in the platform-bottom-up method, light-curing takes place
at the bottom to avoid oxygen interference. Second, the fact that the laser is at the bottom
lessens the risk of harm to the operators. Third, because of gravity, the resin may be
automatically renewed. As a result, this technique is presently used in the majority of SLA
printers.

3.1.1. DLP printer working explanation

In order to selectively cure a ceramic slurry, SLA inserts ceramic particles into a
curing resin. The ratio of the ceramic powder content to the resin needs to be matched

6
since the

7
viscosity of the slurry impacts the mechanical qualities of the construction. For
polycrystalline ceramic crowns, materials with various chemical compositions, such alumina
and zirconia, offer high mechanical resistance. Therefore, SLA’s research and development
efforts are concentrated on this type of ceramics.

A digital micro reflector device, or microsystem for DLP technology, is a rectangular

array of mirrors. The resolution of the projected picture is dependent on the number of
mirrors, with each mirror denoting one pixel. The micro reflectors’ angles can be changed
separately. One pixel of light from the light source is projected onto the surface to be printed
after being refracted by the micromirror. The benefit of DLP is that the complete layer may
be built by a single laser irradiation as opposed to scanning the layer sequentially as with
SLA technology. The building time can be shortened since each layer is built regardless of its
specific layer shape or pixel count.

3.1.2. SLA Printer working explanation

The idea of PJ is a photopolymerizable inkjet, in contrast to the two patterns discussed

above that polymerize liquid monomers and oligomers at specified spots. In order to print one
layer, the printhead moves along the X/Y axis while the photopolymer is sprayed onto the
table. An UV lamp produces light in the same direction as the printhead’s movement to cure
the photopolymer on the building surface. The device then continues the build cycle until the
item is produced before lowering the table one layer along the Z-axis. The variety of
materials used in this technique, including ceramics, zirconia paste, resins, and
thermoplastics, makes it stand out.

8
 3.1.3. Light Curing 3D Printer

The ability to print and fuse all of the materials mentioned is a distinct advantage over
competing technologies. Additionally, inkjet-based 3D printing enables material mixing by
printing many materials in the same spot, which enables it to create objects with a range of
attributes. The objects created using photopolymer injection technology have exceptionally
high surface quality and print resolution and don’t need any surface polishing with thin layer
thicknesses.

3.1.4 Latest DLP and SLA 3D Printer.

9
 CHAPTER-4
FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING

4.1 Fused Deposition Modeling

One of the most well-liked and affordable 3D printing techniques in dentistry is FDM. The
nozzle heats and melts the filamentous thermoplastic substance. The nozzle and worktable
are moved in the X- and Y-axis directions under computer control, and the molten material is
extruded and then solidified by the accumulation of materials layer by layer to make the
product.
Engineering thermoplastics such polylactic acid (PLA), polycarbonate, and
polyamide, as well as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, are some of the ones
frequently utilised for FDM applications. PLA is more suited for use in the oral cavity and is
more ecologically friendly. Medical-grade polycarpic acid-tensioned tricalcium phosphate
scaffolds made using FDM are biocompatible, have a high mechanical strength, and may be
employed as tissue scaffolds in dentistry, according to Yefang et al. Additionally, Chen et al.
showed how plaster model fitting bespoke pallets made using FDM technique.

4.1 Two Filament FDM based 3D Printer

4.2 Working
The Printing Environment Each succeeding layer is deposited on the printer bed,
which is commonly constructed of hard plastic, ceramic, or another type of metal.

The Printer Head or Nozzle

In FDM printers, the nozzle is connected to a mechanical chassis that is moved by

lead screw and/or belt systems. A odorized system enables three-dimensional (X, Y, and Z)
movement of the complete extrusion assembly. The thermoplastic substance is advanced into

1
the nozzle using a stepper motor, a fourth motor. A computer manages every movement of
the head and the raw material.

4.2.1. FDM Printer Hotend

The Raw Material

Typically, production-grade thermoplastics are utilised as the raw material, however

occasionally metal is also employed. The thermoplastic substance may repeatedly melt when
heated and then resolidify when the heat is removed. On a mounted spool, the metal or
thermoplastic filament is coiled as a coil. Following that, the printer nozzle receives it. The
better class of 3D FDM printers enable the nozzle temperature to be kept at or just below the
material’s glass transition temperature. This enables the material to be extruded while still
semi-liquid yet to instantly transform back into solid. A higher degree of dimensional
precision is the outcome.

4.2.2. FDM 3D printer Working Explanation and Printed Object

Any thermoplastic may, in theory, be used as a raw material for FDM printers. Nylon,
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and its variants, polycarbonates, ply-lactic acid,

1
polystyrene, and thermoplastic urethane are a few of the commonly used raw materials in the
commercial world. Stratasys offers MED610 as a raw material, which is biocompatible. The
aerospace sector has certified their ULTEM material as well.

Some models and items have delicate “overhangs” that may droop if they are not
supported. These support structures, known as struts, are created alongside the item using a
mechanism built into FDM printers. Once the construction is finished, they are later deleted.
Usually, the same material as the item is used for these struts. To particularly deposit soluble
thermoplastic struts when it’s necessary to stop the overhangs from sagging, some printers
incorporate a second extruder. The thermoplastic used for the 3D model may not be the same
material as these struts. Later, a suitable solvent is used to dissolve them.

4.2.3. Different FDM based 3D Printer

1
 CHAPTER-5
3D PRINTING IN THE MEDICAL FIELD

3D printing, sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing, was initially created in

the 1980s. It entails creating a fresh version of the topic from a digital model or blueprint that
is then printed in several layers on the right material. Medical technology is only one of the
numerous fields in which the approach has been used. The initial digital model is frequently
created using medical imaging techniques including X-rays, computed tomography (CT)
scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and ultrasounds before being loaded into the
3D printer.
By 2025, 3D printing in the medical industry is expected to be worth $3.5 billion, up
from $713.3 million in 2016. The sector is anticipated to develop at a compound annual
growth rate of 17.7% between 2017 and 2025. The four main applications of 3D printing in
medicine are the production of tissues and organoids, surgical instruments, patient-specific
surgical models, and personalized prosthetics.

5.1 Bioprinting tissues and organoids

Bioprinting is one of the several 3D printing techniques used in the manufacturing of
medical devices. Bioprinters stack living cells, referred to as "bio-ink," on top of one another
to generate fake living tissue in a lab, as opposed to printing with plastic or metal. As they
resemble organs on a tiny size, these tissue constructions, also known as organoids, can be
employed for medical research. Additionally, they are being tested as less expensive
alternatives to organ transplantation.

Organovo, a US-based medical research and laboratory firm, is experimenting with

printing liver and intestine tissue to aid in the in vitro study of organs as well as the creation
of drugs for specific disorders. Pre-clinical data for the performance of the liver tissue in a
programme for type 1 tyrosinemia, a condition that impairs the body's ability to metabolise
the amino acid tyrosine due to an enzyme deficiency, were presented by the company in May
2018.

5.1. Organs Printing using human cells

1
 Using a similar strategy, the Wake Forest Institute in North Carolina, US, created a
3D brain organoid with potential uses in drug development and illness modelling. The
university said in May 2018 that their organoids mirror typical human anatomy and have a
completely cell-based, functioning blood brain barrier. Additionally, it has been working on
skin grafts that may be administered directly to burn sufferers via 3D printing.

5.2 Surgery preparation assisted by the use of 3D printed models

Another application of 3D printing in the medical field is creating patient-specific
organ replicas that surgeons can be use to practice on before performing complicated
operations. This technique has been proven to speed up procedures and minimise trauma for
patients.This type of procedure has been performed successfully in surgeries ranging from a
full-face transplant to spinal procedures and is beginning to become routine practice.In
Dubai, where hospitals have a mandate to use 3D printing liberally, doctors successfully
operated on a patient who had suffered a cerebral aneurysm in four veins, using a 3D printed
model of her arteries to map out how to safely navigate the blood vessels.

In January 2018, surgeons in Belfast successfully practiced for a kidney transplant for
a 22-year-old woman using a 3D printed model of her donor’s kidney. The transplant was
fraught with complications as her father, who was her donor, had an incompatible blood
group and his kidney was discovered to have a potentially cancerous cyst. Using the 3D
printed replica of his kidney, surgeons were able to assess the size and placement of the
tumour and cyst.

5.2 Back Bone Printed Using 3D Printer

5.3 3D printing of surgical instruments

Sterile surgical instruments, such as forceps, hemostats, scalpel handles and clamps,
can be produced using 3D printers.Not only does 3D printing produce sterile tools, some are
based on the ancient Japanese practice of origami, meaning they are precise and can be made
very small. These instruments can be used to operate on tiny areas without causing
unnecessary extra damage to the patient.One of the main benefits of using 3D printing rather
than traditional

1
manufacturing methods to produce surgical instruments is the production costs are significantly
lower.

5.3 Surgical Instruments printed using 3D Printer

5.4 Custom-made prosthetics using 3D printing

3D printing in the medical field can be used to produce prosthetic limbs that are
customised to suit and fit the wearer. It is common for amputees to wait weeks or months to
receive prosthetics through the traditional route; however, 3D printing significantly speeds up
the process, as well as creating much cheaper products that offer patients the same
functionality as traditionally manufactured prosthetics. The lower price point of these
products makes them particularly applicable for use with children, who quickly outgrow their
prosthetic limbs. 3D printing also allows the patient to design a prosthetic that corresponds
directly to their needs. For example, Body Labs has created a system that allows patients to
model their prosthetic on their own limbs through scanning in order to create a more natural
fit and appearance. Plus, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have
sought to design more comfortable prosthetic sockets.

5.4 Custom made prosthetics using 3D Printing

1
 CHAPTER-6
IMPORTANT FACTORS AFFECTING THE 3D PRINTING
PRICE

6.1 Factors that Affect 3D Printing Price

1. 3D Printing Technology

The equipment and materials used in 3D printing aren’t cheap. A 3D printer for
instance can cause about Php 50,000 or more. A bit expensive, right? But without these
technologies, a project cannot be made. And it’s not only a one-time expense. To keep it
working well and make its life span longer, proper maintenance is a must. 3D printing
companies save you from a huge cost. Note that different types of projects need unique
technology. But with their services, you don’t need to purchase a unit anymore. You will only
be charged the rightful 3D printing price.

2. Materials

There are different types of 3D printing materials set for different kinds of projects.
Each type has its unique price. The most common ones are thermoplastics (filaments and
powder) and thermosets (resin).

a. Thermoplastics (filaments and powder) - Most widely used types of filaments are
ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) and PLA (Polylactic acid). These two are also the
commonly used 3D printing material as they are more cost-efficient than other types yet have
good quality. These can cost around Php 1,000 to Php 3,500 only per kilo.

b. Thermosets (resin) - Versatile for many complex projects, resin is definitely a great
quality type of material. However, it’s more costly at times. The standard type of resin can
cost about Php 2,500 per liter. Other types can go up to Php 15,000 per liter. But the great
news is, 3D companies often get these materials from their partner suppliers at a discounted
price.

3. 3D Model

A 3D model is vital in getting an accurate 3D printing price. It helps determine the

precise details of the project such as the size and complexity to know how much material is
used.

A 3D model is vital in getting an accurate 3D printing price. It helps determine the precise
details of the project such as the size and complexity to know how much material and support
are needed to get the project done.

But creating a 3D model of an item isn’t cheap either. If you are a 3D artist or you
have connections who can help you create your own 3D model of the object, lucky you.

1
However, if you have no way to get a 3D file, we can help you have one. The price of a 3D
render can go

1
from Php 2,000 to Php 15,000 depending on the type. It’s quite pricey as you’re paying for
the skills of the 3D modeler, the cost of 3D programs, and other factors like electricity.

4. Size and Complexity

When talking about the 3D printing price, these are some of the important factors to
highlight. And yes, you’re right! The logic behind this is simple: the bigger the size of an
object, the more materials you need to get it done. That means you’ll have to pay more.

But take note, there are instances when a smaller item costs more compared to a
bigger one because of the infill density. If you want your object to be stronger and heavier
than the usual 3D printed item, you can request for a higher infill rate. The average is 20%
infill rate. However, it will also increase the 3D printing price.

5. Post-Processing

What most people don’t know about 3D printing is that it’s not a total instant process.
Yes, it works by dropping your 3D file and printing it. But the process doesn’t stop there.
Post- processing is necessary for all 3D printed items. Once done printing, it needs to be
cured, cleaned, polished, and painted before becoming a usable finish product. These add up
to the total contract price as it requires manpower, equipment, and materials to do so.

6. Turnaround time

Need an item the soonest possible? If the average turnaround time of an object is
about 14 days, we can have it in a week but, there are factors to consider such as the number
of projects being handled at a specific time. That’s why we require an additional payment for
ad- hoc projects. Deciding whether or not to get started with 3D printing isn’t easy
considering the 3D printing price. Understanding what you’re paying for can help you land
on the most ideal decision for you and can even help you meet your budget.

The answer basically depends on what you will 3D print. If it’s a basic item that’s
readily available in the market, in most cases, it’s cheaper to buy. However, for items that are
tough to find, customized, or those that are too expensive when bought, it’s more ideal to 3D
print.

6.2 Key Takeaways

3D printing is quite expensive because of all the important factors mentioned beforehand.
However, the cost of 3D printing can be satisfying when you have studied everything that’s
in and out of it. Making the right choice in 3D printing could make you say, “It’s definitely
worth the price!”.

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 CHAPER-7
3D PRINTING TO CONQUER OUTER SPACE

7.1 Space Race

The 20th-century Space Race is a well-known historical event. Though the conflict between
the Soviet Union and the West concluded in 1975, did you realise that a new Space Race has
begun? Scientists from all around the world are now attempting to achieve a number of
objectives, including finding a means to populate other planets and create conditions that
would allow humanity to live in outer space. Due to its adaptability, affordability, and of
course ability to use local materials, which is a key necessity if we truly want to move to
other planetary bodies, 3D printing is one of the leading technologies being considered for
space colonisation in order to achieve this goal. We examined some of the several
applications of additive manufacturing that are being made to enable human habitation of the
Moon and other planets in our Solar System.

7.1 3D Printed House on Mars

7.2 ICON and NASA Created a 3D Printed Surface Habitat for Mars
NASA used 3D printing in another initiative to advance human space travel,
especially the skills of renowned 3D printing construction firm ICON. The business recently
announced

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that it would be working with design firm BIG-Bjarke Ingels Group to 3D print a simulated
Mars Surface Habitat, which will be the first of its kind. This project will look at the potential
for building colonies on other planets. In NASA's one-year Mars mission analogue research,
a building with an estimated 1,700 square feet and the name MARS DUNE ALPHA will
serve as a realistic Mars habitat simulator. When manufacturing is finished, the model will be
shipped to NASA's Johnson Space Center, which is situated in Houston, Texas.

7.2 3D Printed Habitat on Mars

7.3 Life on Mars Through 3D printing

In order to envision structures that may be 3D printed in space to support life on a
planet other than Earth, NASA has been hosting a competition dubbed the 3D-Printed Habitat
Challenge since 2014. The MARSHA project, which created a design for 3D-printed
dwellings on Mars, was one of the ventures that received recognition a few years ago. These
34 square metre cone-shaped structures were created by the American business AI
Spacefactory. The construction of the tiny homes would rely on materials found on the red
planet, relieving it of the burden of bringing supplies from Earth. Last but not least,
MARSHA includes a double- shell system that protects the living spaces from structural
limitations brought on by temperature variations.

7.3 3D Printed Space Craft

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7.4 3D Printed Spacesuits to Colonize the Red Planet
There is no doubt that several efforts are being created to reach Mars. Knowing how
to get there is critical, but it's also crucial to make sure we can get on the planet without
perishing. Because of this, organizations like the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA
are researching the issue. In light of this, the 2011-founded Mars One firm has created a
spacesuit that was created utilizing 3D technology. The business has created a suit that is
exactly fitted to the morphology of the astronauts in order to assure survival on Mars. This
has been made possible through digitalization and additive manufacturing.

7.4 3D Printed Spacesuit for Mars Environment

7.5 Zebro Robots Pave the Way to Colonize Mars

Delft University of Technology researchers have discovered another another way to
employ 3D printing to support the construction of structures on Mars, this time with robots.
Zebro Swarm Robots from Delft are intended to dig out underground dwelling quarters on
Mars while utilising 3D printing to build walls out of Martian elements. Similar to ants
establishing a colony, the swarms of autonomous robots would divide jobs among themselves
and communicate while burrowing underground. The experts believe that underground
dwelling might be more suited to people on Mars since it would be less noticeable given the
planet's severe temperature variations. In fact, the ESA itself has endorsed the project's
significance by awarding the team a funding to further it.

7.5 Mars Colonization using 3D Printer

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7.6 3D Printed Bio-Adhesive Bandaids
German Astronaut Matthias Mauerer recently tested the usage of bioprinted adhesive
plasters in space as part of the cosmic kiss mission, in which astronauts aboard the ISS
undertake several tests. The ultimate purpose of these cutting-edge plasterstrips, dubbed
Bioprint FirstAid, is to facilitate future medical first aid in remote locations or under difficult
circumstances. The hand-held, mechanical bio printer is applied directly to the area of the
skin that needs treatment, whereupon a plaster-like strip is printed using a particular bio ink.
The project's experts see the printer's potential future application in doctor's offices as well as
in challenging environments like space or on Earth, such the Arctic region, thanks to its small
size and simple handling.

7.6 3D Printer as Bio- adhesive Band-Aids

7.7 3D Printer Builds Ratchet Wrench

The International Space Station's 3-D printer completed the first phase of a NASA
technology demonstration by printing a tool with a design file transmitted from the ground to
the printer. The tool was a ratchet wrench.

"For the printer's final test in this phase of operations, NASA wanted to validate the process
for printing on demand, which will be critical on longer journeys to Mars," explained Niki
Werkheiser, the space station 3-D printer program manager at NASA's Marshall Space Flight
Center in Huntsville, Alabama. "In less than a week, the ratchet was designed, approved by
safety and other NASA reviewers, and the file was sent to space where the printer made the
wrench in four hours.”

This ratchet wrench will be returned to the ground for analysis and testing, along with the
other parts printed in space. The 4.48-inch-long by 1.29-inch-wide wrench was designed by

2
Noah Paul-Gin, an engineer at Made in Space Inc., a northern California company that
NASA contracted to design, build and operate the printer. The 3-D printer built the wrench
by additive manufacturing, depositing 104 layers of plastic.

7.7 Ratchet Wrench Printed using 3D Printer in International Space Station

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 CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION AND OUTCOMES
8.1 Conclusion
The history, uses, technology, and format of the 3D model description are all covered
in this study. One of the areas of attention is on the capabilities and safety measures of the
MakerBot replicator 2, the 3D printer we employed. These insights came via the sketching
and printing of many models. Overall, the replicator 2 is a successful smart printer, and its
slicing algorithm in particular is really clever. Its printing technique is fantastic. The printer
will almost probably achieve the desired outcome if the design and printing constraints are
taken into account.

Technology for 3D printing offers an excellent production procedure. Since its

beginnings, it has grown and developed rapidly. However, there are still certain limits with
3D printing. Currently, it cannot take the place of conventional production. However, it is a
potential industry that has changed the way we think about design, production, and research.
In the future, it will affect more aspects of our lives.

8.1. Materials and main advantages of 3D printing technologies. The table shows three kinds of 3D
printing technologies and their respective classification, materials, and main advantages.

8.2 Objects printed using 3D Printer

8.2.1 3D printed Objects

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 8.2.2 3D Printed Prosthetics

8.2.3 3D Printed Heart Using Human Cells

8.2.4 3D Printed Teeth and Body parts

8.2.5 3D Printed Tools and Clamps

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 CHAPTER-9
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