AUTOMOTIVE NC II

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

List of Competencies

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code Code

1 Service Automotive Servicing Automotive ALT723303
Battery Battery
2 Service Ignition System Servicing Ignition System ALT723304

3 Test and Repair Wiring/ Testing and Repairing ALT723305

Lighting System Wiring/ Lighting System

4 Service Starting System Servicing Starting ALT723306

System
5 Service Charging System Servicing Charging ALT723307
System

6 Service Engine Servicing Engine ALT723308

Mechanical System Mechanical System
7 Service Clutch System Servicing Clutch System ALT723309

8 Service Differential and Servicing Differential and ALT723310

Front Axle Front Axle
9 Service Steering System Servicing Steering ALT723311
System
10 Service Brake System Servicing Brake System ALT723312

11 Service Suspension Servicing Suspension ALT723313

System System
12 Perform Under chassis Performing Under ALT723314
Prevention Maintenance chassis Prevention
Maintenance
13 Overhaul Manual Overhauling Manual ALT723315
Transmission Transmission

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 Date Developed: Document No.
Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
Sector:
AUTOMOTIVE

Qualification Title:
AUTOMOTIVE NC II

Unit of Competency:
SERVICE AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY

Module Title:
SERVICING AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY

Module Content

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
Qualification Title: AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NCII
Unit of Competencies: SERVICE AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY
Module Title: SERVICING AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY
Introduction: This module contains information and suggested learning
activities on Servicing Automotive Batteries. It includes instructions and
replace batteries, service and charge batteries and jump start vehicles.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
After completing this module the trainees/ students should be able to:
1. Explain the purpose, type, operation, and safe handling of batteries.
2. Test Automotive batteries
3. Remove and Replace Batteries
4. Service and Charge Battery
5. Jump Start Batteries

ASSESMENT CRITERIA:
1. Explain the purpose, types, operation, and safe handling of batteries
1.6 Main components of batteries are identified
1.7 Differentiate batteries according to design and usage
1.8 Tests carried out according to vehicle classification are explained
1.9 Safe handling of batteries observed
1.10 Hazards associated with batteries are identified
2. Testing Batteries
2.1 Different methods of battery testing are performed
2.2 Battery is tested without causing damage to workplace, property, or
vehicle.
2.3 Correct information is accessed and interpreted
2.4 Appropriate test equipment is selected and used
2.5 Test are performed and results are analyzed
2.6 Personal safety is observed
3. Removing and replacing batteries
3.1 Proper procedure is followed in removing and replacing battery
3.2 Battery is removed and replaced without causing damage to workplace,
property or vehicle
3.3 proper procedure is followed to prevent loss of vehicle’s electronic
memory as per manufacturer’s standard (if applicable)
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 3.4 Appropriate tools and equipment are selected and used
3.5 Personal safety in removing and replacing batteries observed
4. Servicing and charging batteries
4.1 Battery is charged using appropriate battery charger
4.2 Electrolyte level is checked and corrected
4.3 Battery and its terminals are cleaned
4.4 Battery cables are disconnected and connected in right sequence
4.5 Personal safety in servicing and charging battery is observed

5. Jump starting batteries

5.1 Vehicles is jump started without causing damage to workplace, property
or vehicle
5.2 Appropriate cables are used in jump starting
5.3 Cables are disconnected and connected in right sequence
5.4 Personal safety observed

Learning Outcome # 1 Explain the purpose, types, operation, and safe

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
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Untiveros, Karen P.
 handling of batteries

CONTENTS:
 Servicing Automotive Battery
ASSESMENT CRITERIA

1. Main components of batteries are identified

2. Differentiate batteries according to designs and usage
3. Tests carried out according to vehicles classification are explained
4. Safe handling of batteries observed
5. Hazards associated with batteries are identified

LEARNING CONTENTS:
1.Purpose of battery
2.Battery types and designs
3.Battery ratings and sizes
4.Hazards associated with use of batteries
5.Safe handling of batteries
6.Factors affecting battery life

ASSESMENT METHOD:
1. Oral Questioning
2. Written Test
3. Demonstration

Information Sheet LO1.1

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Untiveros, Karen P.
 SERVICING AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY

PURPOSE OF BATTERY

1. Engine is off - Electricity from the battery is used to operate lighting, accessories, or
other electrical systems when the engine is not running.

2. Engine is Starting- Electricity from the battery is used to operate the starter
motor and to provide current for the ignition system during engine cracking.
Starting the car is the battery’s most important function.

The techniques of
photographing successive
drawings or positions of

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puppets or models to create
an illusion of movement
when the movies is
shown as a sequence.
The techniques of
photographing successive
drawings or positions of
puppets or models to create
an illusion of movement
when the movies is
shown as a sequence.
3. Engine is running -Electricity from the battery may be needed to supplement
the charging system when the vehicle’s electrical load requirements exceed the
charging system’s ability to produce electricity. Both the battery and the
alternator supply electricity when demand is high

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION OF THE BATTERY

The automotive battery supplies electric current to operate the starting

motor and ignition system while starting the engine. It also acts as a voltage stabilizer
by supplying current for the lights, radio, and other electrical accessories when the
alternator is not handling the load. In addition, the battery supplies as mall current to
the volatile memory in the electronic control module (ECM) when the ignition key is
OFF.
The battery is an electrochemical device. It uses chemicals to produce
electricity. The amount of electricity it can produce is limited. As the chemicals in the
battery are depleted, the battery runs down and is discharged. It can be recharged by
supplying it with electric current from the vehicle’s alternator or from a battery
charger. The depleted chemicals are restored to their original condition as the battery
becomes recharged.

COMPONENTS OF BATTERY

 Grinds
 Positive Plates
 Negative Plates
 Electrolyte
 A Container
 Cell Covers
 Vent Covers
 Cell Containers
 Separators
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  Elements

The battery case is a molded plastic. The plates are welded to plate straps to
form plate groups. To make a battery cell, a positive plate group fits into a negative
plate group. Porous separators are placed between the plates. This prevents positive
and negative plates from touching while allowing electrolyte to circulate between the
plates.
The assembly of plate groups and separators is an element. The elements fit
into compartments in the battery case to form cells. Heavy lead connectors attach to
the cell terminals and connect the cells in series. Aplastic cover forms the top of
the battery. Some batteries have openings in the cover from which filler plugs or vent
caps are removed to add water. Maintenance-free batteries do not have removable
vent caps.

Battery Terminals
The battery has two external terminals: a positive (+) and a negative (-).
These two terminals are either two tapered posts, L terminals, threaded studs on top of
the case, or two internally threaded connectors on the side. The terminals have either a
positive or negative marking, depending on which end of the series they represent.
Tapered terminals have a given dimension in accordance with standards
agreed upon by the Battery Council International (BCI) and Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE). This ensures that all positive and negative cable
clamps would fit any corresponding battery terminal, regardless of the battery’s
manufacturer. The positive terminal is slightly larger, usually around 11/16 inch in
diameter at the top, while the negative terminal has 5/8 diameter. This design
minimizes the danger of installing the battery cables in reverse polarity.
Side terminals are positioned near the top of the battery case. These
terminals are threaded and require a special bolt to connect the cables. Some batteries
are fitted with both top and side terminals to allow them to be used in many different
vehicles.

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 Battery Terminals

Battery Hardware
In order to connect the battery to the vehicle’s electrical system, Battery
cables are used. Battery hold downs are used to prevent damage to the battery, and
heat shields are sometimes used to keep battery temperature low.
 Battery Cables- Battery cables must be of sufficient capacity to carry the
current required to meet all demands. The normal 12- volts cable size is 4 or 6
gauge. Various forms of clamps are used to ensure a good electrical
connection at each end of the cable. Connections must be clean and tight to
prevent arcing between the terminal and clamp, corrosion, and high voltage
drops.
The positive cable is normally red and the negative cable is black.
The positive cable fastens to the battery and the starter solenoid or relay. The
negative cable fastens to a good ground on the engine block or chassis.

Battery Cable
 Battery Hold- Downs-All batteries must be held securely in the vehicle to
prevent the possibility of shorting across the terminals if they move or fall.
Normal vibrations cause the plates to shed their active materials. Hold-downs
reduce the amount of vibration and help increase the life of the battery. Battery
hold-downs are made of metal or plastic.

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 Battery Hold- Downs
 Heat Shield-Some vehicles have a heat shield made of plastic or another
metal to protect the battery from high under hood temperatures. While heat
shields do not need to be removed for most testing and inspection procedures,
they must be removed and then correctly installed during battery replacement.

Vehicles operating in extremely cold climates may have a battery

blanket or heater to keep the battery warm.

BATERRY DESIGNS

In many lead acid batteries, the grids are made of lead alloyed with
approximately 6% antimony for strength. Antimony added to the lead grids acts as a
catalyst but makes gassing worse (the loss of hydrogen and oxygen during use). In
this case, frequent water replenishing is required.
1. Maintenance free and Low maintenance batteries- Most batteries sold and
installed today are either low-maintenance or free maintenance batteries. A
maintenance-free battery is similar in design to a conventional battery, but many of
the components have thicker construction. Different, more durable materials are used
in low-maintenance batteries and the amount of antimony is reduced to about 3%. In
maintenance-free batteries, the antimony is eliminated and replaced with calcium or
strontium. This reduces both the batteries internal heat and the amount of
gassing that occurs during charging. Since heat and gassing are the principal reasons
for battery water loss, these changes reduce or eliminate the need to periodically add
water. Maintenance-free battery has about 20% higher cold cranking power rating
than a comparably sized conventional battery. Maintenance-free batteries are
equipped with small gas vents that prevent gas pressure build-up in the case. Water is
never added to these batteries.
Low-maintenance batteries are still equipped with vent holes and caps, which allow
water to be added to the cells. A low-maintenance battery requires additional water
substantially less often than a conventional battery.

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Untiveros, Karen P.
 Construction of a maintenance -free battery
2. Hybrid Batteries- A hybrid battery can withstand six deep cycles and still retain
100% of its original reserve capacity. The grid construction of a hybrid battery
consists of approximately 2.75% antimony alloy on the positive plates and a calcium
alloy on the negative plates. This allows the battery to with stand deep cycling while
retaining reserved capacity for improved cranking performance. Also, the use of
antimony alloys reduces grid growth, corrosion, and water loss.
Grid construction differs from other batteries in that the plates have a lug
located near the center of the grid. In addition, the vertical and horizontal grid bars are
arranged in a radial design. With this grid design, current has less resistance and a
shorter path to follow, which means the battery is capable of providing more current
at a faster rate.
The separators used are constructed of glass covered with a resin or fiber glass.
The separators offer low electrical resistance with high resistance to chemical
contamination. This type of construction provides for increased cranking performance
and battery life.

Hybrid battery grid and separator construction

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3.Recombination Batteries- This battery is a completely sealed maintenance-free
battery that uses electrolyte in gel form. In a gel-cell battery, gassing is minimized
and vents are not needed.
During charging, the negative plates never reach a fully-charged condition
and therefore cause little or no release of hydrogen. Oxygen is released at the positive
plates, but it passes through the separators and recombines with the negative plates.
Because the oxygen released by the electrolyte is forced to recombine with the
negative plates, these batteries are called recombination batteries.

4.Absorbed Glass Mat Batteries (AGM) -The electrolyte in these batteries is held in
moistened fiber glass matting instead of existing as a liquid or gel. The matting is
sandwiched between the battery’s lead plates, where it also serves as a vibration
dampener.
Rolls of high-purity lead plates are tightly compressed into six spiral
wound-cells. The plates are separated by acid-permeated vitreous separators. Vitreous
separators absorb acid the same way a paper towel absorbs water. A small amount of
silver is added to the plates and some sodium sulfate is added to the electrolyte.
Each of the six spiral cells is enclosed in its own cylinder within the battery
case, forming a sealed, closed system that resembles a six-pack of soda. During
normal use, hydrogen and oxygen within the battery are captured and recombined to
form the water supply within the bound electrolyte, eliminating the need to over add
water to the battery.
Even if cracked, broken, or punctured, AGM batteries will never leak. These
batteries have also short recharging times and low internal resistance, which provides
increased output. AGM batteries also have exceptional durability in both high heat
and subzero climates.

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BATTERY TYPES

1. Primary Cell: The chemical reaction totally destroys one of the metals
after a period of time. Small batteries for flashlights and radios are primary
cells.
2. Secondary Cells: The metals and acid mixture change as the battery
supplies voltage. The metals become similar, the acid strength weakens.
This is called discharging. By applying current to the battery in the
opposite direction, the battery materials can be restored. This is called
charging. Automotive lead- acid batteries are secondary cells.
3. Wet- Charged: The lead- acid battery is filled with electrolyte and charge
when it is built. During storage, a slow chemical reaction will cause self-
discharge. Periodic charging is required. For Toyota batteries, this is every
5 to 7 months.
4. Dry- Charged: The battery is built, charged, washed and dried, sealed,
and shipped without electrolyte. It can be stored for 12 to 18 months.
When put into use, it requires adding electrolyte and charging.
5. Low- Maintenance: Most batteries for Toyota vehicles are considered
low maintenance batteries. Such batteries are built to reduce internal heat
and water loss. The addition of water should only be required every 15,000
miles or so.

Chemical Reaction in the Battery

The battery is a lead-acid storage battery. The chemicals in it are sponge
lead (a solid), lead peroxide (a paste), and sulfuric acid (a liquid). These three
substances can react chemically to produce a flow of current. The lead oxide and
sponge lead are held in plate grids to form the positive and negative plates. The grids
are made of lead with other elements, such as calcium, added.
A chemical reaction between active materials on the positive and
negative plates and the acid in the electrolyte produces electrical energy. When a
battery discharges, lead in the lead peroxide of the positive plate combines with the
sulfate radical (SO4) to form lead sulfate (PbSO4).

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 Discharging process (a bulb consumes electricity from battery)

A similar reaction takes place at the negative plate. In this plate, Lead
(Pb) combines with sulfate (SO4) to also form lead sulfate (PbSO4).
As the chemical reaction occurs, the oxygen from the lead peroxide and
the hydrogen from the sulfuric acid combine to form water (H2O). During discharge,
the electrolyte becomes weaker and the positive and negative plates become like one
another. Since the charge of a battery depends on the difference between the two plate
materials and the concentration of the electrolyte and this difference decreases during
discharging, the battery loses power.
The recharging process is just the reverse of the discharging process.
Electricity from an outside source such as the vehicle’s generator (alternator) or a
battery recharger is forced into the battery. The lead sulfate (PbSO4) on both plates
saperate into lead (Pb) and sulfate (SO4). As the sulfate leaves both plates, it
combines with hydrogen in the electrolyte to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4). At the same
time, the oxygen (O2) in the electrolyte combines with the lead (Pb) at the positive
plate to form lead peroxide (PbO2). As a result, the negative plate returns to its
original form of lead (Pb), and the positive plate reverts to lead peroxide.

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Untiveros, Karen P.
 Recharging process

An unsealed battery gradually loses water due to its conversion into

hydrogen and oxygen. These gases escape into the atmosphere through the vent caps.
If the lost water is not replaced, the level of the electrolyte falls below the tops of the
plates. This results in a high concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte and
permits the exposed material of the plates to dry and harden. In this situation,
premature failure of the battery is certain. The electrolyte level in the battery must be
checked frequently.

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 SELF-CHECK

MULTIPLE CHOICE.

DIRECTIONS
1. Read each statement carefully.
2. This is a multiple choice type of test. Choose the correct or the best answer and
write ONLY THE LETTER that corresponds to your choice on the space provided
before each item.
3. Avoid erasures, make your module neat and clean. Good luck!

_________1. An unsealed battery D. wet cell battery

gradually loses _____ due to its
_____3. The battery uses _______ to
conversion into hydrogen and oxygen.
produce electricity.
A. power
A. water
B. gas
B. electrolyte
C. temperature
C. liquid
D. water
D. chemicals
_____2. It supplies electric current to
_____4. The cells inside a battery are
operate the starting motor and ignition
connected in______.
system while starting the engine.
A. parallel
A. alternator
B. series-parallel
B. battery
C. series
C. dry cell battery
D. vertical
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 _____5. The positive terminal is
always ________ in diameter
_____9. Color of cables for battery
compared to the negative terminal.
positive terminal are usually
A. smaller
A. black
B. the same
B. blue
C. bigger
C. green
D. slightly
D. red
_____10. Maintenance-free battery has
_____6. The normal 12 volts battery about _____ higher cold cranking
cable size power rating
A. gauges 4 or 5 than a comparably sized conventional
battery.
B. gauges 4 or 6
A. 15 %
C. gauges 6 or 8
B. 20 %
D. gauges 10 or 12
C. 25 %
_____7. The loss of hydrogen
and oxygen during use D. 30 %
A. evaporation
B. gassing
C. drying
D. discharging
_____8. Battery terminals are
designed and constructed with different
diameter
A. because battery clamps are different
in sizes also
B. to make installation faster
C. for better connection
D. to minimize the danger of installing
the cables in reverse the polarity

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 INFORMATION SHEET LO1-2
BATTERY RATING METHODS and SIZE SELECTION

Rating Methods

The BCI (Battery Council International) rates batteries according to

reserve capacity and cold-cranking power. When replacing a battery, always refer
to an application chart to select the battery with the correct BCI group number.
Vehicle options, such as air conditioning and a number of major electrical accessories,
may indicate the need for an optional heavy-duty battery with a higher rating. To
handle cranking power and the vehicle’s other electrical needs, the replacement
battery should never have a lower rating than the original battery.
1. Reserve Capacity (RC)-A reserve capacity rating represents the approximate time
in minutes it is possible to travel at night with battery ignition and minimum electrical
load, but without a charging system in operation. The time in minutes is based on a
current draw of 25 amperes while maintaining a minimum battery terminal voltage of
10.5 volts (for 12 volts batteries) at 80 F (26.7C). A battery with a reserve capacity of
100 would be able to deliver 25 amperes for 100 minutes before the voltage would
drop below 10.5 volts. This rating represents the electrical load that must be supplied
by the battery in the event of a charging system failure.

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 2. Ampere-Hour Rating- The ampere-hour rating is the amount of steady current
that a fully charged battery can supply for 20 hours at 80 F (26.7 C) without the cell
voltage falling below 1-75 volts or10.5 volts at the terminals. For example, if a battery
can be discharged for 20 hours at a rate of 4.0amperes before its terminal voltage
reads 10.5 volts, it would have a rating of 80 ampere-hours.
3.Cold Cranking Amperes (CCA)- A cold cranking amperes rating specifies the
minimum amperes available at 0 F (-17.7 C) and at -20 F (-28.8 C). CCA is the
common standard for low-maintenance batteries. The ampere-hour rating is no longer
used except with some imported vehicles. The CCA allows cranking capability to be
related to such significant variables as engine displacement, compression ratio,
temperature, cranking time, condition of engine and electrical system, and lowest
practical voltage for cranking and ignition. The rating indicates the amperes that a
fully charged battery will maintain for 30 seconds without the terminal voltage falling
below 7.2 volts fora 12volt battery. The cold-cranking rating is given in total
amperage and is identified as 300 CCA,400 CCA and so on. The usual range for
passenger cars and light trucks is between 300 and 600CCA. Some batteries have a
rating as high as 1,100 CCA.

Size Selection
Besides selecting a battery based on capacity and rating, the proper battery
is also one that fits. The battery should fit the battery holding fixture and the hold
down must be able to be installed. It is also important that the height of the battery not
allow the terminals to short across the vehicle’s hood when it is closed. BCI group
numbers are normally given on the battery and are used to indicate the physical size
and other features of the battery. The size of the battery does not always indicate the
current capacity of a battery.
The label may also include the date the battery was shipped from the
manufacturer. This information may also appear on a label on the side of the battery.
The letter on the label corresponds with the month, starting with A for January, B for
February and so on. The letter I is skipped so September is for letter J. The number
represents the year, with 8 standing for 1998,1 for 2001 and so on.

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 BCI battery group numbers (indicate the size and features of battery)

SELF-CHECK
IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify what is being asked in each statement. Write your answer in
capital letters on the space provided before each item. Avoid erasures. Good luck!

__________________________1. It rates batteries according to reserve capacity

and cold-cranking power.
__________________________2. This battery rating represents the approximate time
in minutes it is possible to travel at night with battery ignition and minimum electrical
load, but without a charging system in operation.
__________________________3. The amount of steady current that a fully
charged battery can supply for 20hours at 80 F (26.7 C) without the cell voltage
falling below 1-75 volts or 10.5 volts at the terminals.
__________________________4. Battery rating which is the common standard for
low-maintenance batteries.
__________________________5. It pertains to the length, width, and height of the
battery.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 INFORMATION SHEET LO1-3
HAZARDS, SAFE HANDLING AND BATTERY ROUTINE INSPECTION
The potential dangers caused by the sulfuric acid in the electrolyte and
the explosive gases generated during battery charging require that battery service
and troubleshooting must be conducted under absolute safe working conditions.
Sulfuric acid also cause severe skin burns. If electrolyte contacts your skin
or eyes, flush the area with water for several minutes. When eye contact occurs, force
your eyelid open. Always have a bottle of neutralizing eye wash on hand and flush the
affected areas with it. Do not rub skin or eyes affected.

Careless use of charger caused this battery to explode

When a battery is charging or discharging, it gives off quantities of highly

explosive hydrogen gas. Some hydrogen gas is present in the battery at all times. Any
flame or spark can ignite this gas, causing the battery to explode violently, propelling

Date Developed: Document No.

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Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
the vent caps at a high velocity and spraying acid in a wide area. To prevent this
dangerous situation, take the following precautions:
 Do not smoke near the top of a battery; and never use a lighter or match as a
flashlight
 Remove wrist watches and rings before servicing any part of the electrical
system. This helps to prevent the possibility of electrical arcing and burns.
 Even sealed, maintenance-free batteries have vents and can produce
dangerous quantities of hydrogen if severely overcharged.
 Always disconnect the battery’s ground cable when working on the electrical
system or engine.
 A battery that has been overworked should be allowed to cool down and
let air circulate around it before attempting to jump-start the vehicle.
 Never connect or disconnect charger leads when the charger is turned ON.
Doing so generates a dangerous spark.
 Never lay metal tools or other objects on the battery. Short circuit across the
terminal can result.
 Improper connection of charger cables to the battery can reverse the current
flow and damage the generator.
 When removing a battery from a vehicle, always disconnect the battery
ground cable first. When installing, connect the ground cable last.
 Never reverse the polarity of the battery connections. All vehicles use
negative ground. Reversing the polarity will adversely damage the alternator
and circuit wirings.
 Never attempt to use a fast charger as a boost to start the engine.
 Never try to charge a battery that has ice in the cells. Passing current through
a frozen battery can cause it to rupture or explode.
 Never force-charge a dead battery. It may explode
 Acid from the battery damages vehicle’s paint and metal surfaces and harms
shop equipment. Immediately neutralize any electrolyte spills during
servicing

CONDUCTING A ROUTINE INSPECTION

 Visually inspect the battery cover and case for dirt and grease.
 Check the electrolyte level. When adding water to the cells, use distilled or
clean, soft water. Fill each cell to just above the top of the plates.
 Inspect the case for cracks, loose terminal posts, and other signs of physical
damage.
 Check for missing cell plug covers and caps.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
  Inspect all cables for broken or corroded wires, frayed insulation, or loose or
damaged connectors.
 Visually check battery terminals, cable connectors, metal parts, hold-downs,
and trays for corrosion damage or build up.
 Check the heat shield for proper installation on vehicles equipped with

SELF-CHECK
TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Read and analyze each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement
is CORRECT, and write FALSE if it is WRONG. Write your answer on the space
provided before each item. Good luck!

________1. If electrolyte contacts your skin or eyes, flush the area with water for
several minutes.
________2. Careless use of charger can cause battery to EXPLODE
________3. Maintenance-free batteries do not produce dangerous quantities of
hydrogen if severely over charged.
________4. Battery cables can be disconnected and connected whichever comes first.
________5. Battery chargers can be disconnected even when it is still ON.
________6. Battery chargers can be used to start an engine.
________7. A dead battery can still be used by charging it for many hours.
________8. Each cell of the battery must be filled below the plates.
________9. All clear water can be used on batteries.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
_________10. Sulfuric acid in the battery is not potentially dangerous since it is only
a liquid.

INFORMATION SHEET LO1-4

FACTOR AFFECTING BATTERY LIFE
All storage batteries have a limited services life, but many conditions can decrease
service life.
 Improper electrolyte levels- With non-sealed batteries, water should be the
only portion of the electrolyte lost due to evaporation during hot weather and
gassing during charging. Maintaining and adequate electrolyte level is the
basic step in extending battery life for these designs.

 Temperature-Batteries do not work well when they are cold. At 0 F, a battery

is only capable of working at 40% of its capacity. Like everything else, the
electrons find it hard to move when they are cold. Also in the cold, the
engine’s oil is thicker and is harder to crank the engine; therefore, the demands
on the starter and battery are much higher. There is a possibility that the
battery will freeze when it is low on charge and subjected to very cold
weather. When the weather is extremely hot, the electrons get hyperactive and
there is a possibility of boiling over as the electrons move rapidly. Plus, at
high temperatures, the water tends to evaporate and heat causes the positive
plate grids to corrode more rapidly. Batteries used in hot climates need to have
their electrolyte level checked often and distilled water added if necessary.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 Corrosion- Battery corrosion is commonly caused by spilled electrolyte or
electrolyte condensation from gassing. In either case, the sulfuric acid from
the electrolyte corrodes, attacks, and can destroy not only connectors and
terminals but hold-down straps and the battery tray as well.

Corroded connections increase resistance at the battery terminal, which

reduces the applied voltage to the vehicle’s electrical system. Corrosion on the
battery cover can also create a path of current, which allow the battery to
slowly discharge. Finally, corrosion can totally destroy the hold-down straps
and battery tray, which can result to physical damage to the battery.

 Overcharging- Batteries can be overcharged by either the vehicle’s charging

system or a battery charger. In either case, the result is a violent chemical
reaction within the battery that causes a loss of water in the cells. This can
permanently reduce the capacity of the battery. Overcharging can also cause
excessive heat, which oxidize the positive plates grid material and even buckle
the plates, resulting in a loss of cell capacity and early battery failure.

 Undercharge/Sulfation- The vehicle’s charging system might not

fully recharge the battery due to a stop-and-go driving or a fault in the
charging system. In these cases, the battery operates in a partially discharged
condition. A battery in this condition will become sulfated when the sulfate
normally formed on the plates becomes dense, hard, and chemically
irreversible. This happens because the sulfate has been allowed to remain in
the plates for a long period.

Sulfation of the plates causes two problems: First, it lowers the specific
gravity levels and increases the danger of freezing at low temperatures.
Second, in cold weather, a sulfated battery often fails to crank the engine
because of its lack of reserve power.

 Poor mounting- Loose hold-down straps allow the battery to vibrate or

bounce during vehicle operation. This vibration can shake the active materials
off the grid plates, severely shortening battery life. It can also loosen the plate
connections to the plate strap, loosen cable connections, or even crack the
battery case.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 SELF-CHECK
Answer the following questions:

1. How can you extend the life of non-sealed batteries?

2. What are the two causes of battery electrolyte level getting low?

3. How does temperature affect battery performance?

4. Why corrosion prevents conduct of electricity?

5. What are the causes of sulfation?

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
Everything in real life
typically moves in some
type of arcing motion. Since
it's unnatural for people to
move in straight lines, you
should adhere to
this principle of animation
to ensure you get smooth,
realistic movements.
The quicker something
moves, the flatter the arc
and the broader the turn.
Date Developed: Document No.
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Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
The only time something
would move in a perfectly
straight line is a
robot.
If a character is turning his
head, he will dip his head
down during the turn
to create an arcing motion.
You also want to ensure that
more subtle
things move in arcs. For
example, when a character
walks, even the tips

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
of their toes should move in
a rounded, arcing motion.
There’s a lot of squash and
stretch happening in real life
that you may not
notice. For instance, there’s
a lot of squash and stretch
that occur in the
face when someone speaks
because the face is a very
flexible area. In
animation, this can be
exaggerated. Squash and
stretch can be
Date Developed: Document No.
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
implemented in many
different areas of animation
to add comical effect or
more appeal, like for the
eyes during a blink or when
someone gets
surprised or scared.

Learning Outcome # 2 Testing Automotive Battery

CONTENTS:
 Servicing Automotive Battery
ASSESMENT CRITERIA

1. Different method of battery testing will perform

2. Battery is tested without causing damage to workplace, property, or
vehicle.
3. Correct information is accessed and interpreted
4. Appropriate test equipment is selected and used
5. Tests are performed and results are analyzed
6. Personal safety is observed
Date Developed: Document No.
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Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 LEARNING CONTENTS

1.Different methods of battery testing

2.Testing tools and equipment
3.Procedure in testing batteries
4.Personal safety in testing battery

ASSESMENT METHOD:
4. Oral Questioning
5. Written Test
6. Demonstration

INFORMATION SHEET LO2-1

SAFETY IN TESTING BATTERIES

Personal Safety

Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal
protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms
to your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include:
 Work clothing- such as coveralls and steel-capped footwear
Date Developed: Document No.
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Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
  Eye protection- such as safety glasses and face masks
 Ear protection- such as earmuffs and earplugs
 Hand protection - such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
 Respiratory equipment - such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.

Safety check
 Make sure that the hood is secure with a hood stay rod.
 Always make sure that you wear the appropriate personal protection
equipment before starting the job. Remember that batteries contain acid and it
is very easy to hurt yourself even when the most exhaustive protection
measures are taken.
 Always make sure that your work area/environment is as safe as you can make
it. Do not use damaged, broken or work out workshop equipment.
 Always follow any manufacturer's personal safety instructions to prevent
damage to the vehicle you are working on.
 Make sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety
procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure of what
these are, ask your supervisor.

Points to note
 Batteries come in many sizes and power ratings, so always check the rating of
the battery you are servicing. The rating provides a testing benchmark for
battery performance.
 The hydrometer used to measure the specific gravity of the electrolyte must be
handled carefully and safely.
 Store the hydrometer in a safe receptacle before and after use. Small amounts
of electrolyte in the hydrometer can leak out and damage the
vehicle paintwork.
 Do not remove electrolyte from one cell to another when testing; this will
cause incorrect readings

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 SELF-CHECK
TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Read and analyze each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the
statement is CORRECT, and write FALSE if it is WRONG. Write your answer on the
space provided before each item. Good luck!

________1. Safety is everybody’s concern.

Date Developed: Document No.
Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 ________2. Working with batteries don’t need much attention.

________3. Manufacturer’s personal safety instructions are important especially

when working with hazardous materials.

________4. The hydrometer is used to measure voltage in each cell.

________5. Working with batteries can always be done in any workplace situation.

OPERATION SHEET LO2-1

CONDUCTING A VISUAL INSPECTION

Visual Inspection

Battery service should begin with a thorough visual inspection. This may reveal
simple, easily corrected problems, or problems that might require battery replacement.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
1. Check for cracks in the battery case and for broken terminals. Either may allow
electrolyte leakage. The battery must be replaced.
2. Check for cracked or broken cables or connections. Replaces, as needed.
3. Check for corrosion on terminals and dirt or acid on the case top. Clean the
terminals and case top with a mixture of water and baking soda or ammonia. A wire
brush is needed for heavy corrosion on the terminals.
4. Check for loose battery hold-down and loose cable connections. Tighten, as
needed.
5. Check the level of electrolyte. The level can be viewed through the translucent
plastic case or by removing the vent caps and looking directly into each cell. The
proper level is 1/2 above the separators. If necessary, add distilled water to each low
cell. Avoid overfilling. When water is added, always charge the battery to make sure
the water and acid mix.
6. Check for cloudy or discolored electrolyte caused by overcharging or vibration.
This could cause high self- discharge. The problem should be corrected and the
battery replaced.
7. Check the condition of plates and separators. Plates should alternate dark (+) and
light (-). If all are light, severe undercharging indicated. Cracked separators may
allow shorts. The battery should be replaced. An undercharging problem should be
corrected.
8. Check the tension and condition of the alternator drive belt. A loose belt must be
tightened. It will prevent proper charging. A belt too tight will reduce alternator life. It
should be loosened to specs. A frayed or glazed belt will fail during operation.
Replace it.
Note: Approved Equipment tension gauge:
Nippondenso, BTG-20(SST) borrughs bt-33-73F

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
9. Check for battery drain or parasitic loads using an ammeter. Connect the ammeter
in series between the battery negative terminal and ground cable connector. Toyota
vehicles typically show less than. 020 amp of current to maintain electronic
memories….. a reading of more than .035 amp is unacceptable. If the ammeter reads
more than .025 amp, locate and correct the cause of excessive battery drain.

10. Check for battery discharge across the top of the battery using a voltmeter. Select
the low voltage scale lead to the battery’s negative post, and connect the positive(red)
test lead to the top of the battery case. If the meter reading is more than 0.5 volt, clean
the case top using a solution of baking soda and water.

ORAL INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS SATISFACTORY
RESPONSE
YES NO

Q1. When servicing batteries, what must you do first to

be able to easily trace the problem.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 Q2. Why do you need to charge the battery after adding
water?
Q3. What is meant by parasitic loads and battery
drain?
Q4. How to check battery discharge across the top of
the battery?
Q5. How does an alternator belt affect battery
charging?
The Candidate’s underpinning knowledge was:
Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
Feedback to Candidate:

Trainee’s Signature: Date:

Assessor’s Signature: Date:

INFORMATION SHEET LO2-2

METHODS OF BATTERY TESTING

Testing batteries is an important part of electrical system service. Depending on the de

sign of thebattery, state of charge and capacity can be determined in several ways.
INFORMATION SHEET LO2-2A

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
  Specific Gravity Test-On unsealed batteries, the specific gravity of the
electrolyte can be measured to give a fairly good indication of the battery’s
state of charge. A hydrometer consists of a glass tube or barrel, rubber bulb,
rubber tube, and a glass float or hydrometer with scale built into its upper
stem. The glass tube encases the float and forms a reservoir for the test
electrolyte. Squeezing the bulb pulls electrolyte into the reservoir.
When filled with test electrolyte, the sealed hydrometer float bobs
in the electrolyte. The glass float sinks in the test electrolyte indicates its
relative weight compared to water. The reading is taken off the scale by
sighting along the level of the electrolyte.

Hydro Meters

A. When the scale sinks in the electrolyte the specific gravity is low.
B. When it floats high, the specific gravity is high.

The electrolyte of a fully charged battery is usually about 64% water and
36% sulfuric acid, which corresponds to a specific gravity of 1.270. Specific gravity
is the weight of a given volume of any liquid divided by the weight of an equal
volume of water. Pure water has a specific gravity of 1.000 while battery electrolyte
should have a specific gravity of 1.260 to 1.280 at 80F (26.7C). In other words, the
electrolyte should be 1.260 to 1.280 times heavier than water.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 Specific gravity of electrolyte decreases as the battery discharges. This is w
hy measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte with a hydrometer can be a good
indicator of how much charge a battery has lost. The table below lists specific gravity
readings in various stages of charge with respect to a battery’s ability to crank an
engine at a temperature of 80F (26.7C).

ELECTROLYTE SPECIFIC GRAVITY AS RELATED TO CHANGE

Specific Gravity Percentage of Charge
1.265 100%
1.225 75%
1.190 50%
1.155 25%
1.120 or lower Discharged

On some sealed maintenance-free batteries, a special temperature-compensated

hydrometer is built into the battery cover.

Date Developed: Document No.

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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 A quick visual check indicates the battery’s state of charge. It is important
when observing the hydrometer that the battery has a clean top to see the correct
indication. A flashlight maybe required in dark areas. Always look straight down
when viewing the hydrometer.

SELF- CHECK

MATCHING TYPE

Direction: Match the concepts found in column A with the corresponding

words of technical terms found in column B. Choose your answer by writing

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 the letter only on the space provided before each item. Write your answer in
capital letters. Good luck!

Column A Column B
1.Used to read specific gravity of a A. 64% sulfuric acid
battery and 36% water
2.The scale sinks in the electrolyte B. high specific gravity
3.The scale floats high C. hydrometer
4.Electrolyte composition of a fully- D. 1.265
charged battery.
5.Specific gravity of a fully charged E. Specific gravity
battery. tester
6.Specific gravity of pure water F. 1.290
7.Specific gravity of a half-charged G. Low Specific
battery gravity
8.low level electrolyte H. 64%water and 36%
sulfuric acid
9. 65% to 100% state of charge I. 1.500
J. 1.000
K.1.190
L.1.019
M. green
N. clear
O. dark

OPERATION SHEET LO2-2A

CONDUCTING A SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST USING A HYDROMETER

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
Things you will need:
 Safety goggles
 Rubber gloves
 Flat screwdriver
 Battery hydrometer
 Distilled water

1. Step 1 Disconnect the negative lead on your battery, then disconnect the positive
one.
2. Step 2 Put on safety goggles and rubber gloves. Using a flat screwdriver, pry open
the cover on your first cell. The covers are round pieces of plastic inserted into the top
of your battery. If you have a maintenance free battery, the covers to the cells are
hidden beneath the paper labeling on the top of your battery.
3.Step 3 Insert the tube or syringe part of your battery hydrometer into the liquid in
the cell. Depending on what type of hydrometer you have, you will either squeeze and
release the bulb at the end to draw liquid into the body of the hydrometer, or you will
operate it like a syringe and pull the plunger up to draw liquid. Draw liquid into the
hydrometer until you see the float in the body (usually a colored plastic ball) begin to
rise. Note the reading on the gauge or scale printed on the side of the hydrometer, then
release the liquid back into the cell.

4.Step 4 Repeat step 3 for all of the cells in your battery, drawing in liquid until the
ball floats, and noting the measurement on the side. A good battery will only have a
difference of 0.5 ml between the measurements from all the cells. A bad cell will
exceed that difference.
5.Step 5 Add a small amount of distilled water (no more than a cap full at a time) to
the bad cell, and test it with the battery hydrometer again. Keep adding water and
testing until the float measurement is within the acceptable range.
Date Developed: Document No.
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Untiveros, Karen P.
 Temperature correction (see example)

TEMPERATURE CORRECTION: The specific gravity changes with temperature.

Heat thins the liquid, and lowers the specific gravity. Cold thickens the liquid, and
raises the specific gravity. Hydrometers are accurate at 80-F (26.7°C). If the
electrolyte is at any other temperature, the hydrometer readings must be adjusted.
Most hydrometers have a built-in thermometer and conversion chart. Refer to the
temperature correction chart. For each 1 O'F (5.5°C) above 80°F (26.7°C), ADD
0.004 to your reading

CHECKING SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR BATTERY WITH BUILT-IN

HYDROMETER

Date Developed: Document No.

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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 ANALYZING SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST RESULT

ORAL INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS SATISFACTORY
RESPONSE
YES NO

Q1. Why negative lead or cable is always disconnected

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
first and connected last?
Q2. In a maintenance- free battery, how can you remove
the cell covers for you to be able to measure the specific
gravity?
Q3. When can you say that a battery must be replaced
based on the specific gravity test result?
Q4. When the temperature changes, what will happen to
the gravity of the electrolyte?
Q5. How do you know if a battery has a built- in
hydrometer?
The Candidate’s underpinning knowledge was:
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Feedback to Candidate:

Trainee’s Signature: Date:

Assessor’s Signature: Date:

INFORMATION SHEET LO2-2B

Open Circuit Voltage Test - An open circuit voltage check can be used as a
substitute for the hydrometer specific gravity test. As the battery is charged or
discharged, slight changes occur in the battery’s voltage. So battery voltage
with no load applied can give some indication of the state of charge.
Date Developed: Document No.
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 The battery’s temperature should be between 60 and 100F (15.5 and 37.7C.
The voltage must be allowed to stabilize for at least ten minutes with no load applied.
On vehicles with high drains (vehicles with parasitic loads: clocks, computer controls,
and other accessories that use small amount of current), it may be necessary to
disconnect the battery ground cable. On batteries that have just been recharged, apply
a heavy load for 15 seconds to remove the surface charge. Then allow the battery to
stabilize. Once voltage has stabilized, use a voltmeter to measure the battery voltage
to the nearest one-tenth of a volt.

Measuring open circuit voltage across battery terminals using a Voltmeter

BATTERY OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE AS AN INDICATOR OF STATE OF

CHARGE
Open Circuit Voltage State of Charge State of Charge
12.6 or greater 100%
12.4 to 12.6 75% - 100%
12.2 to 12.4 50%-75%

12.0 to 12.2 25% - 50%

11.7 to 12.0 0 to 25 %
11.7 or less 0% 0%

If the open circuit voltage test indicates a charge of below 75% of full
charge, recharge the battery and perform capacity test to determine battery condition.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 OPERATION SHEET L02-2B
CONDUCTING OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE TEST

OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE - A digital voltmeter must be used to check the

battery's open-circuit voltage. Analog meters are not accurate and cannot be used.
1. Turn on the headlamps' high beam for several minutes to remove any surface
charge.
Date Developed: Document No.
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
2.Turn headlamps off, and connect the digital voltmeter across the battery terminals.
3.Read the voltmeter. A fully charged battery will have an open-circuit voltage of
12.6 volts. On the other hand, a totally dead battery will have an open-circuit voltage
of less than 12.0 volts.

Note: If the battery is 12.4v or higher, proceed to heavy load test. If the battery is less
than 12.4v, the battery must be fully recharged before testing. Be sure to remove the
surface charge completely; this is the number one mistake technicians make. If need
be, place a load tester on the battery and load the battery for 10 seconds at
approximately 200 amps. Allow a few minutes for the battery to recover then measure
the open circuit voltage. This should remove the surface charge and allow an accurate
open circuit voltage measurement. (Remember: a reading of 12.4 volts or higher load
test the battery, 12.3 volts or less, recharge the battery.)

ORAL INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS SATISFACTORY
RESPONSE
YES NO

Q1. Why do you need to apply a heavy load for at least 15

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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 seconds on a newly recharged battery before performing an
open circuit voltage test?
Q2. If you have taken an open circuit voltage of 11.9 or
lower, what is the state of charge of the battery?
Q3. What type of volt meter is best to use in taking open
circuit voltage?
Q4. In conducting open circuit voltage, when do you need
to load test the battery and when do you need to recharge
it?
Q5. What is the setting of the instrument when measuring
open circuit voltage for automotive batteries?
The Candidate’s underpinning knowledge was:
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Feedback to Candidate:

Trainee’s Signature: Date:

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INFORMATION SHEET LO2-2C

Battery Leakage Test- To perform a battery leakage test, set a voltmeter on a low
DC volt range. Connect the negative test lead to the battery negative terminal. Then
move the positive lead across the top and sides of the battery case. If some voltage
is read on the voltmeter, current is leaking out of the battery cells. The battery should
be cleaned, then rechecked. If the battery again has some leakage, it should be
replaced because the case is excessively porous or cracked.
Date Developed: Document No.
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 Conducting a battery leakage test

ORAL INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS SATISFACTORY
RESPONSE
YES NO

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 Q1. What is the setting of the volunteer in conducting
battery leakage test?
Q2. If you have taken an open circuit voltage of 11.9 or
lower, what is the state of charge of the battery?
Q3. When do you need to replace the battery, performing
the voltage leakage test?
The Candidate’s underpinning knowledge was:

Satisfactory Not Satisfactory

Feedback to Candidate:

Trainee’s Signature: Date:

Assessor’s Signature: Date:

INFORMATION SHEET LO2-2D

Capacity Test -The load or capacity test determines how well any type of battery,
sealed or unsealed, functions under a load. In other words, it determines the battery's
ability to furnish starting current and still maintain sufficient voltage to operate the
ignition system.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 The load or capacity test can be performed with the battery either in or out of
the vehicle. The battery must be at or very near a full state of charge. For best results,
the electrolyte should be as close to 80F (26.7C) as possible. Cold batteries show
considerably lower capacity. Never load test a sealed battery if its temperature is
below 60 F (15.5C).

OPERATION SHEET L02-2D

CONDUCTING A BATTERY LOAD/CAPACITY TEST
Procedure:
1. Connect the tester as illustrated. The inductive pick-up (GREEN) must surround the
negative cable of the tester itself.

Typical tester hook-up for conducting a battery load/ capacity test

2. Observe the correct polarity and make sure the test leads are making good contacts
with the battery posts.
3. Turn the lead control knob (if the tester is equipped) to draw current at the rate of
three times the battery’s ampere- hour rating or ½ (one half) of its CCA rating.
4. Maintain the load for 15 seconds. Observe the tester's voltmeter.
5. Discontinue the load after 15 seconds of current draw.
6. At 70F (21c) or above or on testers that are temperature compensated, voltage at
the end one table below to determine the adjusted minimum voltage reading for a
particular temperature.

MINIMUM LOAD TEST VOLTAGES AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE

Date Developed: Document No.

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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 Battery Temperature(F) Minimum Test Voltage
70F (21C) 9.6 VOLTS (GOOD)
60 (15.5C) 9.5 VOLTS (DEFECTIVE)
50 (10C) 9.4 VOLTS (DEFECTIVE)
40(4.4C) 9.3VOLTS (DEFECTIVE)
30(.1C) 9.1VOLTS (DEFECTIVE)
26 (6.6C) 8.9 VOLTS (DEFECTIVE)
10(12.2C) 8.7VOLTS (DEFECTIVE)
0 (-17.7C) 8.5 VOLTS (DEFECTIVE)

How to interpret the result

If the voltage reading exceeds the specification by a volt or more, the battery
is supplying sufficient current with a good margin of safety. If the reading is right on
the spec, the battery might not have the reserve necessary to handle cranking during
low temperatures. If the battery was at 75% charge and fell right on load
specifications, it is probably in good shape.
If the voltage reads below the temperature-corrected minimum, continue to
observe the voltmeter of the tester after removing the load. If it rises 12.4 volts, the
battery is bad. It can hold a charge but has insufficient cold cranking amperes (CCA).
The battery can be recharged and retested, but the results are likely to be the same.
If the voltage tests below the minimum and the voltmeter does not rise above
12.4 volts when the load is removed, the problem may only be a low state of charge.
Recharge the battery and load test again.
If a volt- ampere tester is not available, the starter motor can be used as a
loading device to conduct a capacity test. By observing a voltage reading before and
after the starting motor has run, the condition of the battery can be determined.
Connect the voltmeter across the battery. Make sure the ignition is disabled to prevent
engine starting.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 SELF-CHECK
TRUE OR FALSE

Directions
Read and analyze each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is
CORRECT, and write
Date Developed: Document No.
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Morado, Alexandra O.
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
FALSE if it is WRONG. Write your answer on the space provided before each item.
Good luck!

________1. It determines the battery's ability to furnish starting current and still
maintain sufficient voltage to operate the ignition system.
_______2. The load or capacity test can be performed with the battery either in or
out of the vehicle.
_______3. Never load test a sealed battery if its temperature is below 80 F.
_______ 4. Do not disconnect the ignition system when conducting battery load /
capacity test using the starter motor as a loading device.
_______5. If the voltage reading exceeds the specification by a volt or more, the
battery is not supplying sufficient current.

ORAL INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS SATISFACTORY
RESPONSE
YES NO

Q1. If the voltage tests below the minimum and the

volunteer does not rise above 12.4 volts when the load is

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
removed, what will you do to the battery for a more reliable
test result?
Q2. When can you say that the battery is good, performing
the battery load/ capacity test?
Q3. Do you need to consider the temperature of the
electrolyte when performing battery load/ capacity test?
Why?
Q4.What must you observe when using electrical testing
instrument?
The Candidate’s underpinning knowledge was:

Satisfactory Not Satisfactory

Feedback to Candidate:

Trainee’s Signature: Date:

Assessor’s Signature: Date:

Learning Outcome # 3 Remove and replace Batteries

Date Developed: Document No.
Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 CONTENTS:
 Servicing Automotive Battery
ASSESMENT CRITERIA
1. Proper procedure is followed in removing and replacing battery
2. Battery is removed and replaced without causing damage to workplace, property
or vehicle
3.Proper procedure is followed to prevent loss of vehicle’s electronic memory as
per manufacturer’s standard (if applicable)
4. Appropriate tools and equipment are selected and used5. Personal safety in
removing and replacing batteries observed

LEARNING CONTENT:
1. Safety procedure in removing and replacing battery
2.Correct tools and equipment in removing and replacing battery
3.Hazards in removing and replacing battery
4.Procedure in removing and replacing battery
 Conventional
 Electronic control
ASSESMENT METHOD:
7. Oral Questioning
8. Written Test
9. Demonstration

INFORMATION SHEET L03-1

BATTERY SAFETY
1. Do not allow battery acid to come in contact with skin, eyes, or clothing.
2.Observe polarity when making connections to the battery.
3.Always disconnect the negative cable first.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
4.Avoid any arcing or open flames near a battery.
5.Follow manufacturer's recommendations when charging.
6.Add only distilled water when low.
7.Do not wear jewelry when servicing a battery.
8.Never lay tools on a battery.
9.Always wear safety glasses when servicing a battery.
10.If frozen, allow the electrolyte to defrost before doing any service.
11.Never work on a battery with a lit cigarette in your mouth

BATTERY INSPECTION TIPS

 Check the case for damage, dirt and corrosion.
 Check the case for cracks and loose terminal posts.
 Check the condition of the cables.
 Check the heat shield for proper installation

OPERATION SHEET LO3-1

CHECKING BATTERY
A battery like other parts of your vehicle, is subject to wear and tear and should be
checked regularly. In particular, pay attention to the battery ’s trouble spots, shown
here. A battery that’s kept clean lasts longer than a cruddy one.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 The parts of the battery to check
It’s easy to check your battery. Just locate it and follow these steps:
1. Clean off powdery deposits on the positive and negative terminals.
The deposits that form in lovely colors on the top of your terminals are
made by battery acid. Before you clean it, remove the cables (negative first) from both
terminals by undoing the nut on each cable clamp and wiggling the cable until the
clamp comes off the terminal post.
To brush the deposits off the terminal posts and cable clamps, sprinkle
some baking soda onto each terminal, dip an old toothbrush or disposable brush in
water, and scrub the deposits always.

You can use a battery terminal brush (inside the cap) and clamp cleaner.
If your cables and clamps won’t clean up completely with baking soda and
water, rotate an inexpensive battery terminal brush on each terminal to shine it and
ensure a good, solid electrical connection. You can also shine the insides of the cable
clamps with the clamp cleaner that’s usually sold as one unit with the brush. A
soapless steel wool pad may also do the job.
2.Dry everything with a clean, disposable, lint-free rag.
Try to avoid getting the powdery stuff on your hands or clothes. If you do,
wash it off with water right away.
Date Developed: Document No.
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
3.Reconnect the terminals to the battery, replacing the positive cable first and the
negative cable last.
After the battery terminals are reconnected, coat the terminals with thick
automotive grease or petroleum jelly to prevent corrosive deposits from forming
again.
4. Examine the battery cables and clamps to see whether they’re frayed or corroded.
If the damage looks worse, the cables and clamps may need to be replaced;
otherwise, the battery may short-circuit, which could damage onboard computers.
If you’ve been having trouble starting your engine, if your headlights seem
dim, or if the battery is old, check to see whether the electrolyte in the battery is
strong enough. If it’s weak, the battery may need to be recharged or replaced before it
dies and leaves you stranded.
5.Check the battery case and the terminals.
If you see major cracks in the battery case or obvious terminal damage,
replace the battery regardless of its electrical performance

OPERATION SHEET LO3-2

REMOVING AND INSTALLING A CAR BATTERY
No matter how well your vehicle is working, if your battery dies and can’t be
recharged, you’re stranded in a vehicle that you can’t drive in for service. A battery
usually has a sticker on it that shows when you bought it and how long you can expect
it to survive. To prevent being stuck on the road with a dead battery, enter that
information in your owner's manual and have the battery replaced before it comes to
the end of its life expectancy.
Date Developed: Document No.
Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
Prepare your tools and materials- an adjustable wrench, a couple of clean lint-free
rags, a pair of disposable latex gloves, some water and baking soda, a battery brush,
and an inexpensive pair of safety goggles.
PROCEDURE:
1. Turn off your engine.
 Make sure that your vehicle is in Park, with the engine shut off and the
parking brake on.
2. Open the hood and place a blanket or pad over the fender.
 This protects your car from corrosive battery acid.
3.Remove the cables from the battery terminals.
 Look in your owner’s manual to see whether your vehicle has negative ground
(most do). If it does, use an adjustable wrench to first loosen the nut and bolt
on the clamp that holds the battery cable on the negative terminal. (That’s the
post with the little- or NEG on it.) If your vehicle has positive ground, loosen
the cable with - +‖ or ―POS‖ on it first. Remove the cable from the post and
lay it out of your way. Then remove the other cable from its post and lay that
aside.

If you have trouble loosening the bolt, grab it with one wrench and the nut
with another, and move the wrenches in opposite directions. In this case, you
don’t want to remove the bolts; just loosen them enough to release the cable
clamps.
4. Remove whatever devices are holding the battery in place.
 When you’re removing a bolt or screw, after you’ve loosened it with a tool,
turn it the last few turns by hand so that you have a firm grip on it when it
comes loose and it doesn’t drop and roll into obscurity.

5. Remove the battery.

 When the battery is free, lift it out of its seat and place it out of your way.
6.If the tray on which the battery was standing is rusty or has deposits on it, clean it
with a little baking soda dissolved in water.
 Wear your gloves because the battery stuff is corrosive, and be sure the battery
tray is completely dry before taking the next step!
Date Developed: Document No.
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
7.Place the new battery on the tray.
 Make sure it is facing in the same direction as the old one was.
8.Replace the devices that held the old battery in place.
 Try to wiggle the battery to make sure it’s completely secure.
9.Replace the battery cables on the terminals in reverse order from which you
removed them.
 If your vehicle has negative ground, the positive cable goes back first. Make
certain that the clamps holding the cables on the battery terminals are gripping
the posts tightly.
10.Take the old battery to a recycling center that accepts batteries.
 Batteries are filled with a toxic, corrosive liquid and must be disposed of
properly. What’s more, old batteries are usually rebuilt into new ones, so just
throwing one in the trash is doubly bad for the environment. If you have your
new battery installed when you buy it, the shop will recycle the old one for
you.

Learning Outcome # 4 Service and Charge Batteries

CONTENTS:
 Servicing Automotive Battery
ASSESMENT CRITERIA
1.Battery is charged using the appropriate battery charger

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
2.Electrolyte level is checked and corrected
3.Battery and its terminals are cleaned
4.Battery cables are disconnected and connected in right sequence
5.Personal safety in servicing and charging battery is observed
LEARNING CONTENTS:
1.Battery charger parts and their function
2.Repair / clean/replace connectors
3.Procedure in cleaning battery case, tray, and cables
4.Topping, filling electrolyte/ distilled water
5.Procedure in battery charging
 Fast charging
 Slow charging
6.Proper connection of battery terminals
7.Safety in servicing and charging batteries
ASSESMENT METHOD:
10. Oral Questioning
11. Written Test
12. Demonstration

OPERATION SHEET LO4-1

CLEANING BATTERY CASE, TRAY, AND CABLES
Procedure:

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
CAUTION: Always wear safety glasses and goggles when working with batteries
and electrical system, no matter how small the job!
1.Loosen the battery negative terminal clamp

2.Use a terminal clamp puller to remove the negative cable

3.Loosen the battery positive terminal clamp

4.Use a terminal clamp puller to remove the positive clamp

5.Remove the battery hold – down hardware and any heat shields

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
6.Remove the battery from the tray

CAUTION: When lifting a battery, excessive pressure on the end walls could
cause acid to spew through the vent caps, resulting in personal injury. If
possible, lift with a battery carrier or with your hands on opposite corners.
7.Mix a solution of baking soda and water

8.Brush the baking soda solution over the battery case, but don’t allow the solution to
enter the cells of the battery.

9.Flush the baking soda off with water

Date Developed: Document No.

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Untiveros, Karen P.
10.Use a scraper and wire brush to remove corrosion from the hold-down hardware

11.Brush the baking soda solution over the hold-down hardware and then flush with
water

12.Allow the hardware to dry then paint it corrosion-proof paint

13.Use a terminal cleaner brush to clean the battery cables

14.Use a terminal cleaner brush to clean the battery posts

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
15.Install the battery back into the tray. Don’t forget to install the battery hold -down
hardware

16.Install the positive battery cable first, and then the negative cable. Be sure to install
the cables firmly.

OPERATION SHEET LO4-2

CLEANING BATTERY TERMINALS
Date Developed: Document No.
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 The problem arises more often if you don’t drive your car regularly. When the engine
is not running and the battery is sitting, the terminals oxidize at a faster rate. This
means you need to check the battery terminals more often for corrosion. Corrosion
appears as a white, ashy deposit around one or both battery posts. Sometimes there is
also a bit of color mixed in. These deposits are the result of one of several possible
chemical exchanges involving vapors and the battery post.

Corroded battery terminal and connector

Supplies:
 A combination tool battery post brush and battery clamp brush, obtainable at
any auto parts store. These generally come in two designs, one employing wire
brush elements and the other using two cutting blades and a reamer. Locking
pliers (vice grips).
 Toothbrush.
 Baking soda.
 Water.
 Clean, lint-free cloth.
 Wrench.
 Grease or petroleum jelly.
Directions:
1.Remove the battery cables from the battery terminals by loosening the nut on each
cable clamp. Once they are loose, always remove the cable clamp from the negative
terminal first. It’s marked with a minus (-) sign; the positive terminal has a plus (+)
sign. Reverse the procedure, positive first, negative second, when replacing the
cables. The cable may not come off easily. You will have to wiggle it and lift it
upward until the clamp comes off the terminal post. Sometimes, especially if there is a
lot of corrosion, you may need the assistance of pair of locking pliers. Be careful not
to short any tools you use against the car when they’re in contact with the battery.
2.Examine the battery cables and clamps for excess wear or corrosion. Should damage
appear extensive, replace the cables and clamps to avoid future problems.
Date Developed: Document No.
Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
3.Check the battery case for cracks and the terminals for damage. If you find either,
replace the battery.
4.Secure the loose cables so that they don’t accidentally flop back onto the terminals.
5.Pour some baking soda directly onto the posts.
6.Dip a toothbrush in water and use it to scrub the baking soda into the terminal posts
and cable clamps. Skin and eye protection is recommended.
7.If the toothbrush isn’t doing the job, Use a battery terminal cleaner brush on it. Also
shine up the insides of the cable clamps by using the clamp cleaner that usually comes
attached to the terminal brush or use a plain, soap-free steel wool pad.
8.Dry everything off with a clean, disposable, lint-free rag.
9.Smear grease or petroleum jelly on the posts to slow down the formation of
corrosive deposits. Cover all exposed metal surfaces on the battery posts, battery
cables, and clamps.
10.Replace the positive clamp first and then replace the negative clamp. Tighten them
down with the proper sized wrench.
11.Replace the rubber boot or plastic shield that covers the positive terminal. If you
don’t have one, go and buy some from your local auto parts store

OPERATION SHEET LO4-3

CHECKING/FILLING ELECTROLYTE AND MAINTENANCE

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
Battery Maintenance
Periodic battery maintenance should be performed even when there is no
vehicle starting problem. The following simple procedures will help prevent
premature battery failure.
Check electrolyte level. Do not allow the level to fall below the LOWER-
LEVEL line or below any of the tops of plates in cells. Refill with distilled
water to the UPPER-LEVEL line. Low electrolyte levels may cause
malfunction in the charging system
Keep battery clean of all dirt and acid spillage, especially around terminals.
Keep the exhaust tube free of kinks and dirt build-up
If vehicle is not in frequent use, additional charging WILL be required.
Before recharging be sure filler plugs are loosened. DO NOT REMOVE THE
PLUGS
Charging rates will vary depending on...
-Battery's electrical capacity
-Temperature of electrolyte
-Batters age of coat at start of charging
-Type of charger
FILLING THE BATTERY WITH ELECTROLYTE (NEW BATTERY)
 Remove the battery from packaging and place on a level stable surface
 Use 1.27 specific gravity electrolyte (diluted sulphuric acid) - NOT
SUPPLIED
 Remove the filling plugs
 Remove the rubber cap and replace with the exhaust tube provided
 Fill the battery with the electrolyte to the UPPER LEVEL indicated on the
battery casing
NOTE: Electrolyte temperature must be between 150C and 300C when filling!
 Leave the battery to stand for at least 30minutes after filling. If the electrolyte
level drops in this time, the battery is now filled and ready to charge

INFORMATION SHEET L04-1

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN BATTERY CHARGING
Date Developed: Document No.
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR YOUR SAFETY
BATTERY WARNINGS
DANGER! RISK OF BATTERY EXPLOSION FROM HYDROGEN GAS
MAY RESULT IN BLINDNESS, SERIOUS INJURY, PERMANENT
DISFIGUREMENT AND SCARRING.
Batteries generate explosive hydrogen gas, even during normal operation. People have
been injured by battery parts flying in an explosion. They can explode under normal
operating conditions, such as starting your car. They can explode under abnormal
conditions, such as jump starting, or if short circuited by a tool. They can explode in a
parked car or sitting on a table.
To help reduce the risk of these dangers and injury, it is of the utmost importance that
each time before using your charger, you read and understand this manual, and any
warnings and instructions by the battery manufacturer. Follow these instructions
exactly.
TO HELP REDUCE THIS RISK:
1.Wear Personal Protective Equipment
o ALWAYS wear complete eye protection (THAT PROTECTS EYES FROM
ALL ANGLES).
2.Avoid Flames and Sparks Near Battery and Fuel
o ALWAYS keep flames, matches, lighters, cigarettes or other ignition sources
away from battery.
o Do not put flammable material on or under charger. Do not use near gasoline
vapors.
o Make sure charger clips make good contact by twisting or rocking them back
and forth several times. The second clip connection MUST ALWAYS be
made away from the battery. ALWAYS plug charger into an electrical outlet
AFTER all connections have been made. See OPERATING
INSTRUCTIONS.
o If necessary to remove battery from vehicle to charge, ALWAYS turn off all
accessories in the vehicle. Then ALWAYS remove grounded terminal
(connected to car frame) from battery first.
o A tool touching both battery posts or battery post and car metal parts is a short
circuit and will spark. When using metal tools on or near battery be extra
cautious to reduce risk of short circuit, possibly causing a battery explosion.
DO NOT drop a tool on battery.
Date Developed: Document No.
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
3. Reduce Explosive Gas (hydrogen)
o Before connecting charger, ALWAYS add water to each cell until battery acid
covers plates to help purge extra gas from cells. DO NOT overfill. Battery
acid expands during charge. After charging fill to level specified by battery
manufacturer. For a battery without removable caps (maintenance free
battery), carefully follow manufacturer's instructions on charging.
o Some sealed maintenance free batteries have a battery condition indicator. A
light or bright colored dot indicates low water. Such a battery needs to be
replaced, not charged or jump started.
o Charge battery with caps in place. Most U.S. batteries are made with flame
arresting caps. DO NOT pry caps off sealed batteries. Place wet cloth on
batteries with non-flame arresting caps.
o Be sure area around battery is well ventilated before and during charging
process. NEVER charge in a closed in or restricted area.
4.Stay Away From Battery When Possible
o NEVER put face near battery.
o ALWAYS locate charger as far from battery as DC cables permit.
o ALWAYS keep other people away from the battery. They are not wearing
safety glasses like you are,
5.Avoid Contact With Battery Acid
o Battery posts may have acid corrosion. DO NOT get corrosion in your eyes.
Avoid touching eyes while working near battery.
o ALWAYS use a battery carrier. Carrying a battery by hand may put pressure
on its ends, causing acid to be forced out vent caps.
o ALWAYS have plenty of fresh water and soap nearby in case battery acid
contacts eyes, skin or clothing. If battery acid contacts skin or clothing, wash
immediately with soap and water. If acid enters eye, immediately flood eye
with cold running water for at least fifteen (15) minutes and get medical help
immediately.
o In very cold weather a discharged battery may freeze. NEVER charge a frozen
battery. Gases may form, cracking the case, and spray out battery acid.

6. Avoid Overcharging Batteries

Date Developed: Document No.

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Untiveros, Karen P.
 o The non-automatic (manual) battery charger models can overcharge a battery
if left connected for an extended period of time, resulting in loss of water and
creation of hydrogen gas.
7. Follow Other Manufacturers' Recommendations
o Before using charger, read all instructions for, and caution markings on: (1)
charger, (2) battery, and (3) related product using battery. Follow their
recommended rate of charge.

ELECTRICAL WARNINGS
DANGER! RISK OF ELECTRICAL AND FIRE HAZARD. MAY RESULT IN
DEATH, SERIOUS INJURY, SHOCK OR BURNS.
TO HELP REDUCE THIS RISK:
This charger, like all electrical products, MUST be treated with respect. Follow these
instructions to reduce electrical hazard risk.
1. PROPER GROUNDING AND AC POWER CONNECTION
o Charger MUST be grounded to reduce risk of electric shock. Charger is
equipped with an electric cord having an equipment grounding conductor and
a grounding plug. The plug MUST be plugged into an outlet that is properly
installed and GROUNDED in accordance with all local codes and ordinances.
If you ever feel even a slight shock from this or any electrical appliance, stop,
walk away. Turn off electricity to outlet, and have it inspected by an
electrician. You may have a dangerous, improperly wired outlet.
o DANGER - NEVER alter AC power cord or plug provided - if it will not fit
outlet, have proper outlet installed by a qualified electrician or proceed as
shown in the illustration below. Improper connection can result in a risk of an
electric shock. This battery charger is for use on a nominal 120volt circuit
(common household current), and has a grounding plug as illustrated. A
temporary adapter may be used, USA only, to connect this plug to a two-pole
should use nia property round out ou i canal int a The be a quarred electrician.
o DANGER - Before using adapter as illustrated, be certain that center screw of
outlet plate is grounded. The green colored rigid ear or lug extending from
adapter MUST be connected to a properly grounded outlet - make certain it is
grounded. If necessary, replace original outlet cover plate screw with a longer
screw that will secure adapter ear or lug to outlet cover plate and make ground
connection to grounded outlet.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
2.Remove Jewelry
o ALWAYS remove personal metal items (such as rings, bracelets, necklaces
and watches) when working with a battery. A short circuit through one of
these items can melt it causing a severe burn.
3.Avoid Charger Abuse
o To reduce risk of electric shock, unplug charger from outlet before attempting
any maintenance or cleaning. Turning off controls will not reduce this risk.
o DO NOT disassemble charger. Take it to a qualified service person when
service or repair is required. Incorrect reassembly may result in a risk of
electric shock or fire.
DO NOT expose charger to rain, snow, water, gas, oil, etc.
DO NOT operate charger if it has received a sharp blow, been dropped, or
otherwise damaged in any way; take it to a qualified service person.
o DO NOT block air holes in top or bottom of charger. DO NOT put charger on
vehicle seat. DO NOT set a battery on top of charger.
o DO NOT operate charger with clips shorted together.
o The polarity of the charger and the battery MUST ALWAYS match to avoid
damage to battery and charger. The second clip connection MUST ALWAYS
be made away from the battery. (See OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS below.)
4. Proper Use of Charger and Wiring
o An extension cord should not be used unless absolutely necessary. Use of
improper extension cord could result in a risk of fire and electric shock. If
extension cord must be used, use ONLY a grounded, 3-wire type cord.
NEVER use a 2-wire cord and an adaptor! The cord MUST be plugged into a
grounded outlet. Make sure it is properly wired, in good electrical condition,
and wire size is large enough for AC ampere rating of charger as specified
below. AWG = American Wire Gauge
o DO NOT modify charger circuitry.
o To reduce risk of damage to plug and cord when disconnecting charger,
ALWAYS pull on plug - NEVER on cord.
o Locate cord so that it will not be stepped on, tripped over, or otherwise
subject to damage or stress. DO NOT lay extension cord on battery or charger.
DO NOT operate charger with
o Determine battery voltage by referring to vehicle or equipment owner's
manual and make sure

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 AUTOMOTIVE WARNINGS
DANGER! RISK OF FLYING PARTS IF USED NEAR MOVING ENGINE
PARTS. MAY RESULT IN DEATH, BLINDNESS, SERIOUS INJURY,
PERMANENT DISFIGUREMENT AND SCARRING.
TO HELP REDUCE THIS RISK:
 ALWAYS keep charger, DC clips and wires, and AC power cord and plug
away from any movable parts of the vehicle including fan belts, fan blade,
alternator or generator, etc.
 ALWAYS avoid the radiator cooling fan. On some cars it may start up without
the engine running, when you least expect it.
 If your charger does not have an engine starting feature,

OPERATION SHEET LO4-4

BATTERY CHARGING
Operating Instructions
A spark near the battery may cause a battery explosion.To reduce risk of
a spark near the battery when you connect the charger clips, ONLY connect one clip
to the battery. Then, take the second clip and connect it to the car frame or engine
block. If a spark should occur then, it will be far away from the battery. This type of
connection works because every car battery has one cable which is connected to the
body or car frame. This is called the ground cable. On most cars this cable is
connected to the NEGATIVE terminal of the battery. This is called a NEGATIVE
GROUND. Most cars made in the U.S.A., Europe, and Asia in the last twenty years
have negative grounds.
Battery Polarity: A battery has two poles or posts. The positive battery post is
usually marked POS, P, or + and is larger than the negative post which is usually
marked NEG, N, or ——.
The polarity of the charger and the battery MUST ALWAYS match to avoid
damage to battery and charger. On a negative ground car: connect the positive (red)
charger clip to the positive battery post first; then connect the negative (black) clip to
negative ground (car frame or engine block). If you are not sure what type of ground
your car has, have it checked before using charger.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
PROCEDURE
STEP 1. CONNECTING THE CHARGER TO BATTERY
 If charger has switch with OFF position, it MUST be set to OFF.
 AC power cord MUST be unplugged.
A. CHARGING BATTERY IN VEHICLE
If car has negative ground: (Most cars do, but if you are not sure have it checked.)
1.Connect POSITIVE (RED) charger clip to POSITIVE post of battery. Some newer
cars have a remote positive terminal located away from the battery. Use this remote
terminal for charging connections. See your car's owners manual.
2. Next connect NEGATIVE (BLACK) charger clip to car frame or engine block
away from battery.
CAUTION: DO NOT connect clip to carburetor, fuel lines, or sheet metal body
parts. Connect to a heavy gauge metal part of the frame or engine block. DO
NOT face battery when making final connection. Go to STEP 2.
If car has positive ground: (MOST CARS DO NOT HAVE A POSITIVE
GROUND)

1.Connect NEGATIVE (BLACK) charger clip to NEGATIVE ungrounded post of

battery.
2.Next connect POSITIVE (RED) charger clip to car frame or engine block away
from battery.
CAUTION: DO NOT connect clip to carburetor, fuel lines, or sheet metal body
parts. Connect to a heavy gauge metal part of the frame or engine block. DO
NOT face battery when making final connection. Goto STEP 2.

B. CHARGING BATTERY OUTSIDE VEHICLE

 Check polarity of battery posts. See above.
 Attach a jumper cable or a 6 gauge (AWG) insulated battery cable at least 24
inches long, to NEGATIVE battery post.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
1.Connect POSITIVE (RED) charger clip to POSITIVE post of battery.
2.Position yourself and free end of cable as far away from battery as possible - then
connect NEGATIVE
(BLACK) charger clip to free end of cable. DO NOT face battery when making final
connection. Go to STEP 2.
STEP 2. TURNING THE CHARGER ON
 If equipped with voltage switch, set switch to voltage of battery: 6, 12 volts.
 If equipped with rate switch, set switch for charge rate desired: 2, 6, 12, 30
Amps.
 If equipped with automatic/manual charge mode switch, set switch to battery
type for automatic charging of conventional batteries, maintenance free
batteries, or manual for non-automatic charging of all battery types.
 If equipped with timer, set to charge time desired.
 Plug the AC cord in a grounded outlet. Stand away from battery.
 DO NOT touch charger clips when the charger is on.
 The charger should now be on and the ammeter showing the rate at which the
battery is charging. The initial rate may be somewhat higher or lower than the
charger's nameplate rating depending on battery condition and AC voltage at
the outlet.
 See CHARGING TIME table for length of charge.
STEP 3. TURNING THE CHARGER OFF
 Unplug the AC power cord from the outlet.
 Set the selector switch to OFF. Remove charger clip connected to car frame: If
charging battery outside a vehicle, remove clip connected away from battery.
 Remove clip connected to battery post. ENGINE STARTING
 For models with Engine Starting Feature.
 Connect in the same manner as for battery charging, following STEP 1. Make
sure cords are away from moving engine parts.
 Charge the battery, following STEP 2, for at least 3 minutes before trying to
start the engine.
 Set the selector switch to the proper start position and crank the engine in the
normal manner.DO NOT CRANK FOR MORE THAN 15 SECONDS. Check
car's owners manual for recommended cranking time limit. If car does not start
or the charger's overload circuit breaker trips, allow the charger to cool for at
least 3 minutes before trying again.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 When the engine has started, turn off charger following STEP 3.USE CARE
TO AVOID MOVING ENGINE PARTS.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
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Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 Date Developed: Document No.
Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 Date Developed: Document No.
Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 TROUBLE SHOOTING
1.No DC Output On Ammeter When Charger Is On.
a) Unplug the charger and make sure connections are secure.
b) Check for wall outlet for power.
c) DC circuit breaker is tripped. See "Charger Overload" below.
d) A dead battery (Specific Gravity near 1.000) shows very low output on ammeter.
After 15 to 20
minutes the indicated current rises and normal charging occurs.
2.Charger Overload.
o The charger is protected against overloads by a self-resetting DC circuit
breaker. An overload is indicated when a full scale ammeter reading abruptly
falls to zero accompanied by a distinct "click" of the DC circuit breaker as it
trips. A 3 to 5minute cooling off period is required before the breaker will
reset itself. If the overload condition still exists, the cycle will repeat.
Listed below are the conditions that can cause the circuit breaker to trip:
o A deeply discharged battery (Specific Gravity near 1.120). If the battery is in
otherwise good condition, the circuit breaker may trip on and off several times
until the battery recovers enough to allow a normal charge rate. If the tripping
continues after 30 minutes, a larger charger should be used.
o A battery with a shorted cell. A battery in this condition may cause the breaker
to trip continuously. It will not accept a charge and should be replaced.
o Charger leads are connected in reverse causing the breaker to trip
continuously. May damage battery and charger.
o Touching the charger leads together with the charger turned on. This causes a
spark which is dangerous if near a battery and could severely damage the
charger.
o If proper hookup is observed and sparking does occur between charger clips
and frame connection, DO NOT use the charger. Have it checked by a
qualified service person.
o CAUTION: Regardless of what is causing the overload, unattended or routine
operation in this manner could result in serious damage to the charger and the
battery.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
3.Charge Rate Does Not Go To Full Amp Rating Of Charger And/ Or Falls
Quickly When Charger Is Turned On.
o Battery is partially charged.
o Battery is cold.
o The AC outlet voltage is less than 120 volts.
o Corroded clips and/or battery posts.
4.Current Indicated On Ammeter Falls Slightly Showing No Further Change.
o Worn out battery with sulfated plates, replace battery
Storage
Clean clips. Repack charger and instruction manual. Store in a dry place not subject to
sub-zero temperatures which could cause the cord insulation to become stiff and
possibly crack when uncoiled.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
ASSESSMENT TASKS
These assessment tasks should be completed when you are confident that you can
SERVICE ANMD CHARGE BATTRIES CORRECTLY. Assessment needs to
conform to the rules of evidence. Therefore;
 You will participate and complete the learning activities
 You will demonstrate tasks to the required standards
 You will answer oral and written questions
 You will complete the assessment tool
OBSERVATION CHECKLIST:
SELF CHECK COMPONNET COMPETENT NOT YET
COMPETENT
Battery is charged
using appropriate
battery charger
Electrolyte levels are
checked and topped
up as necessary
Battery case,
terminals, trays, posts,
and cables are cleaned
Battery is charged
following the correct
procedure
Charging problems
troubleshooted
Personal safety
servicing and charging
batteries applied

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Morado, Alexandra O.
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
Learning Outcome # 5 Jump Starting a Battery

CONTENTS:
 Servicing Automotive Battery

ASSESMENT CRITERIA
1. Vehicle is jump started without causing damage to workplace, property or
vehicle
2. Appropriate cables are used in jump starting
3. Cables are disconnected and connected in right sequence
4. Personal safety is observed
LEARNING CONTENTS:
1.Jump-starting procedure
2.Polarity connections
3.Safety precautions

ASSESMENT METHOD:
13. Oral Questioning
14. Written Test
15. Demonstration

Date Developed: Document No.

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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 OPERATION SHEET LO5
JUMP-STARTING A BATTERY

NOTE: When it is necessary to jump-start a car with a discharged battery using

a booster battery and jumper cables, follow instructions carefully to avoid
damaging the charging system or creating a hazardous situation!
CAUTION: Always wear eyes protection when making or breaking jumper cable
connection!
WARNING! Consult the manufacturer’s service manual for procedures and
precautions when jump- starting late model vehicles with electronic control
systems. Excessive battery voltages can damage sensitive electronic components.
Procedure:
Step 1. Make sure the two vehicles are not touching each other. The excessive current
flow through the vehicle’s bodies can damage the small ground straps that attach the
engine block to the frame. These small wires are designed to carry only 30 amperes. If
the vehicles are touching, as much as 400 amperes maybe carried through them.
Step 2. For each vehicle, engage the parking brake and put the transmission in neutral
or park.
Step 3. Turn OFF the ignition switch and all accessories on BOTH vehicles.
Step 4. Attach one end of the positive jumper cable to the weak battery’s positive
terminal.
Step 5. Connect the other end of the positive jumper cable to the booster battery’s
positive terminal. Meaning positive to positive‖.
Step 6. Attach one end of the negative jumper cable to the booster battery’s negative
terminal.
Step 7. Attach the other end of the negative jumper cable to an engine ground of the
vehicle with weak battery.
Step 8. Try to start the vehicle with weak battery. If the vehicle does not readily start,
start the jumper vehicle and accelerate it at fast idle to prevent excessive current draw.
Step 9. Once the disabled vehicle (vehicle with weak battery) starts. Disconnect the
ground connected negative jumper cable from its engine block.

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
Step 10. Disconnect the negative jumper cable from the booster battery.
Step 11. Disconnect the positive jumper cable from the booster battery, then from the
other battery.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
ASSESSMENT TASKS
These assessment tasks should be completed when you are confident that you can
PERFORM JUMP-
STARTING A BATTERY CORRECTLY. Assessment needs to conform to the rules
of evidence. Therefore;
 You will participate and complete the learning activities
 You will demonstrate tasks to the required standards
 You will answer oral and written questions
 You will complete the assessment tool
OBSERVATION CHECKLIST:
SELF CHECK COMPONNET COMPETENT NOT YET
COMPETENT
Vehicle is jump
started without
causing damage
Appropriate jumper
cables or leads are
selected
Proper procedure
in jump-starting is
performed
Proper procedure in
jump-starting is
performed
Personal safety in
jump-starting a battery
observed

Date Developed: Document No.

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AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
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Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD YES NO N/A
For acceptable achievement, all items should receive a "YES" or " For.
For acceptable achievement, all items should receive a "YES" or "N/A"
respon

1. Solid Drawing: The

accuracy of volume,
weight, balance, and
2. anatomy.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
3. 9. Appeal: The
relatability (or charisma)
of a character.
4. 10. Straight Ahead
Action and Pose to Pose:
The spontaneous and
5. linear approach to
creating an action using
many in-between
6. poses along with the
main poses, and the more
methodical

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
7. approach to creating an
action using only a few
poses.
8. 11. Secondary Action:
The actions that
emphasize or support the
9. main action of the
animation.
10. 12. Staging: The
setting up of the scene,
from placement of
11. characters to the
background and

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
 foreground elements, to
how
12. the camera angle is set
up, the lighting and
shadows, and more.
13. Anticipation: The setup
for an action to happen.
14. 4. Ease In and Ease
Out: The time for
acceleration and
deceleration
15. of movement.

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.
16. 5. Follow Through and
Overlapping Action: The
idea that separate
17. parts of the body will
continue moving after a
character or object
18. com

Date Developed: Document No.

Supervise Work- December 2023 Issued by: SLSU
Based Learning Lucena Campus Page
AUTOMOTIVE II Developed by:
Miones, Jenerose M. Revision No.
Morado, Alexandra O.
Oracion, Jahzeel Anne T.
Puertes, Zaira Jane P.
Untiveros, Karen P.