UNIT 10 M N SRINIVAS 

Structure
10.0 Objectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biographical Sketch
10.3 Central Ideas
10.3.1 Structural-Functionalism
10.3.2 The ‘Other’ in Sociological Studies
10.3.3 Book-View vs. Field-View
10.3.4 Villages in India
10.3.5 Caste
10.3.6 Social Mobility
10.3.7 Community Development and Nation-Building

10.4 Important Works

10.5 Let Us Sum Up
10.6 References
10.7 Answers to Check Your Progress

10.0 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit you should be able to
 outline the biographical details of M N Srinivas;
 discuss his central ideas; and
 list some of his important works.

10.1 INTRODUCTION
Srinivas's lectures and writings have influenced multiple generations of
sociologists and social anthropologists. His observations and forecasts about the
trajectory of Indian society appear to have gained new relevance several years
after they were delivered in letter and word. Srinivas's in-depth and precise study
of material has resulted in generalisations that apply in many facets of life even
in this age of uncertainty and change.
We begin this Unit with an understanding of the socio-cultural background which
influenced the ideas of M N Srinivas and then examine some of his important
ideas. Thereafter, we will list some of his important works.


Written by Nita Mathur, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University,
New Delhi
Sociologists in India- 2
10.2 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas was born in Mysore on November 16, 1916 in
the traditional Brahmin family of Narasimhachar. His father belonged to a village
named Arakere (which is about 20 miles from the city of Mysore). He was a
government servant. Narasimhachar had to leave the village in order to provide
education to his children. As you would have concluded by now, Srinivas’s
family valued education greatly.His eldest brother taught English first as a
teacher in a school and later joined the University of Mysore as Assistant
Professor in English Srinivas’s brother urged him to improve his writing skills.
One of the ways in which Srinivas tried to improve his writing skills was to get
his manuscripts edited by R.K. Narayan – the well-known novelist.
Srinivas’s intellectual ideas were shaped in the three universities in which he
studied. First was Mysore University where he studied social philosophy under
the tutelage of A R Wadia and M H Krishna. Second was Bombay university
where he was nurtured by G S Ghurye. Third was Oxford University where he
was trained by A R Radcliffe Brown and E E Evans- Pritchard. At the post-
graduation level, Srinivas worked closely under the guidance of G S Ghurye.
Encouraged by Ghurye, Srinivas conducted a short field-based study on marriage
and family in the Kannada caste in Mysore state. The study was submitted as a
dissertation which was later published as a book titled, Marriage and Family in
Mysore (1942). Srinivas went to Oxford to undertake D. Phil. Programme. His
research began under the supervision of Radcliffe – Brown. It was on the
suggestion of Radcliffe-Brown that he re-studied the Coorg material using the
structural-functional approach.
In an interview with Fuller (1999:5) Srinivas reveals ‘Anyway, between
October’45 and October’46, I had worked out the structure of the thesis and I
discussed in particular the concept of ritual idiom with Radcliffe-Brown. That is
when I discussed purity and pollution as providing the framework, and for
analysis of the Coorg wedding ritual I went to the Andaman Islanders which was
very helpful to me. I discussed with him the linkage of Coorg ritual with the
groups, the okka (joint family) and the village and so on… the whole idea of
‘spread’ also I owe to R-B [Radcliffe-Brown] – the ideas of Sanskritization and
Westernization came up from the material, they were not imposed on it.’ Later,
he worked with E. E. Evans – Pritchard when Radcliffe –Brown left Oxford in
1946. This study was published as a book titled, Religion and Society among the
Coorgs of South India.
In 1951 Srinivas returned to India. He founded the Department of Sociology in
Baroda University. In 1959, he was he was offered the newly established Chair of
sociology in the Delhi School of Economics at the Delhi University. Between
1966 and 1969, as he remained President of the Indian Sociological Society
(ISS). He reorganized of the society’s journal, the Sociological Bulletin. In the
year 1972, Srinivas returned to his home state of Karnataka. He joined the newly
set up Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC)as Joint Director. His
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chief objective was to enhancethe standard of sociology in south India (Shah M N Srinivas

1996). Seven years later he retired from the ISEC and joined the National
Institute for Advanced Studies at Bangalore. He passed away on November 30,
1999.
Box 10.1 Comparison between Oxford and Baroda
In the course of an interview with A.M. Shah (2000: 629) Srinivas says, ‘First
of all, I had no idea of the kind of situation that I would be facing when I
moved from one of the oldest universities in Western Europe to the university
in Baroda, which had been started only two years earlier. The contrast between
Oxford and Baroda could not have been greater. During the first year of my
stay in Baroda I went around in a kind of daze, wondering what I had let
myself in for. Sometimes I got the impression that the people around me were
playing at setting up a university. I felt nostalgic for Oxford, where academic
conventions were several centuries old. But deep down in me I knew that I had
to make a go of my job, as I wanted to stay in India’

10.3 CENTRAL IDEAS

Srinivas is known for his writings on methods and prospects of sociological
research, villages in India, caste, nation-building and many more themes. Let us
learn about some of his main ideas.
10.3.1 Structural-Functionalism
Srinivas learnt the concept of social structure from Radcliffe-Brown. Later, he
became convinced of its significance in the study of social life. Srinivas’s work
was supervised by E. E. Evans-Pritchard, in addition to A. R. Radcliffe-Brown.
This occurred when Radcliffe-Brown retired and Evans-Pritchard took over.
Despite the fact that Evans-Pritchard considered Srinivas’s basic approach had an
undue reliance on Durkheim, which appeared undesirable to him, he did not want
to interfere in his work. While Radcliffe-Brown shaped his approach, Evans-
Pritchard inspired his vision.
Srinivas’s engagement with Radcliffe-Brown and Evans Pritchard sharpened his
intellectual ideas. Radcliffe-Brown’s structural-functionalism and his treating
social anthropology as natural science were challenged by Evans-Pritchard
(1951). Evans-Pritchard critiqued Radcliffe-Brown’s idea that societies are like
natural systems that are governed by laws. Instead, he proposed that
interpretations were more important in understanding social reality. Also, Evans-
Pritchard suggested that historical perspective was essential for holistic
understanding of social life. Following Evans-Pritchard, Srinivas adhered to the
functionalist idea of studying social institutions in relation to the whole system.
Srinivas agreed with Radcliffe-structural-functionalism Brown's approach. He
concedes, though, that his perspective had shifted by the time he graduated from
Oxford in 1951. He realised the significance of historical evidence in the
functioning of civilization. He also concluded that comparing social laws to
scientific laws was pointless. Srinivas began to recognize the need of historical 125
Sociologists in India- 2 data in societal functioning and the futility of the underlying principles of
structural-functionalism. Srinivas did not limit himself to the structural-functional
method. He sought to explore meanings within and beyond contexts. He tried to
incorporate meanings in the course of analysing major social conditions and
processes such as dominant caste, sanskritization, and westernizatio (Khare
1996).
Srinivas maintained that problems in Indian society e.g., agrarian conflicts,
inequalities, ethnicity, communalism, and regionalism should be understood in
the context of interrelationships that connect them with other aspects of life. This
approach would enable politicians and administrators to see many options to
resolve the problems. Srinivas emphasized the importance of systematic
comparisons of a society's problems, processes, and institutions with those of
neighbouring countries in the first phase and developing countries in the second.
10.3.2 The ‘Other’ in Sociological Studies
Anthropologists and sociologists commonly feel that they should study ‘other’
cultures rather than their own. Two of the main reasons are: first, the familiarity
with one’s own culture could result in overlooking certain important aspects of
the culture; second, one’s own bias could influence the study. Srinivas was aware
of the diversity of lifestyles and their coexistence throughout the country. For this
reason, he set studied cultures in his own country. He re-interpreted the notion of
'other'in anthropological and sociological studies. Srinivas maintains,
‘Differences of language, dialect, religion, sect, caste, class and ethnicity
confront Indian anthropologists at every pint, so they can find “the other” in
adjacent village, tribe, or backward slum’ (see Shah 2000:634).
Srinivas believes that the anthropological technique should be extended to the
study of one's own family and existence. Srinivas had been sensitive to changes
in people's lifestyles since early years of his life in the course of which he
wandered both on College road and Bandikeri areas. College Road was
dominated by Brahmins from various parts of South India, whereas the
Bandikerineighborhood was dominated by Kunubas, who were shepherds/
wearers by caste (Shah 1996).The diversity of College Road and Bandikeri's
inhabitants provided Srinivas with his first exposure to cultural difference.
Srinivas spent a lot of time researching the Rampura hamlet and the Coorg region
in south India. The study of one's own society demands the use of all moral and
intellectual resources available to the sociologist. Ethnic, regional, linguistic, and
religious diversity, as also migration from one region of the country to another
have enriched Indian culture.
Check Your Progress 1
1) Outline Srinivas’s critique of Radcliffe-Brown’s structural-functional
approach.
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2) Explain Srinivas’s justification of studying one’s own society by Indian M N Srinivas

anthropologists and sociologists.

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10.3.3 Book-View vs. Field-View
Srinivas was keen to differentiate between a book-view of society (based on
religious literature and an Indological perspective) and a field-view of society in
the Indian context (derived from in-depth fieldwork and sociological approach).
Books have remained an indispensable part of people's lives in India. They
provided norms and laid out the normative code of behaviour. In urban areas,
norms and normative code of behaviour were imposed by rulers. In rural areas,
however, dominant castes or councils of individual castes enforced norms and
normative code of behaviour. Noticeable cultural diversity exists not only
between regions, but also across castes and ethnic groups. He noticed a
significant gap between the book-view of society and the field-view of society. In
reality, the disjunction between the two provided a unique viewpoint on
understanding how caste regulates social relations across time. While Srinivas
was attempting to establish the significance of field-view for the study of Indian
society and culture, Dumont's Homo Hierarchicus (1970) introduced the book-
view in academic circles. The impact was so much that for many sociologists,
book-view gained more importance than field-view.
10.3.4 Villages in India
Srinivas believed that village studies were the best way to learn about Indian
society, culture, and civilization. They signified a transition in social
anthropology's emphasis from tribal studies to studies of peasants' lifestyles,
social movements, and societal change. Srinivas made a significant contribution
to the realistic understanding of villages. At the outset, he busted the myths that
surrounding villages in India. The Select Committee on the Affairs of the East
Indian Company's Fifth Report treated the village regarded as a little republic, a
stagnant, passive, and unchanging entity. Srinivas countered this overly
simplistic view by bringing out the reality of Indian villages. He shed light on
inequality, disease and illiteracy as also village resources. Srinivas brought out
the point that rather than being egalitarian, villages were driven by hierarchy and
influence of politics. He drew attention to the gap between lived reality in
villages and perceived or imagined reality in the minds of policy makers.
While describing the routine or continuing ties between the village and the state,
as well as individual occasions of contact, Srinivas (1975)emphasized the role of
self-defense, collective fight, and local governance in the matrix of village life. In
pre-British period, both political and economic factors combined to hinder
formation of horizontal ties beyond political boundaries. Coming together of
people beyond political lines was difficult for everybody, but notably for lower 127
Sociologists in India- 2 caste people. Furthermore, politically ambitious patrons had to acquire and retain
local supporters. For this, they had the politically ambitious patrons had to give
out food and drink, especially at weddings and funerals. They had to provide
loans and other assistance as needed. The leader who donated or loaned
foodgrains to his tenants and labourers acquired their goodwill and ensured their
support later. Again, the fundamental dynamics of village life are defined by
meanderings through formalised arrangements in landowner-labourer and patron-
client relationships. When labour was scarce, society was split into a series of
'production pyramids,' with the landowner at the top, artisans and service castes
below, and landless labourers at the bottom. on top. Disputes and rivalry amongst
patrons were governed by institutionalised connections and threats to the village
society. In such a context, political power could only be obtained through
negotiating institutional arrangements.
10.3.5 Caste
Srinivas discussed the importance of caste in managing social ties. This was
illustrated in the specific setting of Rampura hamlet, and then in the larger
context of the subcontinent. In his critique of Dumont's thoughts on caste,
Srinivas aimed to subvert western socio-centrism onto an Indian social
institution,' projecting caste as indigenes do. The fundamental perspective flip
has far-reaching consequences. Srinivas (1957, 1984) established that caste
hierarchy was one of several forms of rigorous social stratification that were
antithetical to individuality. Historically, there was a great deal of connection
among the various castes. Members of one caste were always reliant on
commodities and services provided by members of other castes. People from one
caste competed for the commodities and services given by other castes, which
occasionally resulted in conflict.
In Rampura village, the population of peasants was the largest. The headman of
the village was a peasant. All this made their social, economic and political
position in the village strongest. Brahmins and Lingayats also respected them in
spite of the fact that peasants belong to the shudra varna. Brahmins and Lingayats
remained dominant in the ritual domain only. For support in all other aspects of
life, they depended on peasants. Interestingly, peasants resolved disputes between
high caste people and untouchables. You might be aware of the fact that
arbitration is sought from most influential people in the village.
The Rampura study inspired Srinivas (1976, cited from 2002:75)to develop the
concept of dominant caste. In his own words, ‘A caste may be raid to be
“dominant” when it preponderates numerically over the other castes, and when it
also wields preponderant economic and political power. A large and powerful
caste group can be more easily dominant if its position in the local caste
hierarchy is not too low’ (1976, cited from 2002:75).Another factor which has
been crucial in deciding dominance is the amount of educated males and their
vocation. Often, western and traditional education determines dominance. Hence,
Srinivas refers to this aspect of western. The common aspiration of the people is
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to get younger members of their caste group educated and thereafter get M N Srinivas

employment on government offices.

When the position of a caste changes in different villages, the people in the
village with the low position strive to identify with those with better positions
and therefore move up in the local hierarchy. People of the ruling caste revel in
social security because they know they will not be humiliated or insulted by those
who are ritually or otherwise superior to them. The presence of able-bodied
males who are willing to battle strengthens their position and security. A study of
the locally dominant caste and the kind of dominance it enjoys is critical to
understanding rural society in India. According to Srinivas, most essential
characteristics of domination are numerical strength, economic and political
power, ritual status, and western education and occupations. In a community, the
various elements of power are usually distributed among distinct castes. a caste is
said to be dominant when it possesses all or most of the elements of dominance.
10.3.6 Social Mobility
Srinivas (1968) emphasises mobility within the caste framework. He cites two
sources of mobility in the pre-British era: flexibility in the political system ,
particularly at lower levels, and the availability of marginal land that might be
cultivated. Prior to the British government, political power was typically taken by
leaders of powerful castes who could fight battles and shift loyalties often. . The
sheer size of their numbers, as well as the status and power that comes with
owning land, put them in a strong position to seize political power. because The
Kshatriya varna was made up of several castes. Each of the castes constituting
the Kshatriya varna held political power. It was for this reason that when a leader
of a dominant caste rose to the position of ruler, he claimed the status of a
Kshatriya.He inspired others and emerged as a source of mobility for others.
According to Baines (1912), it was mandatory for the king to be served by a
specific number of Brahmins. A king who did not have the required number of
Brahmins to serve him would elevate people of a lower caste to the status of
Brahmins.
As a result of British rule, new sources of mobility emerged. According to
Srinivas (1968), the British pushed the following as key sources of mobility in
contemporary India:
(i) the Concept of land ownership and economic opportunities in port
cities and capitals. This encouraged individuals of all castes to
purchase land. In times of economic distress, persons of high castes
residing in cities sold their land to peasants and other castes in
villages. Ownership of land offered them prestige and status.
(ii) New values with it, with a focus on equality, assertion of one's rights,
and freedom to practice one's faith which came with modern
knowledge. The newly westernized Indians geared up to reform the
society. Missionary propaganda criticized untouchability, animal
sacrifice, idolatory, elaborate rituals, polytheism, polygyny, child 129
Sociologists in India- 2 marriage and other such practices. In addition to hospitals,
orphanages, and schools, the missionaries established a printing press,
which aided in the dissemination of regional literature. They created
dictionaries and translated regional literature into English.
(iii) A new economic system, and an expansion of the communication
network that connected the country internally and with the rest of the
globe. The upper castes sucked up the majority of educational and
economic chances. This widened the rift between the upper and lower
classes. Eventually, the Backward Class Movement was formed in
order to capture chances and resources for the upper castes. Those
who did succeed motivated others who were impoverished or
oppressed. In Srinivas’s words, the 'demonstration effect' broadened
social horizons and provided vigour and strength to the Backward
Class Movement,
(iv) new trading and employment opportunities such as road, railway, and
canal construction work that benefited Noniyas of eastern Uttar
Pradesh, Kolis of Surat Coast in Gujarat, and several other castes,
(v) liberty to acquire symbols and rituals of higher castes that inspired
lower castes to wear the sacred thread The regionally dominant castes
resisted, often resorting to violence and economic boycott. Such
movements, however, are not always successful since victims file
complaints with the police and file lawsuits in court, and
(vi) conversion to Islam, Christianity, and sects such as Sikhism and the
Arya Samaj. Many converts found they took the stigma with them
into the new fold as well (see, Mathur 2020).
Adult franchise and prospects for attaining power have opened up new avenues
of movement in Independent India. Leaders of the dominant and the non-
dominant (but numerically larger) castes wield enormous influence. As the gap
between the leaders and the rest of the population becomes wider, the leaders
struggle to retain ties with the grassroots (without which they would not be able
to retain the coveted position). Srinivas (1968) presents a typical type of mobility
in which caste is contrasted with class among rich educated people in big cities.
They take up activities that have little to do with their conventional caste
employment back in the village. Such people can conveniently flout pollution
norms, mingle with, and even marry persons who do not adhere to casteist
standards. In such instances, rather than caste, class emerges as the organizing
element in lifestyle and interpersonal relationships.
The economic aspect offsets the impact of the ruling caste on the social life of
the. Joshi (1996:138) critiques Srinivas’s interpretation of the Rampura situation,
in following words, ‘However, with the pace of change accelerating, the village
and the town getting reintegrated, new opportunities, apart from broadening the
scope of upward mobility, also enlarged the scope of economic disparity between
130 members of the dominant caste. The new rich in this context, belonging, both to
the rural and the urban worlds, emerged as the new class, thus losing the M N Srinivas

attributes of a dominant caste. Even as a mode of their self-identification or of

identification by other members of the village, the dominant caste could no
longer serve as a meaningful concept.’ According to Joshi, The Remembered
Village suffers from a failure to provide appropriate place to people's economic
organization.
Lower castes are inspired by upper castes to strive for upward social mobility.
One of the chief means by which lower castes move up the ladder of social
stratification is the process of sanskritization. Srinivas explains the process of
Sanskritization in following words, ‘A low caste was able, in a generation or two,
to rise to a higher position in the hierarchy by adopting vegetarianism and
teetotalism and by sanskritizing its ritual and pantheon. In short it took over, as
far as possible, the customs, rites and beliefs of the Brahmins and the adoption of
the Brahminic way of life by a low caste seems to have been frequent, though,
theoretically forbidden. This process has been called ‘Sanskritization” in
preference to “Brahminization” as certain Vedic rites one confined to the
Brahmins and the two other twice-born castes’ (1952:32). They followed the
Brahminical way of life, mainly in observing, among others, stringent marriage
code, adherence to purity – pollution restrictions, taking religious vows, and
reading of Sanskritic tales and stories.
According to Srinivas (1967), in the traditional setup, a jati adopted the name and
characteristics of a dominant caste which could be was respected in a region but
was not highly sanskritized. A jaticould simply adopt changes in its diet, way of
life, and rituals and start to assert itself as Brahmin, Kshatriya, or Vaishya. Often,
this could be carried out over a span of one or two generations. This implies that
after a span of one or two generations, people of the jati could be identified as
those belonging to the Brahmin, Kshatriya or Vaishya varna. You will be
surprised to learn that many Lingayats who claim equality with Brahminsrefuse
to eat food cooked by Brahmins., give an interesting case in point. Another
example cited by Srinivas that stands out in stark contrast to the Lingayats is that
of the Smiths of south India. They identify themselves Vishwakarma Brahmins.
They wear the sacred thread, and practise sanskritized. Some of them, however,
still enjoy meat and liquor. They were forced to perform weddings in villages
that had a temple of their caste deity. The wedding procession would not pass
through streets in which the Right Hand castes lived. The case of Smiths differed
from that of Lingayats. Smiths's case was unique in the sense that the castes tried
to avoid the hierarchy offered by structural neighbours by asserting equality with
Brahmins.
Srinivas (1956) indicates that, whereas lower caste individuals try to raise their
social standing by imitating the upper castes, the upper caste people are
influenced by the western ways of life, ideas, and the prospects for economic
advancement the western ideas provide. During the pre-independence period,
Brahmins controlled the literacy tradition and held the highest position in the
rural economic hierarchy. They took advantage of the majority of the chances
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Sociologists in India- 2 available in the Western way of life following the foundation of British authority.
The westernized Brahmins acted as go-betweens for the British and the rest of the
populace. As a result, a new and secular caste structure was superimposed on the
previous system. Surprisingly, in the new and secular caste structure, the British
and the new Kshatriya were at the top, the Brahmin was second, and Sudra was at
the bottom of the pyramid. Brahmin looked up to the British; the rest of the
people looked up to Brahmins and the British. The complexity in this system
consisted in some British beliefs and customs that were diametrically opposed to
those of Brahmins and their ethos. Sanskritization and westernization are two,
often competing influences in contemporary social life. As Brahmins become
more westernized and abandon some habits, the people of the lower castes adopt
them as if to embellish their own way of life and advance in the regard of their
relevant others.
10.3.7 Community Development and Nation-Building
The westernized elite in India upholds western concepts and values. These are
used to understand the state of affairs in our own country. Focusing on nation-
building in Independent India Srinivas held social scientists in the country for
ignoring the complexity of political and social stability consistency in drawing
conclusions about the country as a whole. He maintained that social scientists’
conclusions were drawn on the basis of on the basis of inadequate ambiguous
data. They did not celebrate the success in nation-building given the facts of the
country's vastness and diversity. He suggests the importance of westernized elite
for their commitment towards reforming society. They also strive towards
parliamentary democracy as the form of government for the country. In this way,
they contribute towards nation-building.
Srinivas outlines fundamental elements in the process of nation-building in India,
including:
(i) protective discrimination for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and
other Backward Classes, which aims to ensure that opportunities for
growth and development reach the socially and ritually
underprivileged;
(ii) democracy as an information system in which the needs and
necessities of people living in different regions, the effects of
administrative action in the implementation of policies are brought to
the notice of those in power. A free but responsible press is essential
to the effective functioning of democracy;
(iii) (iii) political education and decentralization not only in the political
realm but also in the fields of administration and industry;
(iv) a policy of pluralism in matters of religion, language, and culture;
(v) sub-nationalism in the form of ethnicity communalism, linguistic
consciousness, and regionalism that brings together people of
hereditary groups, many of which operate as pressure groups at
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 regional and state levels because of which their leaders are able to M N Srinivas

secure political power and economic benefits. The threat of sub-

nationalism and overwhelming nationalism is perpetual; and
(vi) secularism ensuring that members of each religion are allowed to
profess, practice and propagate their faith on the one hand and that no
individual will be discriminated against on the basis of religion
(Mathur, 2020).
Srinivas (1977) describes multiple cultures centred on the urban middle class and
the rural poor in the larger framework of Indian society. The emphasis is on the
relationship between them. This relationship influences India's economy, politics,
society, and world-view of the people. The urban middle class consists of high
and medium castes as well as the upper layer of minority groups. A large number
of upper middle class people are employed as government officials, professionals
in many fields, and other professions. , they are powerful but are submissive to
the political elite. The political elite make an effort to keep members of the urban
middle class pleased. This ensures smooth functioning of the administrative
machinery. The rural poor, on the other hand, are largely peasants. Most of them
communicate in regional language. They remain in awe of urban middle class
people who are able to speak in English. Despite being impoverished and lacking
the power that the urban middle class possesses, politicians target rural people
because they constitute a larger vote bank. Landowning families of dominant and
high castes occupy a strategic position between the two classes. They are
politically and economically influential, with fair representation in bureaucracy
and other professions. They are the oppress people of the lower castes, landless
people, and the under-privileged. They main seek to join the upper middle-class
and at the same time control the village activities.
Politicians approach rural patrons for votes particularly when elections are close.
At this time, rural patrons demand licenses for buses, rice mills, and other
businesses, as well as seats in medical and technological colleges for their
relatives. Shah (2000: 631) maintains, ‘Once middle-class status is gained, those
who have arrived try hard to maintain it and also move up. This involves coping
with new concerns and anxieties by visiting temples, going on pilgrimages,
seeking out miracle-performing holy men and consulting astrologers. Life-cycle
rituals become more elaborate, and vegetarianism, yoga and meditation become
part of the Sanskritized lifestyle. At the same time, birthdays and wedding
anniversaries are celebrated in Western style, with parties, alcohol, cake cutting
etc. On the secular front, getting children admitted to good schools, seeking
admission to professional courses of study, and conspicuous consumerism
become important goals’.
Srinivas could forsee an increase in tension and conflict between dominant castes
and the dalits (formerly referred to as ‘untouchables’). Governments’ preferential
policies have enabled dalits to challenge the dominance of upper castes.
Politicians seek to impress both the dalits and the upper castes in order to build
vote banks. Even decades after its origin, Srinivas’s concept of a vote bank is 133
Sociologists in India- 2 relevant in contemporary times. The dominant rural elite take away the gains
from community development projects while the powerless remain waiting. This
deepens the split between the two groups. According to Srinivas (1962), conflict
would escalate as more rural poor people realize they are not benefiting from
development programmes supposed to ameliorate their lot. He goes on to say that
tensions between higher castes and harijans are likely to worsen in the future.
The position of dominant castes has been strengthened in the Panchayati Raj.
This has been used by dominant castes to further subjugate people who have long
obeyed them but are now seeking independence. Srinivas also believes that the
urban elite may not notice these changes until they reach a tipping point. Rise in
level of education could be linked with change in values and attitudes of people.
Education promotes economic progress by facilitating the transition from an
agrarian to an industrial culture with a higher emphasis on logic, punctuality, and
discipline.
He believed that social anthropologists and sociologists couldn't overlook India
and China, not just because of their size, population, and cultural richness, but
also because they are emerging as world powers. In India, the twin phenomena of
decentralization of authority and reservation of women and underprivileged
sections of the population in local self-government have attracted the interest of
social scientists all over the world (see, Srinivas 1966, 1997, 2000).
Check Your Progress 2
1) Explain Joshi’s critique of The Remembered Village study.
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2) List the fundamental elements of nation-building outlined by Srinivas.
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10.4 IMPORTANT WORKS

Some of M N Srinivas’s important works are:
Marriage and Family in Mysore (1942)
Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India (1952)
Caste in Modern India and Other Essays (1962)
Social Change in Modern India (1966)
134 The Remembered Village (1976)
 M N Srinivas
10.5 LET US SUM UP
In this unit we learnt about the life and work of M N Srinivas. We began with
developing an understanding of the social and academic environment in which
his ideas developed. The influence of his training under G S Ghurye, Radcliffe-
Brown and Evans Pritchard is evident in his ideas concerning individual, society
and culture. He emphasied the need to develop indigenous concepts to
understand Indian social reality. We discussed his central ideas relating mainly
with structural-functionalism, villages in India, caste system and social mobility.
His work presents holistic and profound understanding of society of that time.

10.6 REFERENCES
Baines, A. 1912. Ethnography. Strassburg: TrubnerVarlag.
Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 1951. Social Anthropology. London: Cohen and West.
Fuller, Chris. 1999. ‘An Interview with M.N. Srinivas’, Anthropology Today, 15,
5.
Joshi, P.C. 1996. ‘The Remembered Village: Insights into an Agrarian
Civilization’. in A.M. Shah, B.S. Baviskar, and E.A. Ramaswamy
(eds.), Social Structure and Change, Vol. Theory and Method-An
Evaluation of the Work of M.N. Srinivas. New Delhi: Sage.
Khare, R.S. 1996. ‘Social Description and Social Change: From Function to
Critical Cultural Significations.’ In A. M. Shah, B.S. Baviskar, and
E.A. Ramaswamy (Eds.), Social Structure and Change, Vol 1.
Theory and Method – An Evaluation of the Work of M.N. Srinivas..
New Delhi: Sage.
Mathur, Nita. 2020. ‘The Remembered Anthropologist:Engaging with the
Insights of M. N. Srinivas’ Journal of the Anthropological Survey of
India, 69(2) 224–240
Shah, A.M. 1996. ‘M.N. Srinivas: The Man and his Work’. in A.M. Shah, B.S.
Baviskar, and E.A. Ramaswamy (eds.), Social Structure and Change,
Vol. 1. Theory and Method-An Evaluation of the Work of M.N.
Srinivas. New Delhi: Sage.
Srinivas, M.N. 1961. ‘Changing Attitudes in India Today’, Yojana, Special
Number, 1 October: 25-28.
Srinivas, M.N. 1966. Social Change in Modern India. Berkeley, CA: University
California Press.
Srinivas, M.N. 1968. ‘Mobility in Caste System’. In Milton Singer and Bernard
Cohn (Eds.), Structure and Change in Indian Society. Chicogo:
University of Chicago Press.

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Sociologists in India- 2
10.7 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Check Your Progress 1
1) Srinivas’s critiqued Radcliffe-structural-functionalism Brown's approach
mainly on following points: ignoring historical evidencein the functioning of
civilization; (ii) comparing social laws to scientific laws. was pointless.
Srinivas began to recognize the need of historical data in societal functioning
and the futility of the underlying principles of structural-functionalism.
2) According to Srinivas, an Indian anthropologist who studies the 'self-in-the-
otheris studying someone who is the other as well as someone with whom
s(he) has cultural forms, beliefs, and values on one level. The nature and
extent social and cultural variation in India. Differences in language, dialect,
religion, sect, caste, class, and ethnicity challenge Indian anthropologists at
every turn, so they can locate "the other" in an adjacent hamlet, tribe, or
backward slum
Check Your Progress 2
1) According to Joshi, The Remembered Village suffers from a failure to
provide appropriate place to people's economic organization. The broader
propensity to disregard economic activities covers up a comprehensive
understanding of caste in India.
2) Srinivas lists the following elements of nation-building in India: (i)
protective discrimination for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other
Backward Classes, (ii) democracy; (iii) political education and
decentralization in the political, administration and industry areas; (iv) policy
of pluralism in matters of religion, language, and culture; (v) sub-
nationalism, and (vi) secularism.

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