Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV 2021).

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP21ONG-ART; 978-0-7381-1183-4

Narrowband IoT (NBIoT) for Smart Cities

2021 Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV) | 978-1-6654-1960-4/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICICV50876.2021.9388513

Sudhir K. Routray
Department of Electrical and Computer K. P. Sharmila Eisha Akanskha
Engineering Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Bule Hora University Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
Bule Hora, Ethiopia CMR Institute of Technology CMR Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India Bangalore, India
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Aritri Debnath Ghosh

Department of Electronics and Laxmi Sharma M. Pappa
Communication Engineering Department of Telecommunication Department of Electronics and
CMR Institute of Technology Engineering Communication Engineering
Bangalore, India CMR Institute of Technology CMR Institute of Technology
Email: [email protected] Bangalore, India Bangalore, India
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Abstract—Smart cities are being developed across the world to

improve the services and facilities in the urban areas. In the volume of sensors, actuators, servers, storage facilities, and
smart city initiatives, all the traditional infrastructures are linked computing facilities needed are extremely large. In such cases,
with the information and communication technologies (ICT) the demands for energy and bandwidth are proportionately
networks. Through the ICT support, qualities of all the basic high. However, now we have some energy efficient and low
services and public facilities are improved. Basically, the resource consuming version of IoT available for such large
emerging technologies such as the Internet of things (IoT) are scale projects. Narrowband IoT (NBIoT) is one of them. It is
pivotal in the provision of high quality services in the modern very much energy efficient and needs fewer resources than the
urban areas. In this article, the basic goals of smart city projects
other forms of IoT [1]. It is regarded as one of the green
are demonstrated and their requirements are analyzed. Research
work demonstrates that smart city projects are large and need a technologies for large scale digital transformation [2].
large scale deployment of IoT devices and components. This
implies that smart cities need energy efficient forms of IoT for Though the “smart city” concept dates back to 1970s, the real
their long term success and sustainability. Narrowband IoT developments were started at the beginning of this millennium
(NBIoT) is one of such energy and resource efficient version of [3]. Several smart city initiatives were started only after the
the IoT available for deployment. In this article, the suitability of establishment of the IoT concepts. It became clear to the ICT
NBIoT for smart cities in the long term is demonstrated and the community that IoT is the right technology for the large scale
advanced features and standards of NBIoT are presented. service and resource management in the urban areas. Future
Comparing with the smart city requirements research work trends and current states of the smart cities have been
validated the use of NBIoT for smart cities. For long term
discussed in [4]. It shows several emerging applications in the
sustainability of smart cities, the ICT support networks should
be energy efficient and easily deployable over large areas. NBIoT smart city initiatives. In [5], the realities of the smart city
provides all these features and thus can be a natural choice for projects are analyzed. This work shows that the promised
smart cities. goals in the smart city initiatives are not achieved in majority
of the projects. Several reasons are found to be responsible for
Keywords—Smart cities, Internet of things, NBIoT, NBIoT for that. In [6], computing needs for smart cities have been
smart cities, sustainable smart cities analyzed. Several enterprise oriented strategies are being used
in the smart city projects. This practice brings more effective
I. INTRODUCTION results. In [7], the widespread effectiveness of NBIoT for
Smart city initiatives are very popular across the world in the ubiquitous applications is analyzed. It shows that NBIoT is
recent years. In the information and communication suitable all the low power wide area (LPWA) applications. In
technologies (ICT) world it is one of the new buzzwords. In the LPWA regime, it is very much popular for the large scale
reality, ICT plays the key roles in the successful deployment projects such as smart cities [7]. In [8], the prospects of
and operation of the smart city components. Normally, the NBIoT for Industry 4.0 initiatives have been studied. It is
smart city projects are very large and cover the whole city and found that NBIoT is suitable for all the common applications
its suburban surroundings. Therefore, the ICT support such as of Industry 4.0 with only a few exceptions (such as low
the Internet of things (IoT) required for smart cities have to be latency applications). General consumer electronics driven
large and complex. Overall for smart cities, the number and trends in ICT have been studied in [9]. It shows the increasing
trends of resource consumption in ICT. In [10] and [11],

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localization and tracking related applications of IoT and

NBIoT have been analyzed. These works show that the IoT public services, and several other common services. The smart
based localization and tracking are more accurate than the objectives of the smart city are to improve strategy
traditionally used techniques. NBIoT is very popular in the proficiency, reduce service disruptions, improve social and
large scale LPWA projects. However, its deployment has to be monetary quality, and increase social incorporation.
perfect to harness all the benefits. In [12], all the basic issues
of NBIoT deployment related issues have been considered. Infrastructure of cities and towns get better by merging all
Due to the low power requirements NBIoT can be widely used the traditional facilities with the ICT networks. For example,
in healthcare related applications [13]. These applications smart meters, streetlamps, garbage bin and parking spots can
range from the emergency medicine to remote patient be better managed with the help of ICT based services. IoT is
monitoring [14]. However, several issues and challenges are emerging as one of the leading ICTs in the recent times. All
there in the healthcare applications which should be dealt with the big cities try to find innovative approaches to capture data
carefully [13]. The range, reliability, service quality, and from different sources such as traffic monitoring and smart
availability of the IoT networks can be improved significantly waste management. Urban areas need the monitoring of all the
by integrating them with the satellites. In [15] and [16], relevant information such as the surrounding temperature
several advantages of satellite based IoT networks have been sensor and street lights. Video surveillance data helps
discussed. These works show the improvement of IoT based immensely in several tasks starting from the security
services is significant when compared with the lone IoT monitoring to real-time safety measures. IoT based services
networks. Safety and security are the major concerns of IoT are essential for these monitoring operations. NBIoT can
based services. In [17], an advanced method of cryptography certainly perform several of these functions quite smoothly.
has been proposed for IoT security. Large scale IoT networks
A smart city is a logical combination of systems,
need software defined networking (SDN) approaches for
developed primarily using ICT framework to create, deliver,
better functions. In [18], the SDN based approaches have been
and provide sustainable development functions to address the
proposed for IoT and NBIoT related networks and the services
growing challenges of urban areas. Enormous part of this ICT
over them.
structure is really an intelligent network of connected devices
that transmit data utilizing wireless technology and cloud
In this article, we focus on the common smart city
computing. Cloud IoT applications acquire, analyze, and
operations and tasks which can be done efficiently using
process real-time data to benefit organizations and citizens
NBIoT. We found that a lot of common applications in smart
make better decisions that improve the quality of life.
cities which can be smoothly performed by the NBIoT based
Residents incorporate the smart city environment in a variety
systems. NBIoT is the suitable technology for smart cities for
of ways utilizing smart phones and connected vehicles and
the energy efficiency and long term sustainability.
homes. Pairing data with devices and services with
infrastructure can cut back and enhance the sustainability.
The remaining parts of this article have been arranged in
Such networks can promote energy distribution, encourage
five different sections. In section II, we present the basic
waste disposal, reduce traffic congestion and boost air quality
concepts of smart cities. In section III, we present the basic
with the help of IoT. These smart city technologies improve
features and requirements of NBIoT. In section IV, we present
the service qualities, resource efficiencies, physical
the basic requirements of smart cities. In Section V, we show
infrastructure, portability, safety, security and overall
how NBIoT matches with requirements of the smart cities. In
resources utilization.
section VI, we conclude this article with the main points.

II. BASIC CONCEPTS OF SMART CITIES III. BASIC CONCEPT S OF NBIOT

According to ITU-T “A smart sustainable city is an innovative NBIoT was introduced in the LTE networks as the main M2M
city that uses ICTs and other means to improve quality of life, technology for large scale deployment [1]. It is custom
efficiency of urban operation and services, and designed to perform over a large area in the framework similar
competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of to that of LTE. It uses a narrow bandwidth of just 180 kHz to
present and future generations with respect to economic, communicate with its components such as the sensors and the
social, environmental as well as cultural aspects" actuators. In the recent years, NBIoT became attractive due to
[19]. Therefore, a city is smart that utilizes several its wonderful LPWA features [2]. It enables a large number of
technologies to offer different types of services to its citizens. devices and components to communicate with use low
Basically a smart city makes sure all the basic facilities are bandwidth data. It emphasizes on high energy efficiency and
available to all the citizens. These basic services include: long battery lives. Due to its compatibility with the cellular
water supply, power supply, healthcare facilities, effective networks, it can be easily deployed over LTE networks and its
policing to maintain safety and security for every citizen, legacy systems [12]. It is also compatible with the 5G
readily available ICT services, urban garbage management, networks. In the cellular mode, it is normally deployed in the
smooth public transportation, timely maintenance of public guard bands and the cellular bands (using cellular physical
infrastructure, parking facilities, continuous improvement of resource blocks). It can also be deployed in a standalone mode
where the cellular networks are not available [2]. In the

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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV 2021).
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP21ONG-ART; 978-0-7381-1183-4

standalone mode, it normally uses licensed spectrum in the

sub-900 MHz bands [12]. resources. The costs are low and the battery lives are long for
the NBIoT devices. Once deployed, these components can
function for more than a decade. In Fig. 1, the practical model
of NBIoT shown which explains the LTE based layered
architecture.

IV. REQUIREMENTS OF SMART CITIES

According to the reports of GSMA Association, 25.2 billion
IoT devices will be in use by 2025 [20]. A major fraction of
these IoT devices will be in the smart cities around the world.
By 2025, the net revenue of IoT market will exceed 1.1 trillion
USD [20]. Significant percentage of the population will shift
to the smart cities. This scenario presents a massive challenge
to build and manage the smart cities to improve the quality of
Fig. 1. Different deployable layers of NBIoT. the lives. Normally, the basic needs of a smart city ecosystem
We show the practically implementable model of NBIoT in are: proper water supply, electricity supply networks, solid
Fig. 1. The physical layer of NBIoT is at the bottom. It is the waste management, urban mobility and public transportation
wireless medium though which communication takes place. facilities, affordable houses with basic facilities , healthcare for
Above it, we find the IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal every citizen, education for every kid, robust ICT
Area Network (6LoWPAN). This layer does the routing and connectivity, good governance and several others. In smart
path finding functions in NBIoT. It is much lighter than the IP cities majority of the infrastructure and services are
layer of the Internet. Above it, we find the User Datagram interconnected through appropriate frameworks. These
Protocol (UDP) layer. This UDP layer is equivalent to the connected devices and services are managed using smart
TCP layer of the Internet. It is responsible for the packet systems which can take decisions, optimize resource
transmission from the source to the destination. Datagram utilization using analytics and machine learning. The hardware
transport layer security (DTLS) is above the UDP layer and it and data management support for these smart operations are
looks after of the security aspects of the packets in the provided by IoT infrastructure. In Fig. 2, we have also shown
datagram [12]. Constrained application protocol (CoAP) layer some of the basic requirements of smart cities. In the
is found above the DTLS. CoAP is very much similar to following list also we show some of them as an extended
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) of the Internet. But, version of these requirements.
CoAP is much lighter than the HTTP and it has been designed
for the low power networks. It only supports UDP. At the top  Sensor networks to collect relevant information
of the model, we find the End Objects Layer. It deals with the  Water distribution, water re-use and leakage control
end objects such as the sensors, actuators , user equipments  Smart water meters
(UEs), and all other types of end devices. This morel is very  Smart waste management
practical and suitable for the issues of NBIoT deployment. It is  Sanitation monitoring
very helpful for large scale deployments such as the smart
 Environment monitoring
grids and smart cities.
 Street lighting
NBIoT has been designed mainly for the large scale  Smart grids and micro grids
LPWA applications. It is very popular in the low power wide  Renewable energy production
area scenarios [2]. However, it is a versatile technology. It is  Excess energy storage
applicable to the common cases such as the home appliance  Traffic management and monitoring
monitoring and pet tracking. It is also be used for the major
projects such as healthcare monitoring, mass manufacturing,
smart cities, and smart grids [6]. It is also widely used for
policing, security surveillance, parking management of
vehicles, garbage monitoring in cities, and public resource
management. The common problems and irregularities in
public utilities networks such as damage of water pipes,
blocking of drains, and leakage of gas in the underground
pipes can be monitored using NBIoT sensors and actuators
[7]. Tracking and localization related utilities of NBIoT are
also very popular in the recent times [11]. It is capable to
handle large-coverage networks with millions of nodes
without complexity. It does not need large amount of

Fig. 2. Some of the basic requirements of smart cities.

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 Parking management
wired sensors, actuators, cameras, emergency plugs and many
 Autonomous vehicles and smart roads
fixed devices that consume less power [12]. In Fig. 3, a
 Electric vehicles and traffic congestion monitoring common scenario for NBIoT based smart city has been shown.
 Connected vehicle and smart vehicle pricing The following tasks of the smart cities can be done using
 Noise and air pollution monitoring NBIoT.
 Broadband and internet services for every citizen 1) Smart Lighting
 Ubiquitous mobile telephony for everyone
 Networking ICT services for everyone
 Sensing and monitoring of safety and security
 Security and backup of emergency services
 E-governance and citizen engagement
 Education for everyone
 Healthcare facilities for everyone
 Emergency healthcare facilities
 Tourist safety and policing
 Asset tracking and video surveillance
 Emergency responses for safety and security
 Building automation and energy management
 Sensors, actuators and real time monitoring
 Smart home equipment and appliances

In majority of these requirements NBIoT can be deployed Fig. 3. Some of the basic services in the smart cities provided using
to provide the appropriate services. At the same time NBIoT NBIoT .
can facilitate efficient resource management to provision all Lighting in the cities are among essential services needed for
these services. the citizens. Smart lighting system is the one which does not
work according to the timers set for their operations. Rather
V. NBIOT FOR SMART CITIES these lighting systems follow the ambient conditions through
We have seen the advantages of NBIoT and the smart city the sensors and accordingly take actions to provide light when
requirements in the previous sections. NBIoT is suitable for it is required. In the NBIoT framework, light intensity
large scale deployment of sensors and actuators for LPWA measurement and switching on and off are easily managed [7].
applications. Smart cities are also among such LPWA projects In addition to that energy spent for street lighting is minimized
where the deployment is needed over the whole city and its using logical settings. Low/ over power monitoring, voltage
suburban areas. NBIoT can play key roles in these initiatives. monitoring, phase failure and day/night consumption
inconsistencies are reported in real-time to the central server to
A. NBIoT for Smart Cities improve the performances.
Smart cities are very ambitious projects in which several tasks 2) Parking Management
are carried out in coordination with the provisions planned by Parking of vehicles in the cities is a complex process. In fact,
the city administrators. In order to connect the people with the management of parking slots in the cities does not have a
services and the facilities in the digital era, the prime proper platform. That makes the parking management worse.
requirement is to find an effective way that can make the tasks Using NBIoT all these slots can be allocated logically and the
realistic. Various technologies like the IoT, artificial parking problems can be sorted out to a large extent. It can
intelligence, advanced networking facilities such as 5G, and help detect the reservations and sharing of empty parking
other ICTs supports are essential to achieve this target. spaces [2]. Vehicle feedback can be used to tell accurately
Overall, humans, machines, and things are going to where the openings are and push waiting cars towards the path
communicate with each other. Designing a smart city does not of least resistance.
only mean connecting billions of devices at a large scale with 3) Garbage Management
high security but also accounts for the effective handling of Garbage management in the cities is a big problem due to the
services such as the flexibility and reliability in their increasing population. In the populated areas of the cities the
management. To design a smart city, smart lighting, smart garbage produced is of very high volume. Such high amount
parking, smart waste, smart weather control, smart mobility, of garbage has to be managed properly to maintain the sanity
smart healthcare, smart roads are a few common areas of and hygiene in the cities. In the NBIoT based framework,
consideration. Being an LPWA network, NBIoT provides a sensors are attached with the garbage bins which monitor the
cost-effective solution with long battery lives . Deployment of garbage filling level [2]. Once the garbage bin is filled the
a smart city over the NBIoT fabric needs several wireless and attached garbage sensor sends the information to the garbage
collector along with the location address of the bin. The

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garbage collectors pick the filled bin and keen an empty bin at
its place. based backup mechanisms NBIoT based operations remain
4) Smart Homes very reliable. Properly chosen sensors have battery service
Smart homes can be considered as the smaller constituent lives of up to ten years [2]. Very often once deployed the
units of the smart cities [7]. NBIoT based smart homes are sensors do not need another power source. NBIoT based smart
very much energy efficient and provide a lot of facilities systems can perform majority of the common tasks in the
which are essential for connected living environments. In smart cities. However, sometimes the latency in the NBIoT
addition to that domestic asset tracking, kids tracking and communications exceeds due to the longer separation between
remote control of appliances is very much smooth in the the sensors and the servers. In such cases the delays may harm
NBIoT based smart homes. In reality, smart homes can make a the emergency services. It is noteworthy that some of the
city smart. proposed targets of smart cities are not achieved due to the
5) Smart Traffic Management gaps between the planning and deployment teams [5]. In fact,
Traffic management is a common application of NBIoT. It can it can be improved through proper coordination. Software
provide a lot of flexibilities in managing the traffic in the city. defined frameworks are certainly very popular for large scale
Several sensors can be deployed along the roads and streets to IoT projects [18]. In case of smart cities, SDN based NBIoT is
measure the traffic densities in the cities. Using NBIoT all the appropriate.
data can be collected and analyzed to provide the real-time
traffic information to the citizens. D. Limitations of NBIoT in Smart Cities
6) Polution Control There are some limitations of NBIoT based smart city
Pollution is a big problem in the large cities. Due to the operations. Mainly in the time-sensitive applications some
increasing number of vehicles and other supporting facilities a alternative technologies should be used. The latency of the
lot of pollution is found in the cities. Water, air and soil NBIoT based systems become longer when the sensor distance
pollutions are very common in the recent years. Using is longer from the servers. There are several time-sensitive
appropriate sensors, these pollution levels can be measured applications in the smart cities such as policing and emergency
and monitored. In the recent years, in several cities air health services. In such time critical applications NBIoT
pollution measurement is done using chemical and electro- should not be used. Rather other alternatives such as 5G or
mechanical sensors. In the NBIoT framework, these sensors other cellular services can be used to reduce the unwanted
can be managed in better ways and real time pollution related delay in the responses.
information can be broadcasted to the appropriate locations for
follow up actions. VI. CONCLUSIONS
7) Public Resource Management In this article, we have gone through the main features and
Publicly supplied resources such as water and electricity are to requirements of smart cities. There are several basic
managed using efficient systems. Such public utilities can be requirements of smart cities to provide the basic services to its
managed using NBIoT. Water leakage in the distribution pipes citizens. In order to fulfill those requirements IoT based
can be detected effectively using NBIoT. Similarly, the smart infrastructure is used over the service infrastructure. Several
energy meters are deployed to measure and monitor the IoT sensors and actuators are deployed to keep the track of the
electricity in the cities. Using NBIoT these meter reading can services. Smart cities are large projects which cover the whole
be sent to the central facilities. Similarly, power theft and cities and their suburban surroundings. NBIoT is suitable for
other criminal activities can be checked using NBIoT. All these large scale projects as it provides good energy efficiency
these functions are essential in the smart cities. and the deployment is much easier than other forms of IoT. In
this work, we have highlighted all the main areas of smart
B. Main advantages of NBIoT for Smart Cities cities in which NBIoT can be used. We show that almost all
NBIoT provides several advantages over the other potential sensing operations and majority of the follow up actions can
alternatives used in the smart cities . NBIoT uses low power be carried out using NBIoT. As NBIoT is resource efficient
and low bandwidth. It is resource efficient and saves a lot of and provides long battery lives it is suitable for the long term
energy and other resources [1]. Its deployment is easier and sustainability of the smart cities.
can be done much faster than the other alternatives. It can be
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