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Notes - Periodic Classification of Elements - C-X

The document discusses the periodic classification of elements and different attempts that were made throughout history to classify and arrange elements in the periodic table. It describes Dobereiner's triad classification, Newlands' law of octaves, Mendeleev's periodic table, and the modern periodic table. It also discusses trends in properties across and down the periodic table, including valence electrons, atomic size, metallic character, and ionization energy.

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pratishtha Mishra
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39 views

Notes - Periodic Classification of Elements - C-X

The document discusses the periodic classification of elements and different attempts that were made throughout history to classify and arrange elements in the periodic table. It describes Dobereiner's triad classification, Newlands' law of octaves, Mendeleev's periodic table, and the modern periodic table. It also discusses trends in properties across and down the periodic table, including valence electrons, atomic size, metallic character, and ionization energy.

Uploaded by

pratishtha Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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(SHORT REVISION NOTES)

CLASS: X CBSE & NTSE (2021-22) NAME: ……….………………….


SUBJECT: SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY)
CHAPTER: PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

• “The periodic table is a tabular method of displaying the elements in such a way, that the elements having
similar properties occur in the same vertical column or group”.
• Placing similar groups and species together is known as Classification. Classification is needed
to easily understand the properties of different elements in a periodic table. Elements with similar
properties are placed in one group to understand them easily.
Many attempts have been made by different scientists in order to classify elements.

1. DOBEREINER’S TRIAD
This classification is based on the atomic mass. According to this, when elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic masses, groups of three elements, having similar properties are obtained. The atomic
mass of middle element of the triad being nearly equal to the average of the atomic masses of the other two
elements.
For Example, Atomic masses of lithium, sodium and potassium are 7, 23 and 39. The arithmetic
mean of 7 and 39 gives 23. But disadvantage is the presence of only few triads.

Limitation: It fails to arrange all the known elements in the form of triads, even having similar properties.

2. NEWLAND’S LAW OF OCTAVE


According to this ‘when elements are placed in order of increasing atomic masses, the physical and chemical
properties of every 8th element are a repetition of the properties of the first element.’
Form of Newland’s octaves is given in the following table:
(SHORT REVISION NOTES)

Limitations
• Law of octaves was applicable only upto calcium (only for lighter elements).
• Newland adjusted two elements in the same slot (e.g. Co and Ni), having different properties. For
example; Co and Ni with Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine.
• According to Newland, only 56 elements existed in nature and no more elements would be
discovered in future
3. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
Mendeleev used atomic masses as the basis of arrangement of elements. According to him, elements
were arranged in increasing order of their atomic masses. It believes that there was a periodic
reappearance in their physical and chemical properties.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Law: According to this “The physical and chemical properties of the elements are
the periodic function of their atomic masses.”
Periodicity of Properties: The repetition of properties of elements after certain regular intervals is known
as Periodicity of Properties.
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table:
• Mendeleev’s left vacant places in his table which provided an idea for the discovery of new
elements. Example: Eka-boron, Eka-aluminium and Eka-silicon.
• Mendeleev’s periodic table was predicted properties of several undiscovered elements on the basis
of their position in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
• It is useful in correcting the doubtful atomic masses of some elements.
• Noble gases could accommodate in the Mendeleev’s periodic table without disturbing the periodic
table after discovery.
Limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table:
(a) No fixed position for hydrogen: No correct position of the hydrogen atom was in Mendeleev’s periodic
table.
Example: Position of hydrogen with alkali metals and halogens (17th group).
(SHORT REVISION NOTES)

(b) No place for isotopes: Position of isotopes were not decided.


Example: Cl-35 and Cl-37.
(c) No regular trend in atomic mass: Position of some elements with lower atomic masses before with higher
atomic mass.
Example: Ni-58.7 before Co-58.9.
4. MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
D. Mendeleev discovered the modern periodic table in the year 1869. According to modern periodic
law, “properties of an element are the periodic function of their increasing atomic number”.
Anomalies of Modern Periodic Table
• Isotopes are placed at one place in the same group.
• There is no element between hydrogen and helium as atomic masses always comes in whole
numbers.
• Atomic number is represented by Z, and it is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of
the atom.
• It also consists of 18 vertical columns known as Groups and 7 horizontal rows known
as Periods.
• Elements having same number of valence electrons are placed in the same group.
• As we go down in a group, number of shell increases.
• Elements having same number of occupied shells are placed in same period.
• Each period has a new electronic shell getting filled.
• Number of elements placed in a particular period depends on the point how electrons are filled
into various shell.
• To find out the number of electrons in a shell, 2n 2 formula can be used, where is n is shell
number.
K Shell n = 1 or 2n 2 = 2(1) 2 = 2
L shell n = 2 or 2n2 = 2(2) 2 = 8
• Valence electron also determines the number of bonds which is formed by an element.

TRENDS IN MODERN PERIODIC TABLE:


• Valency and Valence Electrons - On moving left to right in a period, valency increases and
then it decreases. But it remains same down in a group. As we move from left to right in a period,
valence electron increases and remain same as we go down the group.
(SHORT REVISION NOTES)

• Atomic Size - It decreases left to right in a period as the nuclear charge increases due to large
positive charges on the nucleus. Atomic size increases down in a group due to decrease in nuclear
charges and addition of new shell.
• Metallic Character - Ability of atom to lose the electron is known as Metallic Character.
Metallic character decreases from left to right in a period. This is due to increase in nuclear
charge. But non-metallic character increases left to right in a period. And metallic character
increases down the group as the size increases it can easily lose electron.
• Ionization Energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom.
Ionization energy increases as we move left to right in a period. This is due to increase in nuclear
charge as we move left to right in a period. But down in a group ionization energy decreases due
to decrease in nuclear charge but there are some exceptional cases.
• Electropositive Character decreases from left to right in a periodic table and increases down
the group. This is due to decrease in metallic character from left to right in a period.
• Basic Character of Oxides increases down the group as atomic radius increases and ionization
energy decreases. This is due to increase in metallic character or electro positivity of elements.
Acidic character of oxides decreases as non-metallic character of elements decreases from top
to bottom.

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