"Digital Logic Gates and Basic Circuit Design"

Añedez, Ryan Mark G. Date: September 13, 2023

3 CPE A ENGR. Carlo Cimacio

Laboratory Activity 1

Objective: To explore and explain the fundamentals of digital logic gates and
their applications through a research paper.

Introduction
Digital logic gates are fundamental components that serve as the foundation
for logic circuit design and the entire area of electronics. Their importance
and usefulness cannot be overstated because they form the basis of a vast
array of electrical devices and systems, ranging from simple calculators to
cutting-edge supercomputers. Their importance and usefulness in this
sector will be covered in detail in this article. The fundamental components
of digital circuits are digital logic gates. The language of computers and
digital gadgets, binary information is processed by these circuits as 0s and
1s. Basic logical operations like AND, OR, NOT, and XOR are carried out
using logic gates, allowing the manipulation of binary data. This binary
encoding makes data processing, storage, and transfer easier while also
improving accuracy and efficiency. Additionally, it is very adaptable. These
gates can be combined in a variety of ways by engineers and designers to
build intricate logic circuits specifically suited for particular purposes. This
versatility enables the development of microprocessors, memory
components, and control systems, promoting innovation in a variety of
industries like robotics, automation, and telecommunications. Digital logic
gates are at the core of many modern technology, including the guidance
systems of spacecraft, smart homes, and smartphones.
2. Types of Logic Gates:
- AND gate
 It is a key element in the processing and manipulation of binary data that a
part of digital logic circuits. It is an electronic gadget that accepts two inputs
and generates an output based on how logically these inputs combine. Only
when both inputs are true does the output become true; otherwise, it
remains false. A truth table, which lists all combinations of input values and
their matching outputs, can be used to represent it.

- OR gate

 A fundamental element of digital logic circuits, the OR gate is essential

for processing and manipulating binary data. It is a logical gate that, if
at least one of its inputs is true, outputs true (1). In other words, it
executes an addition or union logical operation. One output terminal
and two or more input terminals make up the OR gate. The output is
the outcome of the logical operation, while the inputs are commonly
represented by binary values, 0 or 1. The output changes to 1 if any
one or more inputs are set to 1, otherwise it stays at 0. It's so basic,
but powerful logic gate finds extensive applications in various fields
such as computer science, electrical engineering, and
telecommunications. It is used to combine multiple signals or
conditions into a single output signal for decision-making purposes.

- NOT gate

 The Not Gate, also referred to as an inverter, is a fundamental

component of digital electronics and is essential to the development
 and functionality of a wide range of electronic systems. The Not Gate's
main job is to invert input signals and produce their logical
complements at the output. A single input and a single output make
up the Not Gate. The output is low (0) when the input is high (1), and
vice versa. Combinations of Not Gates can be used to achieve
sophisticated logic operations thanks to their straightforward yet
effective capability. The Not Gate has a practical usage in memory
circuits, where it is employed to store and retrieve data. By linking
several Not Gates collectively, more complex logic functions can be
achieved, such as AND, OR, and XOR gates.

- XOR gate
 The exclusive OR gate, sometimes referred to as the XOR gate that is crucial
part of digital logic circuits. It is intended to process two binary inputs
logically and provide an output based on the values of those inputs. The XOR
gate operates according to a straightforward rule: it only outputs true (1)
when the number of true inputs is odd. Numerous fields, including computer
science and mathematics, have used the XOR gate. It is frequently used in
computer science for data transfer error detection and correction. Any
differences can be quickly found by utilizing an XOR comparison to compare
two sets of data.

3. Functionality and Truth Tables:

- AND gate AND GATE Functionality:

X Y X-Y  If the input is all 1, then the result is 1.
1 1 1
Otherwise, if the input is 0 or any of input
1 0 0
0 1 0 have 0, the output will be automatically 0
0 0 0

- OR gate
OR GATE Functionality:
X Y X-Y
 If the input is all 1, then the result is 1. then,
1 1 1
1 0 1 if the input is 1 or any of input have 1, the
0 1 1 output will be automatically 1, otherwise, if
0 0 0 the input is none, this is automatically 0

- NOT gate
IN OUT
0 1
1 0

- XOR gate
XOR GATE Functionality:
X Y  If the input is not similar, then the output
1 1 0
will be having 1, otherwise, if the input is
1 0 1
0 1 1 similar, it will be having 0 output.
0 0 0

4. Applications: Encourage students to explore and describe real-world

applications where each type of logic gate is commonly used. Include
practical examples to demonstrate their significance.
 - AND gate
 Multiple signals are combined using AND gates. If all the signals are
true, the output will likewise be true. Should any of the output will be
false if signals are FALSE. Example of this is security alarm, it has
various sensors which are used to detect potential intrusions or
security breaches. These sensors typically provide binary signals, 1 for
"triggered" and 0 for "not triggered".

Ex. Of AND gate

- OR gate
 Whenever it is necessary to detect the occurrence of one or more
events or to take action in response to them, occurrence, OR gates can
be applied in each of those scenarios. Example of this is doorbell, it
have two main inputs. One from the doorbell button and another from
the transformer providing power to the doorbell. These inputs are often
wired in parallel, meaning that either the doorbell button or the
transformer voltage can trigger the doorbell to ring.

Ex. Of OR gate

- NOT gate
 Because they display the opposite response to that which is provided to them
and invert the output, NOT gates are also referred to as inverters. Currently,
the cmos produces square wave oscillators, which are used to generate clock
signals and typically involve inverters. The output of a temperature detector
is connected to a digital logic gate or microcontroller, as an example, so that
judgments may be made based on how the temperature interacts with the
digital logic or processing elements in their logic circuit.

Ex. Of NOT gate

- XOR gate
 The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit that generates a high output if either of
its two inputs is high, but not both. A plus sign () with a circle around it
denotes the EOR operation. The show buzzer is an example of an XOR gate
since only the first contestant to buzz in when two contestants buzz in will
activate the circuit. Buzzing will be "locked out" for the other participant.

Ex. Of XOR gate

5. Circuit Design: Ask students to design simple logic circuits that use one
or more of the above logic gates. Provide clear circuit diagrams and
explanations for each design. These circuits could include:
- A basic AND gate circuit
- An OR gate circuit
- A NOT gate circuit
- A combination of gates to create a more complex circuit (e.g., an XOR
gate-based circuit)
These circuit is an example of XOR gate. We will
use a 1K resistor to bring both gate inputs down to
ground in our XOR gate design. The inputs are
then powered by pressing a button after which.
The matching pin of the gate goes high when the
button is pressed. So, using two buttons, we can
implement the EX-OR gate's truth table. When
one of the buttons is pressed, the gate's output
should be high since one of the inputs will be high
and the other low. The fact that the chosen CHIP
is a positive edge triggering one makes these pull
down resistors necessary. If the resistors are not
taken into consideration, the circuit may produce
unexpected consequences.

6. Analysis: Have students analyze the designed circuits, explaining how

they work and providing truth tables or simulation results to demonstrate
their functionality.
 Students have analysed their designed circuit to modify what type of gate
they created. The functionality approach in their simulation tools and
simulates to show what the result of their designed are. They provided circuit
description and provide concrete circuit operation that shown on their truth
table. The analysis and discussion are well find in the simulation result
which is capable to construct the clarity of the designed.

7. Conclusion: Summarize the key concepts learned in the paper,

emphasizing the role and importance of digital logic gates in electronic
design.
 Electronic circuits has ranging from basic configuration to computer
processors that is use logic gates in a wide variety of applications. This
logical operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are
carried out using them. Additionally, they are utilized to build more
sophisticated circuits like adders, multiplexers, and flip-flops. It is impossible
to overstate the importance of digital logic gates in the field of electronics and
logic circuit design. They are essential tools for the advancement of modern
technology because of their capacity for rapid information processing,
reliability, accuracy, and scalability. In order to push limits and provide
creative solutions for our constantly changing world, it is increasingly crucial
to comprehend and use these core components as technology advances at an
exponential rate.
 References:

[1] B. Garg and S. Kaur, A Review of Logic Gates and Its Application.
Volume 6 Issue 5 www.jetir.or(ISSN-2349-5162), May 2019.
[2] R. Teja, Logic Gates: An outline.
https://www.electronicshub.org/exclusive-or-gatexor-gate/, April 15,
2021.
[3] D. Raja, XOR Gate: published in Circuit Digest.
https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/xor-gate-circuit-diagram,
August 27, 2015
[4] Electrical4U, XOR Gate & XNOR Gates: Truth Table, Symbol & Boolean
Expression: by Electrical 4 U,
https://www.electrical4u.com/exclusive-or-gate/#XOR-Gate-Truth-
Table, October 11,2020.
[5] D. Belton, Basic Gates and Function: published in ee surrey,
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/CAL/digital-logic/gatesfunc/#a
ndgate, June 2005.