Contents

1.0 Abstract.................................................................................................................................2

2.0 Objective...............................................................................................................................2

3.0 Theory...................................................................................................................................2

4.0 APPARATUS.......................................................................................................................3

5.0 PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................4

5.1 Assembly Set-up...............................................................................................................4

5.2 Experiment Procedure.......................................................................................................5

6.0 METHOD.............................................................................................................................6

7.0 Observation...........................................................................................................................7

8.0 Calculations........................................................................................................................15

8.1 Graphs.............................................................................................................................15

9.0 Discussion and Analysis.....................................................................................................18

10.0 Applications........................................................................................................................18

11.0 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................19

12.0 References...........................................................................................................................19
1.0 Abstract
In this lab experiment airfoil properties is observed. An airfoil is a contoured material
that provides lift force when flowing through the airflow, including an airplane wing, tail, or
propeller blade. An airfoil delivers an aerodynamic force that is transverse to both the air mass
and a dragging force which is perpendicular to the air mass. In this trial, we look about how
altering the blade angle influences the lift force, pressure, and lift coefficients. As a product of
this trial, we observed that the lift force grows as the angle of attack increases.

2.0 Objective
The AF102 Airfoil Framework and the AF100 Subsonic Wind Tunnel were used to
derive the efficiency of lift using pressure distribution statistics for airflow around with a
symmetric NACA0012 airfoil.

3.0 Theory
Constructing and maintaining aerodynamic systems like wind turbines and airplanes
demands a grasp of their principal concepts. After years of experimenting with various
geometries, it was discovered that the airfoil is one of the most essential forms in the structure of
these types of applications. The cross - sectional area of airplane flaps & wind turbine blades is
termed as airfoil, and it causes an aerodynamic force whenever it swings along and across
air.Asymmetric and symmetric airfoils are the two basic types of airfoils. The second type of
airfoil has more lift force for each angle of attack due to its asymmetric shape. This is because
the asymmetric airfoil is convex from the top and concave from the bottom, due to the large
stresses underneath the airfoil than from above, which is also the prime source of lift force.

A non - dimensional quantity titled the lift coefficient (CL) is set up in order to accurately
find the magnitude of lift force that is associated with a specific body. The lift coefficient is
measured as the proportion of the lift force supplied to the overall dynamic forces applied to an
object.

we must first estimate the extent of lift force applied to the object in order to determine the lift
coefficient. Another dimensionless value, the pressure coefficient, must be specified in order to
do this empirically (Cp). The relative pressure at a place on the body's surface divided by the
total dynamic pressure conveyed by the flowing object is the coefficient of pressure.

One can graph the pressure coefficient vs. the angular displacement from the beginning of an
object after assessing the mean of the pressure coefficient for countless locations on the surface
of the body, and the region under such a graph plays an increasingly important role of a lift
coefficient for every unit span.

4.0 APPARATUS
The AF102 Aerofoil Model is a symmetrical NACA0012 section aerofoil that spans the
full width of the wind tunnel. The aerofoil has 20 pressure tappings, ten on the upper side and ten
on the lower side of the chord line.

Figure 1: The Main Parts of the Aerofoil Model (Left) and Experiment Schematic (Right)
5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1 Assembly Set-up
1. While the power is switched off, remove the side panel (one without the large model
holder with three locking screws) from the working section of the wind tunnel.
2. Slide the model support shaft into the model holder in the other side panel.
3. Rotate the model so that the leading edge faces into the air flow (towards the inlet of the
wind tunnel). Note that the distance of both, the center of the leading edge and trailing
edge, to the base should be same, nominally 153 mm.

Figure 2: To measure distance (left) and lock screw (right)

4. Put the protractor onto the support shaft and rotate it so that the model holder pointer is at
zero. Tighten the lock screw.
 Figure 3: Tightening the lock screw (left) and refitting the side panel (right)

5. Remove the blanking plug from the panel you removed in step 1.
6. Carefully feed the flexible tappings through the hole in the panel and refit the side panel.

5.2 Experiment Procedure

1. Create a blank table of results similar to Table 1. Record the ambient temperature and
pressure, and find the density of the air in the wind tunnel.
2. Start the Wind Tunnel at a velocity of 25 m/s or higher for best results. Record the
upstream wall pressure of the working section (hw or pw).
3. Set the aerofoil to your chosen angle of incidence (8° gives a good unstalled pressure
distribution).
4. If you are using the multitube manometer, record the water level for each tapping (h T). If
you are using the 32 way pressure display, record the pressure for each tapping (pT).
5. Repeat the experiment at different angles of incidence. Note that this aerofoil will stall at
approximately 12° to 13°, so a post stall result at about 15° will be important.
6. Perform the procedure for the following angle of attack values: 0°, 4°, 8°, 12°, 15°.
6.0 METHOD
1. Calculate the difference between the local static pressure at each tapping (p T) and the wall
reference static pressure (pw) to give the local relative static pressure and enter your
results into your table.
2. Use your pressures with the air density and velocity to find the coefficient of pressure at
each tapping using equation (3).
Note: Find the area under the curves, or alternatively draw the curve and use a trapezoidal
or other similar drawing method to find the area under each curve.
3. Create chart of Cp against x/c and find the area under the curves to give the coefficient of
lift CL, as explained in theory.
4. Using CL, calculate the basic lift L from equation (2).
5. Plot a graph for Cp vs x/c for each angle of attack.
6. Plot the graph for the coefficient of lift against the angle of attack (CL vs α).
 7.0 Observation
Angle of Attack = 0

Wall Pressure Upstream, Pw = -0.4 kPa

Angle of Aerofoil, α = 0 degrees
Ambient Temperature, Ta = 23 K
Ambient Pressure, Pa = 101.3
kPa
Air density, ρ = 1.19 kg/m3
Wind Tunnel Velocity, V = 25.46 m/s
Tapping Distance Dimensionless Pressure Local Coefficien Trapezoidal
Number From Length Tapping Relative t of Area
n Leading x/c Reading Static Pressure
Edge Pn Pressure CP
x (kPa) Pn - Pw
(mm) (kPa)
START 0
U 1 0.76 0.005067 -0.197 0.203 0.000526 5.35109E-06
P 3 3.81 0.0762 -0.33 0.07 0.000181 -1.9757E-06
P 5 11.43 0.253333 -0.5433 -0.1433 -0.00037 -5.9385E-05
E 7 19.05 0.538467 -0.54 -0.14 -0.00036 -5.1047E-05
R 9 38 0.8128 -0.537 -0.137 -0.00036 -3.4772E-05
11 62 1 -0.393 0.007 1.81E-05 0.000103712
S 13 80.77 0.010133 -0.46 -0.06 -0.00016 -5.9574E-06
U 15 101.35 0.1016 -0.45 -0.05 -0.00013 -6.7833E-06
R 17 121.92 0.274333 -0.41 -0.01 -2.6E-05 -5.8487E-06
F 19 137.16 0.5182 0.396267 0.033 8.56E-05 6.05422E-05
A END 150
C
E
 START 0
L 2 1.52 0.0254 -0.4 0 0 4.60998E-06
O 4 7.62 0.127 -0.5 -0.1 -0.00026 -3.9847E-05
W 6 15.24 0.413333 -0.543 -0.143 -0.00037 -4.5909E-05
E 8 22.86 0.675667 -0.547 -0.147 -0.00038 -5.0489E-05
R 10 41.15 0.9144 -0.527 -0.127 -0.00033 -1.3317E-05
12 59.44 0 -0.487 -0.087 -0.00023 -1.9311E-06
S 14 77.73 0.0508 -0.453 -0.053 -0.00014 -6.7833E-06
U 16 96.02 0.1524 -0.453 -0.053 -0.00014 -9.9586E-06
R 18 114.3 0.396267 -0.427 -0.027 -7E-05 9.48442E-07
F 20 129.54 0.640133 -0.05 0.35 0.000907 -0.00029045
A END 150
C
E
Total Area Under Graph
Wing Area, A = 0.3 m x 0.15 m = 0.045 m2
Lift Coefficient, CL = Total Area Under Graph =
-7.41106E-07

Lift, L = -0.0000128583 N

Angle of Attack = 4

Wall Pressure Upstream, Pw = -0.4

kPa
Angle of Aerofoil, α = 0 degrees
Ambient Temperature, Ta = 23 K
Ambient Pressure, Pa = 101.3
kPa
Air density, ρ = 1.19 kg/m3
Wind Tunnel Velocity, V = 25.46 m/s
 Tappin Distance Dimensionles Pressure Local Coefficien Trapezoida
g From s Tapping Relative t of l Area
Numbe Leading Length Reading Static Pressure
r Edge x/c Pn Pressur CP
n x (kPa) e
(mm) Pn - Pw
(kPa)
START 0
U 1 0.76 0.005067 -0.587 -0.187 -0.0004849 2.45148E-06
P 3 3.81 0.0762 -0.59 -0.19 -0.0004926 -5.9271E-06
P 5 11.43 0.253333 -0.7367 -0.3367 -0.000873 -5.9468E-05
E 7 19.05 0.538467 -0.675 -0.275 -0.000713 -4.7134E-05
R 9 38 0.8128 -0.613 -0.213 -0.0005523 -2.8977E-05
11 62 1 -0.36 0.04 0.00010371 -6.8709E-05
S 13 80.77 0.010133 -0.487 -0.087 -0.0002256 -2.8469E-06
U 15 101.35 0.1016 -0.45 -0.05 -0.0001296 -1.9757E-06
R 17 121.92 0.274333 -0.41 -0.01 -2.593E-05 2.68725E-06
F 19 137.16 0.5182 -0.36 0.04 0.00010371 6.48102E-05
A END 150
C
E
START 0
L 2 1.52 0.0254 -0.12 0.28 0.00072598 5.92712E-06
O 4 7.62 0.127 -0.3 0.1 0.00025928 -3.8766E-05
W 6 15.24 0.413333 -0.35 0.05 0.00012964 -3.65E-05
E 8 22.86 0.675667 -0.39 0.01 2.5928E-05 -3.6089E-05
R 10 41.15 0.9144 -0.407 -0.007 -1.815E-05 3.66206E-06
12 59.44 0 -0.387 0.013 3.3706E-05 -9.7212E-07
S 14 77.73 0.0508 -0.367 0.033 8.5562E-05 -1.1196E-06
U 16 96.02 0.1524 -0.38 0.02 5.1856E-05 1.58074E-06
R 18 114.3 0.396267 -0.373 0.027 7.0005E-05 1.05909E-05
F 20 129.54 0.640133 -0.03 0.37 0.00095933 -0.00030705
A
C END 150
E
Total Area Under Graph
Wing Area, A = 0.3 m x 0.15 m = 0.045 m2
Lift Coefficient, CL = Total Area Under Graph =
3.47563E-06

Lift, L = 0.000060322 N

Angle of Attack = 8

Wall Pressure Upstream, Pw = -0.4

kPa
Angle of Aerofoil, α = 0 degrees
Ambient Temperature, Ta = 23 K
Ambient Pressure, Pa = 101.3
kPa
Air density, ρ = 1.19 kg/m3
Wind Tunnel Velocity, V = 25.46 m/s
Tappin Distance Dimensionles Pressure Local Coefficien Trapezoida
g From s Tapping Relative t of l Area
Numbe Leading Length Reading Static Pressure
r Edge x/c Pn Pressur CP
n x (kPa) e
(mm) Pn - Pw
(kPa)
START 0
U 1 0.76 0.005067 -1.1 -0.7 -0.00181 -8.17161E-
P 06
P 3 3.81 0.0762 -0.9 -0.5 -0.0013 -1.31714E-
E 05
R 5 11.43 0.253333 -0.97 -0.57 -0.00148 -8.50435E-
05

S 7 19.05 0.538467 -0.83 -0.43 -0.00111 -5.74505E-

U 05

R 9 38 0.8128 -0.707 -0.307 -0.0008 -3.16113E-

F 05

A 11 62 1 -0.35 0.05 0.00013 -

C 0.000155567

E 13 80.77 0.010133 -0.527 -0.127 -0.00033 -2.1088E-06

15 101.35 0.1016 -0.48 -0.08 -0.00021 -1.51471E-
06
17 121.92 0.274333 -0.427 -0.027 -7E-05 3.16147E-06
19 137.16 0.5182 -0.363 0.037 9.59E-05 6.4336E-05
END 150
START 0
L 2 1.52 0.0254 -0.01 0.39 0.001011 -7.24425E-
O 06
W 4 7.62 0.127 -0.1 0.3 0.000778 -4.422E-05
E 6 15.24 0.413333 -0.24 0.16 0.000415 -4.38E-05
R 8 22.86 0.675667 -0.293 0.107 0.000277 -3.55558E-
05
S 10 41.15 0.9144 -0.333 0.067 0.000174 1.29837E-05
U 12 59.44 0 -0.33 0.07 0.000181 -7.48798E-
R 07
F 14 77.73 0.0508 -0.313 0.087 0.000226 4.60998E-07
A 16 96.02 0.1524 -0.343 0.057 0.000148 4.74221E-06
C 18 114.3 0.396267 -0.353 0.047 0.000122 1.32782E-05
E 20 129.54 0.640133 -0.03 0.37 0.000959 -0.00030705
END 150
 Total Area Under Graph
Wing Area, A = 0.3 m x 0.15 m = 0.045 m2
Lift Coefficient, CL = Total Area Under Graph =
9.27354E-07

Lift, L = 0.00001609 N

Angle of Attack = 12

Wall Pressure Upstream, Pw = -0.4

kPa
Angle of Aerofoil, α = 0 degrees
Ambient Temperature, Ta = 23 K
Ambient Pressure, Pa = 101.3
kPa
Air density, ρ = 1.19 kg/m3
Wind Tunnel Velocity, V = 25.46 m/s
Tappin Distance Dimensionles Pressure Local Coefficien Trapezoida
g From s Tapping Relative t of l Area
Numbe Leading Length Reading Static Pressure
r Edge x/c Pn Pressur CP
n x (kPa) e
(mm) Pn - Pw
(kPa)
START 0
U 1 0.76 0.005067 -0.97 -0.57 -0.00148 -4.82388E-
P 06
P 3 3.81 0.0762 -0.73 -0.33 -0.00086 -1.97571E-
E 06
5 11.43 0.253333 -0.8433 -0.4433 -0.00115 -4.36211E-
R 05
7 19.05 0.538467 -0.773 -0.373 -0.00097 -3.73517E-
S 05
U 9 38 0.8128 -0.733 -0.333 -0.00086 -2.93722E-
R 05
F 11 62 1 -0.397 0.003 7.78E-06 -
A 0.000133529

C 13 80.77 0.010133 -0.627 -0.227 -0.00059 -6.69545E-

E 06
15 101.35 0.1016 -0.6 -0.2 -0.00052 -1.05371E-
05
17 121.92 0.274333 -0.55 -0.15 -0.00039 -2.05496E-
05
19 137.16 0.5182 -0.5 -0.1 -0.00026 4.15734E-05
END 150
START 0
L 2 1.52 0.0254 -0.013 0.387 0.001003 3.75384E-06
O 4 7.62 0.127 -0.1 0.3 0.000778 -2.34694E-
W 05
E 6 15.24 0.413333 -0.167 0.233 0.000604 -2.27111E-
R 05
8 22.86 0.675667 -0.237 0.163 0.000423 -3.02224E-
S 05
U 10 41.15 0.9144 -0.29 0.11 0.000285 1.25398E-05
R 12 59.44 0 -0.3 0.1 0.000259 -1.66837E-
F 06
A 14 77.73 0.0508 -0.3 0.1 0.000259 -6.58569E-
C 06

E 16 96.02 0.1524 -0.36 0.04 0.000104 -1.73881E-

05
18 114.3 0.396267 -0.38 0.02 5.19E-05 -1.26459E-
 05
20 129.54 0.640133 -0.037 0.363 0.000941 -
0.000301241
END 150
Total Area Under Graph
Wing Area, A = 0.3 m x 0.15 m = 0.045 m2
Lift Coefficient, CL = Total Area Under Graph =
8.57773E-06

Lift, L = 0.00014887402 N

Angle of Attack = 15

Wall Pressure Upstream, Pw = -0.4

kPa
Angle of Aerofoil, α = 0 degrees
Ambient Temperature, Ta = 23 K
Ambient Pressure, Pa = 101.3
kPa
Air density, ρ = 1.19 kg/m3
Wind Tunnel Velocity, V = 25.46 m/s
Tappin Distance Dimensionles Pressure Local Coefficien Trapezoida
g From s Tapping Relative t of l Area
Numbe Leading Length Reading Static Pressure
r Edge x/c Pn Pressur CP
n x (kPa) e
(mm) Pn - Pw
(kPa)
START 0
U 1 0.76 0.005067 -0.897 -0.497 -0.00129 -2.02972E-
P 06
P 3 3.81 0.0762 -0.65 -0.25 -0.00065 7.04668E-06
E 5 11.43 0.253333 -0.78 -0.38 -0.00099 -2.28165E-
R 05
7 19.05 0.538467 -0.727 -0.327 -0.00085 -2.31225E-
S 05
U 9 38 0.8128 -0.71 -0.31 -0.0008 -2.33133E-
R 05

F 11 62 1 -0.42 -0.02 -5.2E-05 -

A 0.000116676

C 13 80.77 0.010133 -0.643 -0.243 -0.00063 -7.38081E-

E 06
15 101.35 0.1016 -0.64 -0.24 -0.00062 -1.29738E-
05
17 121.92 0.274333 -0.593 -0.193 -0.0005 -2.94017E-
05
19 137.16 0.5182 -0.553 -0.153 -0.0004 3.31955E-05
END 150
START 0
L 2 1.52 0.0254 0.02 0.42 0.001089 1.11957E-05
O 4 7.62 0.127 -0.043 0.357 0.000926 -3.76689E-
W 06
E 6 15.24 0.413333 -0.13 0.27 0.0007 -9.24667E-
R 06
8 22.86 0.675667 -0.203 0.197 0.000511 -2.0089E-05
S 10 41.15 0.9144 -0.267 0.133 0.000345 1.25398E-05
U 12 59.44 0 -0.29 0.11 0.000285 -1.74719E-
R 06
F 14 77.73 0.0508 -0.297 0.103 0.000267 -9.02239E-
A 06
C 16 96.02 0.1524 -0.357 0.043 0.000111 -2.37111E-
05
E 18 114.3 0.396267 -0.393 0.007 1.81E-05 -2.30788E-
05
20 129.54 0.640133 -0.037 0.363 0.000941 -
0.000301241
END 150
Total Area Under Graph
Wing Area, A = 0.3 m x 0.15 m = 0.045 m2
Lift Coefficient, CL = Total Area Under Graph =
1.32254E-05
Lift, L = 0.00002295383 N

8.0 Calculations
Angle of attack = 15

Dimensionless length x/c = 0.76/150 = 0.005067

Local Relative Static Pressure = 𝑃𝑁 - 𝑃𝑊= -0.897+0.4 = -0.497

PN −PW −0.497
=
Coefficient Of Pressure 𝐶𝑃 = 1 385.685 = -0.00129
∗1.19∗25.462
2

x 2−x 3 ¿∗( Cp1+Cp 2 )

Trapezoidal Area = ( =¿(0.0762 -0.005067)*( -0.00129+-0.00065)/2 ) = -
c 2
2.02972E-06

Lift Coefficient, CL = Area B – Area A = 1.32254E-05

Lift= = L = 𝐶L * 0.5 * p * A* V2 = 1.32254E-05 *0.5 * 1.19*0.045 *25.462 0.00002295383

8.1 Graphs
 Cp vs. Length (x/c) for 0 degree
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Cp

40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
67 62 33 67 28 1 33 16 33 82 54 27 33 67 44 0 08 24 67 33
050 .07 533 384 .81 101 .10 743 .51 .02 0.1 133 756 .91 .05 .15 962 401
0 0 .2 .5 0 0 0 .2 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 .3 .6
0. 0 0 0. 0 0. 0. 0 0
X/c

Cp vs. Length (x/c) for 4 degree

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
Cp

30%
20%
10%
0%
67 62 33 67 28 1 133 016 333 182 54 27 33 67 44 0 08 24 67 33
50 .07 533 384 .81 0 .1 4 .5 02 0.1 133 756 .91 05 15 62 01
00 0 .2 .5 0 01 0 .27 0 0. 4 6 0 0. 0. .39 .64
0. 0 0 0. 0 0. 0. 0 0
X/c
 Cp vs. Length (x/c) for 8 degree
0.0015

0.001

0.0005

0
67 62 33 67 28 1 133 016 333 182 54 27 33 67 44 0 08 24 67 33
50 .07 533 384 .81 02 0.1 133 756 .91 05 .15 962 401
Cp

0 0 .1 4 .5 . .
0 0 .2 .5 0 01 0 .27 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 .3 .6
0.
-0.0005 0 0 0. 0 0. 0. 0 0

-0.001

-0.0015

-0.002

X/c

Cp vs. Length (x/c) for 12 degree

0.0004
0.0002
0
67 62 33 67 28 1 33 16 33 82 54 27 33 67 44 0 08 24
-0.0002 50 .07 33 84 .81 01 .10 743 .51 .02 0.1 133 756 .91 .05 .15
00 0 .25 .53 0 01 0 .2 0 0 4 6 0 0 0
0.
-0.0004 0 0 0. 0 0. 0.

-0.0006
Cp

-0.0008
-0.001
-0.0012
-0.0014
-0.0016
X/c
 Cp vs. Length (x/c) for 15 degree
0.001

0.0005

0
67 62 33 67 28 1 133 016 333 182 54 27 33 67 44 0 08 24 67 33
50 .07 533 384 .81 0 .1 4 .5 02 0.1 133 756 .91 05 15 62 01
00 0 .2 .5 0 01 0 .27 0 0. 4 6 0 0. 0. .39 .64
Cp

0. 0 0 0. 0 0. 0. 0 0

-0.0005

-0.001

-0.0015

X/c

9.0 Discussion and Analysis

 The difference of the two sections of the CP against X/C graph, that represents the upper
and lower part of the airfoil, is being used to compute the Lift coefficient. Due to the
inverse relationship between pressure and velocity, the figures of the comparative locally
static pressure are negative on the upper side but almost favorable on the lower end.As a
lead, larger velocities over the upper part of the airfoil result in a reduction relative local
static pressure, and conversely.
 The local relative static pressure has different aspects as we proceed along the airfoil, as
shown by analysis of the findings, and this is because the localized relative static pressure
has a direct proportional relation with Cp. Since the wind density and velocity are
constant, this equation may be demonstrated.
  The last graph shows that the lift coefficient is a role of angle of attack; as the angle of
attack is increased, the lift coefficient increases, as does the lift force; this ramping up
continues until we achieve the maximum angle of attack, in which the lift coefficient is at
its peak; after such point, the lift coefficient started to decline due to stall region where
the effect of drag force is occurs.
 As this distinction between both the relative local static pressure on the upper and lower
side of the airfoil is almost zero because its airfoil has a symmetric shape, the maximum
value of lift coefficient was acquired when the angle of attack was equivalent to 15°,
while the least rate was observed at zero angle of attack.
 The actual usage of a subsonic wind tunnel in a compact constrained environment is
where the majority of the faults in this investigation are located. Also, there are airflow
spaces that could affect air circulation, leading in a little error. Additionally, parallax and
system adjustment problems might cause mistakes when altering the airfoil angle.

10.0 Applications
Airplane flaps serve as airfoils that vary their attack angle based on the circumstances to
enable a safe launch or land and flight control. Automobiles are also designed and tested in wind
tunnels to verify that they are as seamless as possible, minimizing drag and boosting productivity
and effectiveness.

11.0 Conclusion
In this experiment it can be concluded that Airfoil properties was studied thoroughly
during the experiment, After lab experiment we were able to calculate the coefficient of lift from
pressure drop measurements for airflow around for a symmetry NACA0012 airfoil that use the
AF102 Airfoil Model and the AF100 Subsonic Wind Tunnel, accomplishing the purpose of this
project. We can see how a specific angle of attack alters the lift force in our experiment. We also
plotted a graph between the coefficient of lift and the angle of attack to see the outcomes. There
is undoubtedly a way to avoid some inaccuracies and achieve better findings, such as conducting
the experiment in a larger room to eliminate the undesired flow near the apparatus.
12.0 References
[1] Lab manual

[2] https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/shape.html