Work Unit 2.- Teamwork.

TEAMWORK.- Session 1.- The career ladder.

Caso práctico

Read the text and listen to the situation.

00:00

01:18

Script

Julian: Hi Fred. Good to see you. It's been ages. How is everything?

Fred: Hi Julian, well, really bad. I've been sacked.

Julian: No way…are you kidding? I thought you were working your way up
the career ladder…What happened?

Fred: You know… the economic crisis, or that's what they say in
the HR department… I personally think that political decisions have a direct
impact on local enterprises…anyway my company is restructuring in order to
become flatter – with fewer layers of management – and leaner – with fewer and
more productive employees.

Julian: And how does that affect your position in the company?

Fred: As an assistant marketing manager, I'm not a key worker

anymore. Downsizing is necessary to reduce costs. I was part of a team of four
marketing consultants and now there is only one left.

Julian: I understand, if the structure is delayered it becomes lighter and they only
have to reduce the number of management levels in the company hierarchy…

Fred: Yeah, but the worst part is that I was about to be appointed senior
executive. And suddenly, I'm not productive for the company anymore…

Julian: I can't see how giving you the sack can increase efficiency and profits.

Fred: Actually it can. To make a long story short, if a company makes a decision
about their staff and…
Autoevaluación
Decide if the following statements are true or false:

Fred and Jamie usually meet for a chat.

True.

False.
Fred has been recently fired.

True.

False.
Jamie thought Fred was being successful in his professional career.

True.

False.
Downsizing means that the company reduces the number of employees.

True.

False.
Fred has been dismissed because he's a manager.

True.

False.

Think about it
Discuss in the forum:

If you work…

• Has your organization been restructured?

• Do you have perfornance reviews (regular meetings with the managers to discuss
the way you are doing your job)? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
If you don't work…

• Would you prefer a job for life or a more flexible career?

• Would you like regular preformance reviews?

What do you think Jamie's final statement means.

• I can't see how giving you the sack can increase efficiency and profits.

Materiales formativos de FP Online propiedad del

Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.
Aviso Legal

1.- What to say: The career ladder.

Getting promoted isn't easy. Top-notch skills and the appropriate education isn't
always enough. You really need to stand out from the competition. What can you
do? Here are some tips to make climbing the career ladder easier.

• Paragraph 1: Be known as a hardworking, self-motivated employee. Build a

reputation for doing high-quality work. Be a team player. Be concerned about the
success of the company. Don't take long breaks and don't read or respond to
unnecessary text messages while working.
• Paragraph 2: Make connections at the workplace, especially with managers.
Also, make connections with people you interact with for business purposes. Join
organizations. Building a network can help you climb the career ladder.
• Paragraph 3: You're more likely to get promoted if you willingly take on higher
levels of responsibility. If required, learn new skills and take on new tasks. If
there's a team project, volunteer to be the team leader.
• Paragraph 4: Be the employee who's willing to perform tasks outside of his or
her job description. Be creative and come up with innovative ways to take care
of tasks. Also, be flexible with regards to your career. Effectively adapting to new
situations increases the chances of climbing the career ladder.
• Paragraph 5: Talk to people who have achieved your career goal and ask them
how they did it. Get tips by reading books and articles written by successful
people.
• Paragraph 6: If you desire to become the manager of a particular department,
simply ask the appropriate person what it takes to become the department
 manager. Also, by asking the question you're letting management know you're
ambitious and you're a contender for the position. At an appropriate time, explain
to management how your career advancement will benefit the company.
• Paragraph 7: Share your thoughts and good ideas with others. Show your
creativity. People will appreciate your contribution.
• Paragraph 8: Put in some overtime or work on weekends without being asked.
You'll be noticed for the extra work. Go beyond the call of duty. Volunteer for
additional projects. Select projects that will increase your visibility.

Once you get the job you want, make sure to work hard and show management
that they made an excellent choice!
Text adapted from http://careeralley.com/careers/practical-tips-for-climbing-the-career-ladder/

Autoevaluación
Read the text and match the paragraphs with their titles.

Matching exercise

Titles Match Paragraphs

Ask for guidance. 1.-Paragraph 1.

Be flexible. 2.-Paragraph 2.

Don't watch the clock. 3.-Paragraph 3.

Emulate others. 4.-Paragraph 4.

Exemplary employee. 5.-Paragraph 5.

Networking. 6.-Paragraph 6.

Present your ideas. 7.-Paragraph 7.

Responsibility. 8.-Paragraph 8.

Su puntuación es 0/8.
Easy, wasn’t it?

Think about it
Write in the forum:
 • Do you think the above tips are useful? Why / why not?
• Would you add any other pieces of advice to this list?

1.1.- Expressing likes and preferences.

Citas Para Pensar

“Mistakes are merely steps up the ladder.”

Paul J. Meyer.

Look at the list of verbs below to know how to express likes, dislikes and
preferences:

Expressing likes:

• Like + -ing: I like going on holidays in July.

• Would like + to infinitive: I’d like to thank you for this very informative
conference.
• Love + -ing: Martin loves visiting exotic places.
• Enjoy + -ing: She enjoys working in the IT department.
• Don’t mind + -ing: He doesn’t mind sharing his business experience with others.
• Be keen on + -ing: I’m keen on travelling.
• Be fond of + -ing: We have always been very fond of sponsoring sport
personalities.

Expressing dislikes:

• Dislike + -ing: We dislike unecessary paperwork.

• Hate + -ing: I hate being a sales person. I’m going to look for another job.
• Can’t stand + -ing: I can’t stand going to crowded places at the weekend.

Expressing preferences:

• Prefer: It can be followed by infinitive or by –ing: I prefer sunbathing to

swimming.
• Would rather (‘d rather): It is followed by infinitive without to. I’d rather
concentrate on design than accountancy.

For permanent preferences prefer is used, however when expressing something

someone prefers to do at a given moment would rather is used instead.
A piece of advice
When establishing two preferences use to with prefer and than with would
rather:

• I prefer sunbathing to swimming.

• I’d rather concentrate on design than accountancy.

Think about it
Look for a partner in the forum to express your likes and preferences using
the questions below:

• What do you prefer: being self-employed or working for somebody else? Why?
• Would you rather work in Spain or in an English-speaking country?
• Is there anything you can't stand when working with other people?

2.- How to say it: Modal verbs (can/could/be able to).

To make requests and express possibility you need to use Modal Verbs
like can and could. Remember that they are always followed by Infinitive without
to:

When you want to make a request, you are going to use:

• Can
o Can I have your name and email address, please?
• Could (if the request is more polite)
o Could you tell me about it?

To express possibility, you are going to use:

• Can
o You can change the way your company operates.
• Could (if it is a remote possibility)
o You could find a better offer in another department store.
Apart from making requests and expressing possibility, there are more uses
of can:

• Ability
o We can speak English.
• Permission
o You can't smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden.

If you want to express can in the past, you are going to use could:

• I could swim across that river when I was young.

But, if you want to express can in the future, you are going to use will be able
to:

• I’ll (will) be able to travel on the second half of July.

Think about it
Look at the two modal verbs and tell me how to form the negative form
of can and could.

• Can’t
• Couldn’t
• Yes, we add ‘not’ or the contraction ‘n’t’ to the modal verb as with any other
auxiliary verb.

Ejercicio Resuelto
Click to read the Spanish translation.

En español, el verbo modal can tiene los siguientes usos:

• Hacer peticiones (usa could si es una petición formal).

• Expresar posibilidad (usa could si la posibilidad es remota).
• Expresar habilidad.
• Pedir y dar permiso.

El pasado de can es could.

El futuro de can se expresa con will be able to.
La forma negativa de can es can’t y la forma negativa de could es couldn’t.

2.1.- Now you put it into practice.

Let’s see if you have understood the explanation above.

Autoevaluación
Complete the rules:

• We use and to make requests.

• We use to make a request politely.
• We use and to express possibility.
• We use express can in the
future.
• The contracted negative form of can is .

Su puntuación es 0/10.
It wasn’t difficult, was it?

Autoevaluación
Fill in the blanks with CAN or CAN'T:

• I'm sorry but you smoke here.

• you speak French? No, I .
• You leave your bags at reception.
• you sign here, please?
• You visit different tourist attractions.
• Children under 12 travel alone. They must always be accompanied
by an adult.
• Where I find a tourist information office?
• Where are you? I see you.

Su puntuación es 0/9.

I’m sure it was a piece of cake.

Autoevaluación
Write the phrases in brackets in their correct forms into the gaps.

1. Last week we swimming, but this week can. (can / not / go).
2. Maybe your friend Lara a new house next year. (can / buy).
3. If you try hard, you your exams. (can / pass).
4. When I was four, I . (can / not / swim).
5. George his homework when his desk is in such a mess. (can / not /
do).
6. They were so busy, they me a text message. (can / not / write).
7. Larry his jacket. He can wear it again. (can / clean).

1. Last week we couldn't go swimming, but this week can. (can / not / go).
2. Maybe your friend Lara will be able to buy a new house next year. (can / buy).
3. If you try hard, you will be able to pass your exams. (can / pass).
4. When I was four, I couldn't swim. (can / not / swim).
5. George can't do his homework when his desk is in such a mess. (can / not / do).
6. They were so busy, they couldn't write me a text message. (can / not / write).
7. Larry was able to clean his jacket. He can wear it again. (can / clean).

Think about it
Read the following situations and form sentences using the words in
brackets.

1. You want your client to sign a document. Ask him/her to do it. (could)
2. Explain to your friends that it’s not possible to go with them on holidays next July.
(able)
3. You want to see your client’s passport. What do you say? (can)
4. Ask a person if it’s possible for him/her to speak German. (can)

1. Could you sign the document, please?

2. I won’t be able to go with you on holiday next July.
3. Can I see your passport, please?
4. Can you speak German?

A step ahead
To practice what you have learnt on modal verbs you can go to the following web
page where you’ll find basic information about modal verbs and you can do a quiz
to consolidate your knowledge.

Modal verbs.

If you want to know the difference in pronunciation between can and can’t, listen
to some practical examples in the following link.

Can / Can't.
2.2.- Connected speech: Linking.

So, what is it that native speakers do when stringing words together that causes
so many problems for students?

When we speak naturally we do not pronounce a word, stop, then say the next
word in the sentence. Fluent speech flows with a rhythm and the words bump into
each other. To make speech flow smoothly the way we pronounce the end and
beginning of some words can change depending on the sounds at the beginning
and end of those words.

Sometimes, a consonant and a vowel are linked, as we tend to drag final

consonants to initial vowels or vice versa. For example:

• Get on. (geton)

• Not at all. (notatall)
• It´s no joke. (snow joke)

When one word ends with a vowel sound and the next word begins with a vowel,
another sound, a /w/ or /j/ can be added depending on the particular sounds to
make a smooth transition.
Text adapted
from http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/features/connected.shtml and http://www.teachingenglish
.org.uk/articles/connected-speech-2

Ejercicio Resuelto
Click to read the Spanish translation.

Cuando pronunciamos un discurso en inglés debemos enlazar unas palabras

a otras para conseguir fluidez al hablar. Por eso, si en una frase una palabra
termina en consonante y la siguiente empieza por vocal debemos unirlas.

You should know

Access the following website where you will find examples of linking.
Download and listen to the examples. Then repeat the sounds.

Connected Speech Practice.

2.3.- Consonants.
And now let's take a look at the consonant sounds. There are 24 English
consonant sounds.

Consonants

Sound Key word Most usual spelling

p Paper p, pp

b Book b, bb

k Key c, k, ck

g Glue g, gg

f Flower f, ph, ff

v Vase v

t Tea t, tt

d Desk d, dd

s Snake s, ss

z Zero z, s

ʃ Shop sh, ti(+vowel)

ʒ Television (an uncommon sound) si, ge

θ Thumb th

ð Mother th

tʃ Chair ch, tch, t(+ure)

 Consonants

Sound Key word Most usual spelling

dʒ Jazz j, dge

l Left l, ll

r Right r, rr

w Work w, wh

j Yes y, before u

m Map m, mm

n Nine n, nn

ŋ Sing ng

h House h

A step ahead
Would you like to practise the consonant sounds? You can visit the following
websites, click on the pictures, listen to the words and the sounds, and repeat.

Consonants. Text summary

More consonants. Text summary

Visit the following websites, watch the videos and repeat the sounds.

Pronunciation exercise: Consonants 1 Text summary

3.- Words you need: The career ladder.

The term "career ladder" is a metaphor used to talk about job promotion. In
business and human resources management, the ladder typically describes the
progression from entry level positions to higher levels of pay, skill, responsibility,
or authority. Because the ladder does not provide for lateral movement, it is
assumed to be a singular track with the greatest benefits at the top.
Text adapted from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_ladder

Career ladder

English Spanish

Career path. Trayectoria profesional.

Work your way up the career ladder. Ir ascendiendo.

Get a promotion. Obtener un ascenso.

Resign. Dimitir.

Hand in your notice. Presentar la renuncia.

Job insecurity. Inseguridad laboral.

Performance review. Evaluación del rendimiento.

Losing your job

English Spanish

If you do something wrong, you

Si haces algo mal, puedes ser…
can be…

Fired.

Sacked.
Despedido o despedida.
Terminated.

Dismissed.

If you haven’t done anything

Si no has hecho nada mal, puedes ser…
wrong, you can be…

Laid off.
Despedido o despedida.
Made redundant.

Offered early retirement. Se te ofrece una prejubiliación.

 Losing your job

English Spanish

Employees who are made A los empleados y empleados a los que se ha

redundant can get outplacement despedido, se les ofrece ayuda para conseguir
advice. recolocarse.

Autoevaluación
Complete the sentences with words from the charts above.

1. We used to have regular performance with one of the managers.

2. A few months ago they started laying staff .
3. I was made last year.
4. My friend Tom has recently been promoted. He knows how to his
way up the career ladder.
5. My boss offered to help me to find another job, but I refused to accept
his advice.
6. Larry handed in his last July. He said he needed to rethink his career
path.

Su puntuación es 0/6.
Easy, wasn’t it?

A step ahead
State and local governments in the States are trying to cut spending. Pay
and benefits for public workers have been a subject of intense debate. If
you want to find out more about this issue, visit the following website, listen
to the recording and complete the text.

Future payments for retirees are big issue now for US States.

Appendix.- Licenses of Resources.

Licencses of Resources used in session 01. "The career

ladder"
 Resour Resour
Resource information (1) Resource information (2)
ce (1) ce (2)

By: Stockbyte.
License: Uso educativo no By: Peyman Faghir
comercial para Mirnezami.
plataformas públicas de License: CC by 2.0.
Formación Profesional a From:
distancia. http://www.flickr.com/photo
From: CD-DVD Num. s/pfm/466334828/
CD73.

By: Platform London.

By: banlon 1964.
License: CC by.
License: CC by-nc-nd.
From:
From:
http://www.flickr.com/photo
http://www.flickr.com/photo
s/platformlondon/5187470
s/banlon1964/646793334/
260/

By: Hans_van_Rijnberk.
By: Valerie Everett.
License: CC by.
License: CC by-sa.
From:
From:
http://www.flickr.com/photo
http://www.flickr.com/photo
s/hansvanrijnberk/3496133
s/valeriebb/3006348550/
049/

By: Darwin Bell. By: ì •ì›• ê¹€.

License: CC by-nc 2.0. License: CC by- 2.0.
From: From:
http://www.flickr.com/photo http://www.flickr.com/photo
s/darwinbell/155183682/ s/com2us/4903510593/

ING02. Session 2. Full version.- A new job.

TEAMWORK.- Session 2.- A new job.

Caso práctico
Read the text and listen to the situation.
00:00

02:07

Script

Charlotte: Erm, hello

Theresa: Hi I'm Theresa. Theresa Stephanos

Charlotte: I'm Charlotte Weber. Nice to meet you

Theresa: Nice to meet you too. Your first day?

Charlotte: Yes, I'm starting in the Marketing Department today. I have

an appointmen to talk to Lucy Owen, head of department.

Theresa: Really? Me too. So it's true then… They said at the job interview that
they were recruiting for two positions but I wasn't sure, you know, they like putting
pressure on the candidates.

Charlotte: Yeah that's usually the case. Anyway that means we're going to work
together, aren't we? Shoulder to shoulder.

Theresa: Sure. (uneasy silence) You know… I was a little nervous at the
beginning to be honest but now I know we're both starting from scratch I feel more
confident.

Charlotte: I know what you mean. The first day of a new job can be far too
exciting, meeting new people, getting to know the company and
the premises…and even more if this is your first job since university.

Theresa: Oh really? When did you graduate?

Charlotte: Two years ago from Warwick Business School.

Theresa: I can't believe it! What a coincidence! I graduated from Warwick

Business School too! I took a BSc in Management, Accounting and Finance.

Charlotte: It's an excellent college. I did a degree in International Business and

International Management.

Theresa: Oh I see now why we've both been selected. Our backgrounds fit
perfectly! I also did a Marketing qualification through the CIM – you know, the
Chartered Institute of Marketing but that was after I worked as a Digital Marketing
consultant for a small media company near Manchester.

Charlotte: Then I guess this is a new big challenge for you, from the local small
company to the big corporation.

Theresa: Don't know… in small companies it's easier to be involved in a wider

range of marketing activity. You really have to make decisions… (interrupted by
Lucy)
Lucy Owen: Excuse me, I'm sorry to interrupt. I'm happy to see that you've
already met. My name is Lucy Owen, I'm the head of the Marketing Department
and today I'm going to show you around… but before, please come to my office
for a prep talk….

Autoevaluación
Answer the following questions with Yes, No or DS (doesn't say):

Yes.

No.

Doesn't say.
Do both have an appointment to talk to the same person?

Yes.

No.

Doesn't say.
Did Theresa think they were playing a trick on her at the job interview?a

Yes.

No.

Doesn't say.
Did they study the same degree?

Yes.

No.

Doesn't say.
Is the CIM the world's largest organisation for professional marketers?

Yes.
No.

Doesn't say.
Does Charlotte have any previous working experience?

Yes.

No.

Doesn't say.
Do they have some background features in common?

Yes.

No.

Doesn't say.
Did Theresa work and study at the same time?

Yes.

No.

Doesn't say.
Is Theresa worried about her new job?

Yes.

No.

Doesn't say.
Is Lucy pleased to see they have already introduced each other?

Yes.

No.
Doesn't say.

Materiales formativos de FP Online propiedad del

Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.
Aviso Legal

1.- What to say: Writing informal emails.

Citas Para Pensar

“Business, that's easily defined - it's other people's money.”Peter Drucker.

How often do you use your email? Most of use use it on a daily basis, but do you
know how to write a good email in English? Let's see.

Email is electronic mail. You can send an email to someone, or email them. They
will reply to your email or email you back.

When we write informal emails, we use a more direct language than the one we
use for letter writing. For example, instead of using "I am writing with reference
to..." we simply say "about..." and instead of writing "please accept
our apologies for this misunderstanding", we e-mail "sorry about". We normally
keep emails short and to the point, dealing with one topic per message. It is
recommended to use a neutral style, neither too formal nor too familiar.

• reply to all: send an answer to the person who sent an email, and everyone who
received a copy of it.
• reply: send an answer to the person who sent an email.
• forward: send an email you have received to someone else.
• delete: get rid of an email you don't want.
• cc: send a copy to...
• bcc: send a blind copy to... (the other people don't know you're sending this
copy).
• attach: send a document, for example a picture, with an email.
• @: at.
• _: underscore.
 • -: hyphen or dash.
• .com: dot com.
• /: (forward) slash.

Let's take a look at an informal email.

From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]
CC: [email protected]

Subject: Paper volume

Hi Mary,

Thanks for your email asking for ways of reducing the paper volume. We really
need to be more aware of the global environmental problems. Please find
attached a word document with specific plans for this. Please let me know if you
can't read this attachment. I'm copying Mark West in on this. Do forward it to the
other interns if you feel that's appropriate.
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Best wishes,

Brian

2.- How to say it: Present Perfect.

Think about it
Look at the following sentence and answer the following question:

I have been to Canada twice this year.

Do you say exactly when you have been to Paris?

That’s right! The answer is ‘no’.

When we want to talk about an action which happened in the past, but the exact
time is not mentioned we use Present Perfect.
As you can see from the example, have explored, the present perfectis formed
with the present simple of the auxiliary have and the past participle of the verb
expressing the action:

HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE

There are other uses of Present Perfect:

• To talk about a state which started in the past and continues up to the
present:
o She has had her driving licence for 10 years.
• To talk about an action that happened in the past but we can see the results
now:
o We’ve created a corporate blog and website, that’s the reason why the
number of customers has increased.

The negative and interrogative forms of Present Perfect are very easy. Look at
the examples and you’ll discover it!

• I haven’t been to Canada this year.

• Have you been to Canada this year?

Negative form: HAVEN’T / HASN’T + PAST PARTICIPLE

Interrogative form: HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICPLE?

PRESENT PERFECT + FOR/SINCE/EVER/JUST

• For + a period of time:

o She has had her driving licence for ten years.
• Since + a specific point in time:
o She has had her driving licence since 2001.
• Just is used for a recently completed action:
o I’ve just decided to start my own IT company.
• Ever is used to ask if any time in your life you have done anything:
o Have you ever considered setting up your own business?

PRESENT PERFECT + ALREADY/YET

• Already is used with affirmative sentences and it’s placed in between the
auxiliary and the past participle:
o I’ve already recommended their company to other people.
• Yet is used with negative and interrogative sentences and it’s placed at the end
of the sentence:
o Have you recommended their company to other people yet?
o I haven’t recommended their company to other people.

Ejercicio Resuelto
Click to read the Spanish translation.
 Cuando usamos el presente perfecto no especificamos el momento preciso en
el que ocurre la acción como se puede observar en el ejemplo.
Como también podemos deducir del ejemplo, el presente perfecto se forma
con el presente del auxiliar have y el participio pasado del verbo que describe
la acción.
Hay otros dos usos del presente perfecto:

a. Para hablar de un estado que comenzó en el pasado y sigue siendo cierto en el

presente.>
b. Para hablar de una acción que ocurrió en el pasado y podemos ver los resultados
en el presente.

El presente perfecto puede usarse con las siguientes expresiones:

a. For (durante) + un período de tiempo.

b. Since (desde) + un momento específico en el tiempo.
c. Just cuando queremos indicar que una acción se acaba de completar.
d. Ever (alguna vez) se usa es estructuras interrogativas.
e. Already (ya) se usa en oraciones afirmativas y se coloca entre el auxiliar y el
verbo principal.
f. Yet (ya) en oraciones interrogativas y (todavía) en oraciones negativas. Siempre
se coloca al final de la oración.

2.1.- Present Perfect Continuous.

The uses of present perfect and present perfect continuous are very similar,
but the present perfect continuous emphasizes on the duration and the
present perfect on the action.

• I’ve been taking part in consulting projects for years.

• We’ve been walking around all day. That’s why we’re so tired.

In the first sentence we are emphasizing the duration of an action which started
in the past and continues up to the present. Probably it will continue into the
future.

In the second one we’re talking about an action which happened over a period of
time in the past and may have finished or not, but the results are obvious in the
present.
As you can see from the example, have been walking, the present perfect
continuousis formed with the present simple of the auxiliary have and the past
participle of the verb to be and the –ing form of the verb expressing the action:

HAVE/HAS + BEEN + -ING FORM

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS AND THE EXPRESSION HOW LONG.

If you want to know about the period of time over which an action has been taking
place, use how long in a question followed by the present perfect continuous:

A. How long have you been organizing events?

B. I’ve been organizing events for 5 years / since 2006.

It is important to remember that Non-action verbs (for example: know, be, etc.)
cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect
Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect Simple.

• Sam has been having his car for two years. (Not Correct).
• Sam has had his car for two years. (Correct).

With verbs such as work and live, there is no difference in meaning:

• How long have you lived / have you been living here?
• How long have you worked / have you been working for this company?

Ejercicio Resuelto
Click to read the Spanish translation.

Los usos del presente perfecto y el presente perfecto continuo son muy
similares pero hay una diferencia entre ellos, el presente perfecto continuo
enfatiza la duración de la acción y el presente perfecto enfatiza la acción. En
el ejemplo a) se enfatiza la duración de una acción que comenzó en el pasado
y sigue siendo cierta en el presente. Probablemente se extienda hasta el
futuro.
En el ejemplo b) observamos la duración de una acción que comenzó en un
pasado cercano que puede haber terminado, o no, y cuyos resultados son
obvios en el presente.
Como podemos deducir del ejemplo, el presente perfecto continuo se forma
con el presente del auxiliar have seguido del participio de pasado del verbo to
be y la forma en –ing del verbo principal.
Para conocer el período de tiempo durante el cual una acción se ha estado
llevando a cabo podemos utilizar la expresión how long en una estructura
interrogativa seguida del presente perfecto continuo.
Es importante señalar que hay verbos que no se pueden utilizar en los tiempos
continuos y en estos casos hay que utilizar el presente perfecto simple.
Con algunos verbos el significado no cambia.
Think about it
Do you think the following two sentences mean the same?

• She has been to India.

• She has gone to India.

No, they don’t mean the same.

In the first sentence, the person has travelled to India but has come back.
In the second one, the person has travelled to India and she is still there.

2.2.- Now you put it into practice (I).

Autoevaluación
Match the rules of the uses of the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect
continuous with the examples below:

Matching exercise.

Examples Match Uses

I have been going on 1. Actions which happened in the past,

business trips for ages. but the exact time is not mentioned.

Susan has just returned

from a fascinating 2. Recently completed actions.
conference.

3. Actions which started in the past and

I've been to a networking
continue up to the present (emphasis on
event.
the action)

They have been working 4. Actions which started in the past and
all day, that's why they are continue up to the present (emphasis on
exhausted. the duration of the action).
 Matching exercise.

Examples Match Uses

5. Actions which happened over a period

Many developments have
of time in the past and may have finished
affected the car industry
or not, but the results are obvious in the
since 1995.
present.

Su puntuación es 0/5.
Remember that present perfect continuous emphasizes on the duration of an action and
present perfect on the action itself.

Autoevaluación
Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first one, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
words:

1. The last time I went on holiday was three years ago. (for)

I haven’t three years.

2. When did Brad start to participate in the organization? (long)

How in the organization?

3. Why don’t we go to The Amazon? I visited India last year. (already)

Why don’t we go to The Amazon? I India.

4. She went to do volunteer work in 2008 and she is still there. (been)

She since 2008.

Su puntuación es 0/4.

1. The last time I went on holiday was three years ago. (for)

I haven’t been on holidays for three years.

2. When did Brad start to participate in the organization? (long)

How long has Brad been participating in the organization?

3. Why don’t we go to The Amazon? I visited India last year. (already)

 Why don’t we go to The Amazon? I have already visited India.

4. She went to do volunteer work in 2008 and she is still there. (been)

She has been doing volunteer work since 2008.

A piece of advice
Do you remember the list of irregular verbs in English? You should review them
to form present perfect and present perfect continuous correctly. Anyway, if you
need it you can download a list of irregular verbs here.

List of irregular verbs.

Do you remember that in English there is a group of verbs which can't be used
in continuous form? You should go to unit 1 and review them.

A step ahead
To consolidate the use of the present perfect continuous, listen to the
following explanation and then practise what you have learned with the
quiz:

Grammar Challenge: Present Perfect Continuous.

Do you need more activities on the use of present perfect and present
perfect continuous? Visit the following link and you will become an expert:

More present perfect.

2.3.- Contracted forms.

Now that you are familiar with the present perfect and present perfect continuous,
you should know that in oral speech contractions are used. That is to say, you
should join the pronoun and the auxiliary have/has as you can see in the
following example:

• I’ve visited Paris twice this year.

The pronoun and the contraction are pronounced as one syllable although they
are two different words.
Contractions also happen with other auxiliary verbs like is, are, will…. Listen to
the following examples:
00:00

00:22

Script

• She’s finished.
• She’s ready.
• I’ll go.
• I’m travelling.
• They’re on holiday.

Ejercicio Resuelto
Click to read the Spanish translation.

Ahora que has estudiado el presente perfecto y el presente perfecto continuo

debes saber que en el discurso oral se utilizan las contracciones entre el
pronombre y el verbo auxiliar have/has como se ve en el ejemplo.
También se utilizan contracciones con otros verbos auxiliares como son is,
are, will…

Think about it
Are you using the same auxiliary in the following two sentences?

• She’s finished.
• She’s ready.

You’re right! It’s not the same auxiliary.

In the first, the auxiliar is has followed by past participle.
In the second, the auxiliar is the third person singular of the verb to be.

Autoevaluación
Imagine you are talking to a British person and their speech is very fast.
What you understood is underlined in the sentences below. But it is
incorrect. Try to write the correct words in each sentence.
For example:
Why isn’t the teacher here?
Because hisgonta /hiz’ ɡɒntə/ Hawaii on holiday. he’s gone to

1. We have to book our tickets online.

Aivdunit /aɪv'dʌnɪt/ .
 2. How much is the flight?

I don't know. Ailasker. /aɪ'lɑːskə(r)/ .

3. See you tomorrow.

OK. Ailseeya /aɪl'siːjə/ at the airport.

4. Have you told the boss yet?

Yes, Aivtoldim /aɪv'təʊldɪm/ .

Su puntuación es 0/4.

1. We have to book our tickets online.

Aivdunit /aɪv'dʌnɪt/ I've done it.

2. How much is the flight?

I don't know. Ailasker. /aɪ'lɑːskə(r)/ I'll ask her.

3. See you tomorrow.

OK. Ailseeya /aɪl'siːjə/I'll see you at the airport.

4. Have you told the boss yet?

Yes, Aivtoldim /aɪv'təʊldɪm/ I've told him.

2.4.- Revision of grammar.

A piece of advice
Why don't we revise some of the main grammar points we've seen in this unit?
Take a look at the following presentation. You might find it interesting.
Text summary

3.- Words you need: Informal emails (I).

Here you have a number of standard phrases used for emails.

You can begin your email with:

• Hi / Dear Daniel,

You can end with:

• (All) Best wishes.

• (Kind / Best) Regards.

To people you know well, you can end with:

• All the best.

• Best.

If you are expecting a reply:

• I look / Looking forward to hearing from you.

• Please write soon.
• Hope to hear from you soon.

Making reference:

• About…
• With reference to ...
• Thanks for your email...

Replying to a request:

• Here is / Here are...

• Thanks for...

Providing information:

• Just to let you know…

• A quick note to tell you…

Confirming:

• Just to confirm that…

Asking for information or advice:

• Can you tell me about…

• Please tell me about…
• Could you tell me if…
• Please let us know about…

Explaining and clarifying:

• Here's some information about...

• Just to clarify…
Enclosing information:

• Please find attached a...

• Attached is...

3.1.- Informal emails (II).

And more standard phrases for emails.

Apologising.

• Sorry for…
• Sorry about…

Arranging a meeting.

• See you on…

• Let's meet up to discuss…

Requesting.

• Could you…
• Please could I have…
• Please could you give me…
• Please send me…

Establishing context.

• Mrs Blanco asked me to write to you about…

• Could you give me some information about…
• Would you be interested in...

Offering help.

• Let me know if you'd like any other information.

• Feel free to contact me…

For urgent matters.

• Please get back to me asap.

• Please reply asap.

Sometimes abbreviations are used in emails.

• AFAIK: As far as I know.

 • HTH: Hope this helps.

Think about it
What do you think the following abbreviations mean?

• ASAP
• BTW
• CUL
• FYI
• IMO
• POV
• TIA
• TTFN

• ASAP: As Soon As Possible.

• BTW: By The Way.
• CUL: See You Later.
• FYI: For Your Information.
• IMO: In My Opinion.
• POV: Point Of View.
• TIA: Thanks In Advance.
• TTFN: Ta Ta (Bye) For Now.

Think about it
Write in the forum:

What do you use email for? Does email save time or does it just make more
work? Should employees send and receive personal emails at work?

3.2.- Now you put it into practice (II).

Think about it
How would you change this email to make it sound more professional? Use
expressions that mean the same as the underlined expressions.

From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]

CC: nora.peterson@britishcorp co.uk

Subject: Advertising budget

Hi Daniel,

Thanks for your email asking for ways of reducing the advertising budget. I'm
sending this email to Nora Peterson too. With this email, you'll find a word
document with specific plans for this. Please let me know if you can't open
the document that comes with this email. I'm sending it to the rest of the board.

Send me a reply soon.

Bye,

Chris

Hi Daniel,
Thanks for your email asking for ways of reducing the advertising budget.
I'm copying Peter Martin in on this. Please find attached a word document
with specific plans for this. Please let me know if you can't open
the attachment. I'm forwarding it to rest of the board.
Hope to hear from you soon. / Looking forward to hearing from you.
Best wishes / Kind regards,
Chris

Autoevaluación
Match the bodies of emails with their responses. Write A, B or C in the central
column.

Matching exercise

Body of emails Match Response

Dear Sharon,
Just a quick note to tell you that
the meeting has been arranged for A. Thanks for the info. I have
Monday next week at 9 a.m. All the already marked the date on
trainees are expected to attend. my calendar.
I look forward to seeing you there.
Kind regards,

B. About the meeting on

Dear colleagues, Monday next week, I know I
 Matching exercise

Body of emails Match Response

The fire alarms are going to be should go but, I was

tested next Friday at 8. This is wondering... do I really have
going to happen on a weekly basis. to go?
Best wishes,

Hi Sean,
Just a quick email to remind you
that we have a very important
C. See you at the conference
conference next Thursday. Please with the presentation.
remember to bring the presentation
with you.
All the best,
Enviar

Appendix I.- List of irregular verbs.

Irregular verbs.

Phonetic Verb Phonetic Verb Phonetic

Verb
N transcripti (Past transcripti (Past transcripti
(Base Spanish
º on (Base simpl on (Past participl on (Past
form)
form) e) simple) e) participle)

was /wɒz/ ser/

1 be /biː/ been /biːn/
were /wɜː/ estar

llegar a
beco beca ser /
2 /bɪ'kʌm/ /bɪ'keɪm/ become /bɪ'kʌm/
me me convertir
se en

3 begin /bɪ'gɪn/ began /bɪ'gæn/ begun /bɪ'gʌn/ empezar

4 break /breɪk/ broke /brəʊk/ broken /'brəʊkən/ romper

broug
5 bring /brɪɳ/ /brɔːt/ brought /brɔːt/ traer
ht

6 build /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/ construir

bough
7 buy /baɪ/ /bɔːt/ bought /bɔːt/ comprar
t
 Irregular verbs.

Phonetic Verb Phonetic Verb Phonetic

Verb
N transcripti (Past transcripti (Past transcripti
(Base Spanish
º on (Base simpl on (Past participl on (Past
form)
form) e) simple) e) participle)

caugh
8 catch /kætʃ/ /kɔːt/ caught /kɔːt/ coger
t

choos
9 /tʃuːz/ chose /tʃəʊz/ chosen /'tʃəʊzən / elegir
e

1
come /kʌm/ came /keɪm/ come /kʌm/ venir
0

1
cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ costar
1

1
cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ cortar
2

1
do /duː/ did /dɪd/ done /dɒn/ hacer
3

1
draw /drɔː/ drew /druː/ drawn /drɔːn/ dibujar
4

1
drink /drɪɳk/ drank /dræɳk/ drunk /drʌɳk/ beber
5

1
drive /draɪv/ drove drove driven /ˈdrɪv(ə)n/ conducir
6

1
eat /iːt/ ate /eɪt/ eaten /ˈiːt(ə)n/ comer
7

1
fall /fɔːl/ fell /fel/ fallen /ˈfɔːlən/ caer
8

1
feel /fiːl/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/ sentir
9

2 encontra
find /faɪnd/ found /faʊnd/ found /faʊnd/
0 r

2
fly /flaɪ/ flew /fluː/ flown /fləʊn/ volar
1
 Irregular verbs.

Phonetic Verb Phonetic Verb Phonetic

Verb
N transcripti (Past transcripti (Past transcripti
(Base Spanish
º on (Base simpl on (Past participl on (Past
form)
form) e) simple) e) participle)

2 /fə(r)ˈɡɒt(ə
forget /fə(r)ˈɡet/ forgot /fə(r)ˈɡɒt/ forgotten olvidar
2 )n/

consegui
2
get /get/ got /ɡɒt/ got /ɡɒt/ r,
3
obtener

2
give /ɡɪv/ gave /ɡeɪv/ given /ˈɡɪv(ə)n/ dar
4

2
go /ɡəʊ/ went /went/ gone /ɡɒn/ ir
5

2
have /hæv/ had /hæd/ had /hæd/ tener
6

2
hear /hɪə(r)/ heard /hɜː(r)d/ heard /hɜː(r)d/ oir
7

2 golpear,
hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/
8 pegar

2
hold /həʊld/ held /held/ held /held/ sostener
9

herir,
3 hacer
hurt /hɜː(r)t/ hurt /hɜː(r)t/ hurt /hɜː(r)t/
0 daño,
doler

3 mantene
keep /kiːp/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/
1 r

3 saber,
know /nəʊ/ knew /njuː/ known /nəʊn/
2 conocer

dejar,
3 salir,
leave /liːv/ left /left/ left /left/
3 marchar
se
 Irregular verbs.

Phonetic Verb Phonetic Verb Phonetic

Verb
N transcripti (Past transcripti (Past transcripti
(Base Spanish
º on (Base simpl on (Past participl on (Past
form)
form) e) simple) e) participle)

3
lend /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/ prestar
4

3
lose /luːz/ lost /lɒst/ lost /lɒst/ perder
5

3 hacer,
make /meɪk/ made /meɪd/ made /meɪd/
6 fabricar

encontra
3 r,
meet /miːt/ met /met/ met /met/
7 conocer
(gente)

3
pay /peɪ/ paid /peɪd/ paid /peɪd/ pagar
8

3
put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ poner
9

4
read /riːd/ read /red/ read /red/ leer
0

4
ride /raɪd/ rode /rəʊd/ ridden /ˈrɪd(ə)n/ montar
1

4 sonar,
ring /rɪŋ/ rang /ræŋ/ rung /rʌŋ/
2 Ilamar

4
run /rʌn/ ran /ræn/ run /ræn/ correr
3

4
say /seɪ/ said /sed/ said /sed/ decir
4

4
see /siː/ saw /sɔː/ seen /siːn/ ver
5

4
sell /sel/ sold /səʊld/ sold /səʊld/ vender
6
 Irregular verbs.

Phonetic Verb Phonetic Verb Phonetic

Verb
N transcripti (Past transcripti (Past transcripti
(Base Spanish
º on (Base simpl on (Past participl on (Past
form)
form) e) simple) e) participle)

4
send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/ enviar
7

4
shine /ʃaɪn/ shone /ʃɒn/ shone /ʃɒn/ brillar
8

4 showe enseñar,
show /ʃəʊ/ /ʃəʊd/ shown /ʃəʊn/
9 d mostrar

5
sing /sɪŋ/ sang /sæŋ/ sung /sʌŋ/ cantar
0

5
sit /sɪt/ sat /sæt/ sat /sæt/ sentarse
1

5
sleep /sliːp/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/ dormir
2

5
speak /spiːk/ spoke /spəʊk/ spoken /ˈspəʊkn/ hablar
3

5
spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/ gastar
4

5 ponerse
stand /stænd/ stood /stʊd/ stood /stʊd/
5 de pie

5
swim /swɪm/ swam /swæm/ swum /swʌm/ nadar
6

5 tomar,
take /teɪk/ took /tʊk/ taken /ˈteɪkən/
7 coger

5
teach /tiːtʃ/ taught /tɔːt/ taught /tɔːt/ enseñar
8

5 decir,
tell /tel/ told /təʊld/ told /təʊld/
9 contar

6 thoug
think /θɪŋk/ /θɔːt/ thought /θɔːt/ pensar
0 ht
Appendix.- Licenses of resources.

Licenses of Resources used in session 02. "A new job"

Resource (1) Resource information (1) Resource

EAMWORK.- Session 3.- Working together.

Caso práctico

Read the text and listen to the situation.

00:00

02:47

Script

Lucy: Well, first of all let me tell you how delighted we are that you accepted the
job. I hope that you feel part of this - we like to call it - small family very soon.

Theresa: Thank you.

Charlotte: Thanks.

Lucy: We're going to start today with a brief preparatory talk about the company
so that you can have a clear overview of what we do here and how our
department fits into the overall running of the company.

Ok, so as you know, we are in the training and consultancy business. That means
that, for example if a company is looking for a foreign market to set up new
factories or sell units, we conduct a market research and we carry out the
research project on the pros and cons which will help them decide on the most
suitable placement.

Charlotte: I see but would we work directly with our clients then?

Lucy: Most of the work is done here but if necessary we send trainers and
consultants to the clients' company in order to assist in the whole process.
But before getting into the technicalities of the business, let's look at the
company's organization. As you can see from this slide, at the top we have the
General Manager and he has four people who report to him. There's the Director
responsible for strategic co-ordination. Then there's me. I'm responsible for
training and marketing. Then there's the Financial Director and the Human
Resources Manager. Any questions so far?

Charlotte: No, none.

Theresa: It's similar to the company I used to work for.

Lucy: I'm happy to hear that. It will make it easier for you to join the group…and
now let's take a look at my team in more detail, at the bottom of the slide; I have
three units who work in different plans and projects. Each unit consists of a team
leader, an International business expert, a Marketing expert and a Training
expert. Building team spirit is always the focal point of what I try to do as a
manager. When we are facing a new project, I expect you to work as a team,
make decisions as a team and support your colleagues. As I said before we're a
small family and we believe in success through hard work… and that's why you're
here. We need people who have the ability to use initiative, to negotiate and to
work well in teams…

Charlotte: Can I just ask you about the team leader's roles and responsibilities?

Lucy: Interesting question. I was just about to tell you about that. The team leader
is not a fixed position and it depends on how well you do in the team. I will assign
a team leader every six months and that person will basically monitor and
coordinate the team activity, but also, he or she will maintain and update
databases and evaluate the success of marketing campaigns.

Autoevaluación
Complete the following sentences:

• There are four people who report to the General Manager: the Strategic Co-
ordination Manager, the and Marketing Director, the
Financial Director and the Human Manager.
• Each unit consists of a leader, an International expert,
a expert and a Training expert.
• The team leader will and coordinate the team activity, maintain and
update databases and evaluate the of marketing .

Su puntuación es 0/9.

Easy, wasn’t it?

Materiales formativos de FP Online propiedad del
Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.
Aviso Legal

1.- What to say: Expressing agreement and disagreement.

When working in a team, it’s important to debate ideas and reach agreements.
Look at the following table and read the expressions used to express agreement
and disagreement:

Expressions to show agreement and disagreement

Expressions to show agreement Expressions to show disagreement

• I agree with you. • I don’t agree with you.

• I see what you mean. • You’re wrong.
• I see your point. • I can’t really see the point of (-ing).
• That’s right. • I wouldn’t say that.
• That’s a good point / idea. • I’m not convinced.
• Well, I can’t argue with that. • I don’t know about it.
• I think / believe so. • I don’t think so.
• Exactly / Certainly. • Not really.

Ejercicio Resuelto
Click to read the Spanish translation.

A continuación aparece una tabla con expresiones con las que demostrar
acuerdo o desacuerdo de manera educada.
 Expresiones para mostrar acuerdo o desacuerdo

Expresar acuerdo Expresar desacuerdo

• Estoy de acuerdo contigo. • No estoy de acuerdo contigo.

• Entiendo lo que quieres decir. • Estás equivocado.
• Entiendo tu opinión. • No entiendo la necesidad de….
• LLevas razón. • No diría eso.
• Es una buena idea. • No estoy convencida.
• Bien, no puedo discutir sobre eso. • No se nada de eso.
• Creo que sí. • No creo.
• Exactamente. • No, realmente no.

Think about it

Do you agree with the following statements? Show agreement or

disagreement using expressions from the table above:

1. Top executives are too highly paid.

2. Business leaders are born, not made.
3. Hand-made goods are necessarily better than factory-made ones.
4. A poor product can be made successful by using clever marketing techniques.
5. The government should control prices in your country.
6. Shopping on the Internet has more advantages than disadvantages.

A step ahead
If you do not want to sound rude, you need to learn how to express
agreement and disagreement. Read the following article where you will find
instructions to agree and disagree politely.

How to express agreement and disagreement.

2.- How to say it: How to express future in English.

Citas Para Pensar

“The future is always beginning now”

Mark Strand.

Think about it
Are you looking forward to your next holiday? Where are you going? Which are
your plans for your next holiday?

With the following three sentences you can give information about your holidays:

• I'm going to visit my sister who lives in London.

• I'm setting off at 7.30 to catch my plane.
• I'll probably go bungee-jumping in the Grand Canyon.

Think about it
Look at the examples and tell me how many different ways of expressing future
are we using?

You’re right!
We’re using three different forms but there are some important differences
among them:
Be going to – We use be going towhen we already have a plan or an intention
to do something.

• I’m going to visit my sister.

We also use be going to to make a prediction based on some evidence.

• Look! The plane is going to take off.

Present continuous – We use present continuous when we have an

arrangement and normally the place and time to do something have been
decided. That is, it describes a future action which is agreed or scheduled.

• I’m setting off at 7.30 to catch my plane.

Willis used:

• To make future predictions based on what you think. Normally with adverbs
like perhapsorprobably and after the verbs believe, think, hope, expect, be
sure …
• I’ll probably go bungee-jumping in the Grand Canyon.
• To talk about spontaneous decisions:
• Ok, I’ll change the reservation right now.
• For promises, threats and warnings:
• I’ll be at the airport on time to pick you up.
• For offers and requests:
• I’ll take that heavy bag for you.

Look at the following negative sentences:

• I’m not going to visit my sister.

• I’m not setting off at 7.30.
• I won’t (will not) go bungee-jumping.

As you can see be and will are auxiliaries, so we add not after them to form the
negative sentences.

And what about questions in future?

• Are you going to visit your sister? (Am/Are/Is + Subject + going to + Infinitive?)
• Are you setting off at 7.30? (Am/Are/Is + Subject + -ing form?)
• Will you go bungee-jumping?(Will + Subject + Infinitive?)

A piece of advice
With verbs like go and come you should normally use Present Continuous
instead of be going to:

• I’m going on a business trip next month.

Ejercicio Resuelto
Click to read the Spanish translation.

En inglés podemos expresar el futuro con las siguientes tres formas:

• Be going to: Usamos be going to cuando ya tenemos un plan o la intención de

hacer algo, así como para hacer una predicción basada en alguna evidencia.
• Presente Continuo: Usamos el presente continuo para expresar planes o
citas entre personas cuando el lugar y la hora han sido decididos.
• Will se utiliza para:
o Hacer predicciones futuras basadas en lo que pensamos. Normalmente
con adverbios como perhaps (quizás) o probably (probablemente) y
detrás de los verbos believe (creer), think(pensar), hope (tener la
esperanza), expect (esperar que algo ocurra), be sure (estar seguro
de) …
 o Expresar decisiones espontáneas.
o Expresar promesas, amenazas y advertencias.
o Ofertas y peticiones.

Para formar la estructura negativa de Be going to, Presente

Continuo y Will utilizamos not detrás de Be y Will ya que son verbos
auxiliares.
La estructura interrogativa se forma como se presenta a continuación:

• Be going to: Am/Are/Is + Sujeto + going to + Infinitivo?

• Presente Continuo: Am/Are/Is + Sujeto + forma -ing?
• Will: Will + Sujeto + Infinitivo?

2.1.- Future continuous and future perfect.

• If you want to describe an action that will be in progress at a specific time

in the future, you use the future continuous:

o On July 16 at 8 a.m., Mr. and Mrs. Steward will be flying to Canada.

Look at the example and think about the form of the future
continuous:
Will + be + -ing form

Negative form: Won’t (will not) + be + -ing form

o On July 16 at 8 a.m., they won’t be flying to Vancouver.

Interrogative form: (Wh-) Will + Subject + be + -ing form?

o Where will they be departing from?

• On the contrary, if you want to say that an action will be completed at a
particular time in the future, the Future Perfect is used:
o By July 30th, Mr. and Mrs. Steward will have visited Canada.

As you can see from the example the future perfect is formed as
follows:
Will + have + past participle
Negative form: Won’t (will not) + have + past participle

o By July 30th, they won’t have arrived in London.

 Interrogative form: (Wh-) Will + subject + have + past participle?

o Will they have arrived by midnight?

Ejercicio Resuelto
Click to read the Spanish translation.

• Para describir una acción que estará en progreso en un momento determinado

del futuro usamos el futuro continuo.
• Para formar el futuro continuo usamos la siguiente forma: Will + be + forma -ing
• La forma negativa se forma añadiendo not detrás del auxiliar will.
• La forma interrogativa sigue el siguiente esquema: (Wh-) Will + Sujeto + be +
forma -ing?
• Por el contrario, si quieres decir que una acción estará terminada en un momento
determinado del futuro debes utilizar el Fututo Perfecto.
• Para formar el futuro perfecto usamos la siguiente forma: Will + have +
participio de pasado.
• La forma negativa se forma añadiendo not detrás del auxiliar will.
• La forma interrogativa sigue el siguiente esquema: (Wh-) Will + Sujeto + have +
participio de pasado?

A piece of advice
It’s very usual to find the following time expressions with the Future Perfect:

By midnight, by ten o’clock, by July 30th …

2.2.- Now you put it into practice (I).

Autoevaluación
Match the following examples to one of the uses below:
 Matching exercise

Examples Match Uses

This time tomorrow, we'll be 1. The speaker's intention to do

checking into the hotel. something.

I hope he'll pick me up from 2. An arrangement. Time and place

the airport when I get back. have already been decided.

We're meeting at platform 4 for 3. An action that will be in progress

the 2.15 train to London. at a specific time in the future.

Are you going to pay in cash or 4. Future prediction based on what

by credit card? the speaker thinks.

Su puntuación es 0/4.

Remember these uses and don’t make mistakes with the different ways of
expressing future in English.

Autoevaluación
Read the sentences and choose the correct verb form:

Behave yourself or … on holidays.

You won't go.

You aren't going.

… to the birthday party?

Are you coming.

Will you come.

Guess what! Next month … on a cruise with George.

I'll go.

I'm going.
By 5 a.m. …
We'll have set off.

We will set off.

I promise … you a carpet from Turkey.

I'll bring.

I'm going to bring you.

OK. If it's that cheap, … first class.

I'll travel.

I'm going to travel.

… on a guided tour of Vancouver.

We're going to go.

We're going.
When I get back home, … a fantastic Mediterranean cruise.

I'll have enjoyed.

I'll be enjoying.
I think … a very good time.

We're going to have.

We'll have.
I can't go swimming because … Mary in half an hour.

I'll meet.

I'm meeting.

Autoevaluación
Read the dialogues and put the verb in brackets in the correct future form.
You must use the additional word you can find in some sentences.

1. A: Where (go) on holiday next summer?

B: I (probably / go) around Europe.

2. A: This time tomorrow I (fly) to New Zealand.

B: Yes. It’s so exciting!

3. A: I think I (buy) this Paris guidebook

B: Good idea! Tomorrow by 1 p.m. you (walk) around Paris.

4. A: (you / come) to the concert tomorrow?

B: I’m afraid I can’t because (meet) Daniel at 10 p.m.

Su puntuación es 0/7.

1. A: Where are you going (go) on holiday next summer?

B: I ‘ll probably go (probably / go) around Europe.

2. A: This time tomorrow I ’ll be flying (fly) to New Zealand.

B: Yes. It’s so exciting!

3. A: I think I ’ll buy (buy) this Paris guidebook

B: Good idea! Tomorrow by 1 p.m. you ‘ll be walking (walk) around

Paris.

4. A: Are you coming (you / come) to the concert tomorrow?

B: I’m afraid I can’t because I’m meeting (meet) Daniel at 10 p.m.

A step ahead
To consolidate what you have learnt about expressing future in English, do
the exercises you will find in the following links:

Present tense and be going to for future.

Future simple and continuous tense.

2.3.- Word stress.

It’s important for you to know the syllable on which the stress is given.

We can use circles to show the stress, the bigger circle shows the syllable which
has the stress; in the dictionary you can find this symbol (´) to show the stressed
syllable. For example:

Tourism Ooo Tourism /ˈtʊərɪz(ə)m/

In English there is not a fixed pattern to know where the stress is placed. These
are some of the stress patterns that you can find:

Two-syllable words with the stress on the first syllable:

August Oo Travel Oo

Two-syllable words with the stress on the second syllable:

Hotel oO Receipt oO

Three-syllable words with the stress on the first syllable:

Holiday Ooo Satellite Ooo

Three-syllable words with the stress on the second syllable:

September oOo Important oOo

Three-syllable words with the stress on the third syllable:

Magazine ooO Volunteer ooO

You should pay attention to some two-syllable words in English which have the
same spelling, but the stress can be on the first or on the second syllable. If the
stress is on the first syllable, it is a noun; however, if the stress is on the second
syllable, it is a verb.

Let’s consider the word record:

They would like to record (1) a new record (2).

1. is a verb, so the stress is on the second syllable: to record oO

2. is a noun, so the stress is on the first syllable: record Oo
There are some other words like this:

Conflict Decrease Suspect Import Increase Insult

Transfer Permit Present Progress Protest Transport

Ejercicio Resuelto
Click to read the Spanish translation.

• Es importante saber la sílaba sobre la que recae el acento en las palabras

inglesas.
• Para marcar el acento podemos utilizar círculos, siendo el círculo más grande el
que corresponde a la sílaba acentuada; en el diccionario encontrarás este
símbolo (´) para marcar la sílaba sobre la que recae el acento.
• En inglés no hay una pauta fija para saber sobre donde se sitúa el acento. Hay
pautas diferentes como las que se presentan a continuación:
• Palabras de dos sílabas con el acento en la primera.
• Palabras de dos sílabas con el acento en la segunda.
• Palabras de tres sílabas con el acento en la primera.
• Palabras de tres sílabas con el acento en la segunda.
• Palabras de tres sílabas con el acento en la tercera.
• Deberías prestar atención a ciertas palabras de dos sílabas cuya grafía es
idéntica pero el acento puede recaer en la primera sílaba o en la segunda. Si
recae en la primera, la palabra es un nombre; sin embargo, si el acento recae en
la segunda, la palabra es un verbo.

2.4.- Now you put it into practice (II).

Autoevaluación
Which pattern do these words follow? Match each word to the correct
stress pattern. There are three words for each pattern.
 Matching exercise

Examples Match Stress Pattern

Transport

Arrangements 1. Oo

Passenger

Hotel

Glamorous 2. oO

Refugee

Voyage

Delayed 3. Ooo

Package

Wonderful

Millionaire 4. oOo

Announcement

Apartment

Cigarette 5. ooO

Prefer

Su puntuación es 0/15.

If you want to sound natural when speaking English, you should pay attention
to the stress pattern of each word.

Autoevaluación
Which is the correct stress pattern of the following two-syllable words in
bold?

Our tour group will be transferred to the airport by bus.

oO

Oo
The travel agency will deal with the paperwork for our transfer.

oO

Oo
You should ring the hotel if you need transport.

oO

Oo
A shuttle bus is used to transport all the passengers to the resort.

oO

Oo
The number of people who choose ecotourism has decreased significantly.

oO

Oo
The new law is making progress in tourism.

oO

Oo
They won’t permit you smoke inside the aircraft.

oO

Oo
The plane does not have a permit to carry livestock.

oO

Oo
She has made a formal protest against the company’s policies.

oO

Oo
I’m afraid there is no record of a booking and the hotel is completely full.

oO

Oo

You should know

How much have you learnt about word stress? Do the following quiz and
let’s see how many correct answers you get.

Word stress quiz.

A step ahead
Do you think learning word stress is boring? Play the game Stress Monster and
you will change your mind.

Word stress game.

3.- Words You Need: Company organisation.

Below you will find a list of words you might need to talk about your company
organisation.

Company organisation

English Spanish

Businessman. Hombre de negocios.

Businesswoman. Mujer de negocios.

Businessperson / business person or businesspeople Persona o personas de

/ business people. negocios.

Entrepreneur. Empresario o empresaria.

Found a company. Fundar una empresa.

Emprendedor o
Entrepreneurial.
emprendedora.

Sede central de una

Headquarters.
empresa.

Business empire. Imperio empresarial.

Leadership skills. Cualidades de líder.

Autoevaluación
Complete the following sentences with words from the table above.

• I worked for an IT company for some time, by I always felt I was

an kind of person.
• Apple was on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and
Ronald Wayne.
• I think Sarah has the skills to lead a large company.
• I think of the day when I’m in charge of a large business .
• The Smith & Company world sits on 1,400 acres of beautifully kept
land.

Su puntuación es 0/5.

Great! Now let’s move on to the next exercise.

Think about it
Answer the following questions in the forum:

• Who are your country’s most famous entrepreneurs?

• Can you tell us a little about one of them?
• What is he / she famous for?
• Do you think people are born with leadership skills?

You should know

If you want to find out more about the biographies of important business people,
check out the following websites:

List of biographies.

Notable business biographies.

3.1.- Managers.
Below you will find a list of words you might need to talk about the management
organigram of your organisation.

Management organigram

English Spanish

Directores no ejecutivos o directoras

Non-executive directors
no ejecutivas

Chairman / chairwoman. (BrE).

Presidente o presidenta.
President. (AmE).
 Management organigram

English Spanish

Chief executive director / managing

Consejero delegado o consejera
director. (BrE).
delegada.
Chief executive officer (CEO). (AmE).

Directores ejecutivos o directoras

Executive directors
ejecutivas

Financial director. (BrE).

Director financiero o directora financiera.
Chief financial oficer. (AmE).

Marketing director. (BrE).

Director o directora de marketing.
Vice president Marketing. (AmE).

Human resources director. (BrE).

Vice president Human resources. Director o directora de recursos humanos.
(AmE).

IT director. (BrE).
Director o directora de informática.
Vice president IT. (AmE).

Research director. (BrE). Director o directora de estudios de

Vice president Research. (AmE). mercado.

Middle managers Gerentes intermedios

Jefe o jefa del departamento de

Accounts department manager.
contabilidad.

Sales manager. Jefe o jefa de ventas.

Customer services manager. Jefe o jefa de atención al cliente.

You can also say that the IT director is the head of IT, the marketing director is
the head of marketing.

Autoevaluación
Match each task to the manager in charge of doing it.
 Matching exercise

Manager Match Task

Research director. 1. Deal with customer complaints.

Chief executive
2. Discuss figures with the sales teams.
director.

3. Contact recruitment website to advertise a

Marketing director.
vacant position.

Human resources 4. Meet with research director to discuss new

director. projects for the company.

Sales manager. 5. Study new project in detail.

Customer services 6. Meet with advertisement agency to design a

manager. new advertising campaign.

Enviar

A step ahead
Listen to a conversation between Janet and Tim. Then read the list of
vocabulary and take the quiz. Good luck!

The Flatmates: the episode.

The Flatmates: language point.

The Flatmates: the episode.

Think about it
Discuss in the forum:

Who are the most important managers in your country? Which companies do they
manage?