Week 13.

1
MECHANICAL VIBRATION
SOUND
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS

Vibration
 periodic back-and-forth
motion of the particles of an
elastic body or medium
 commonly resulting when
almost any physical system
is displaced from its
equilibrium condition
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS

Vibration
 periodic back-and-forth
motion of the particles of an
elastic body or medium
 commonly resulting when
almost any physical system
is displaced from its
equilibrium condition
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS

Forced vibration
 caused by an external
periodic or intermittent force
applied to the system
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS

Forced vibration
 caused by an external
periodic or intermittent force
applied to the system

Tacoma Narrows
Bridge
 MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS

Simple harmonic motion Resonance

Undamped vibration

Free vibration Forced vibration

Damped vibration
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Simple harmonic motion (SHM)

a special type of
periodic motion where the
restoring force on the moving
object is directly proportional to
the object's displacement
magnitude and acts towards the
object's equilibrium position.
 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Differential equation

Solution (undamped FB)

where:
A = amplitude (m)
T = period (sec)
f = frequency (cycle/sec)
k = spring constant (N/m)
m = mass (kg) ω = natural frequency (rad/sec)
01. PROBLEM
An object oscillates with SHM according to the equation
x = 2cos(πt) meters.

1. Determine the amplitude, frequency, and period of

motion
a) 4.2, 1.375 Hz, 6.6 sec.
b) 2.0, 0.500 Hz, 2.0 sec.
c) 3.3, 0.944 Hz, 4.3 sec.
d) 1.6, 0.780 Hz, 3.8 sec.

2. Determine the displacement, velocity, and acceleration

of the object at t = 1/3 s
a) 1.72 m, - 4.42 m/s, - 7.55 m/s2
b) 0.85 m, - 1.07 m/s, - 5.92 m/s2
c) 2.17 m, - 3.28 m/s, - 11.34 m/s2
d) 1.00 m, - 5.44 m/s, - 9.86 m/s2
01. PROBLEM
An object oscillates with SHM according to the equation
x = 2cos(πt) meters.

1. Determine the amplitude, frequency, and period of

motion
Solution:
From graph

Amplitude
A=2m

Period
T = 2 sec

Frequency
f = 1/T = ½ = 0.5 /sec
01. PROBLEM
An object oscillates with SHM according to the equation
x = 2cos(πt) meters.
Solution: a) 4.2, 1.375 Hz, 6.6 sec
By Formula x = 2cos (πt) b) 2.0, 0.500 Hz, 2.0 sec
c) 3.3, 0.944 Hz, 4.3 sec
x = A cos ωt d) 1.6, 0.780 Hz, 3.8 sec
Amplitude
x = A sin ωt
A=2m
A = Amplitude
Frequency
ω = Natural frequency ω=π
f = π/(2π) = 0.5 Hz
f = frequency
f = ω/(2π) cycles/sec or hertz
Period
T = period T = 1/0.5 = 2 sec
T = 1/f
01. PROBLEM
An object oscillates with SHM according to the equation
x = 2cos(πt) meters.

2. Determine the displacement, velocity, and acceleration

of the object at t = 1/3 s
a) 1.72 m, - 4.42 m/s, - 7.55 m/s2
Solution: b) 0.85 m, - 1.07 m/s, - 5.92 m/s2
Displacement c) 2.17 m, - 3.28 m/s, - 11.34 m/s2
x = 2cos (πt) = 2 cos π(1/3) = 1 m d) 1.00 m, - 5.44 m/s, - 9.86 m/s2

Velocity
v = dx/dt = -2πsin (πt) = -2πsin π(1/3) = -5.44 m/s

Acceleration
a = dv/dt = - 2π2cos (πt) = - 2π2cos π(1/3) = -9.86 m/s2
 02. PROBLEM
An elastic cord vibrates with a frequency of
3.0 Hz when a mass of 0.60 kg is hung from
it. What will its frequency be if only 0.38 kg
hangs from it?
L L
a) 2.3 Hz c) 4.2 Hz
b) 3.8 Hz d) 1.9 Hz

Solution:

k
  2f f1 m1  f2 m2 = C 0.38 kg
m 0.60 kg

C 3 0.6  f2 0.38
f
m f2 = 3.78 Hz
SIMPLE PENDULUM

Frequency

For small displacement

sin θ = θ
Period
03. PROBLEM
If a pendulum clock is accurate at sea level, will it gain
or lose time when taken to high altitude?

a) If g is greater, the period of the pendulum clock is

greater and the clock gains time
b) If g is greater, the period of the pendulum clock is
lesser and the clock gains time
c) If g is less, the period of the pendulum clock is
lesser and the clock loses time
d) If g is less, the period of the pendulum clock is
greater and the clock loses time
04. PROBLEM
A simple pendulum is used in a Solution:
physics laboratory experiment to l = 0.600 m
obtain an experimental value for T = 1.55 s
the gravitational acceleration. A
particular student measures the
length of the pendulum to be 0.600
m, displaces it 100 mm from the
equilibrium position, and releases
it. Using a stopwatch, the student 0.6
determines that the period of the 1.55  2
pendulum is 1.55 s. Determine the g
experimental value of the
gravitational acceleration. 0.6
g
a) 9.85 m/s2 c) 10.46 m/s2
(1.55 / 2) 2
b) 12.77 m/s2 d) 11.31 m/s2
g = 9.859 m/s2
05. PROBLEM
A cord of mass 0.65 kg is stretched
between two supports 30 m apart. If the
tension in the cord is 150 N, how long v
will it take a pulse to travel from on
30 m
support to another?
a) 0.25 seconds
b) 0.44 seconds Solution:
c) 0.19 seconds F
v dis tan ce
d) 0.36 seconds
(m / L ) time 
velocity
150
v
(0.65 / 30)
time = 0.36 s
v = 83.2 m/s
06. PROBLEM
The intensity of an earthquake wave is
measured to be 2 x 106 J/m2 s at a distance of 48 km
from the source.

1. What was the intensity when it passed a point

only 1 km from the source?
Solution:
Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of
source distance.
k
I 2 I2 = 4.6 x 109 J/m2s
r
2 2
I1r1  I2r2 a) 4.6 x 109 J/m2 s
b) 5.7 x 109 J/m2 s
c) 3.1 x 109 J/m2 s
(2x10 6 )( 48)2  I2 (1)2 d) 2.5 x 109 J/m2 s
06. PROBLEM
The intensity of an earthquake wave is
measured to be 2 x 106 J/m2 s at a distance of 48 km
from the source.

2. At what rate did energy pass through an area of

5.0 m2 at 1 km?
a) 2.3 x 1010 W
b) 1.7 x 1010 W
c) 4.0 x 1010 W
d) 3.5 x 1010 W
Solution:
I @1 km from the source P  int ensity x area
I2 = 4.6 x 109 J/m2s
P  (4.6 x 10 9 J/m2 s)(5.0 m2 )
P  2.3 x 10 J/s or W
10
07. PROBLEM
A 220 kg wooden raft floats on a lake. When a 75 kg
man stands on the raft, it sinks 4.0 cm deeper into the
water. When he steps off, the raft vibrates for a while.

1. What is the frequency of vibration?

a) 0.6 Hz
b) 2.2 Hz
c) 1.0 Hz
d) 1.4 Hz
Solution: 1 k
Spring constant f
2 m
F = kx
1 18393.75
75(9.81) = k(0.04) f
2 220
k = 18393.75 N/m
f = 1.455 Hz
07. PROBLEM
A 220 kg wooden raft floats on a lake. When a 75 kg
man stands on the raft, it sinks 4.0 cm deeper into the
water. When he steps off, the raft vibrates for a while.

2. What is the total energy of vibration(ignoring

damping)?
a) 20 Joules
b) 11 Joules
c) 8 Joules
d) 15 Joules
k = 18393.75 N/m
Solution:
E = ½ kA2 (A = amplitude)
E = ½(18393.75)(0.04)2
E = 14.715 Joules
Sound CE BOARD NOV 2018
08. PROBLEM
Determine the speed of sound through a
long aluminum rod. The elastic modulus of
aluminum is 70.0 x 109 N/m2 and the density
is 2.70 x 103 kg/m3.

a) 4488 m/s c) 3347 m/s

b) 6230 m/s d) 5090 m/s

Solution:

E
v


70 x10 9
v   5091 .75 m/s
2700
Sound

09. PROBLEM

1. Determine the intensity levels of these

sounds in decibels,
a) 139 dB c) 112 dB
b) 105 dB d) 97 dB

2. Amplitude of the sound wave if its

frequency is 500 hertz.
a) x = 0.0024 mm
b) x = 0.0083 mm
c) x = 0.0459 mm
d) x = 0.0116 mm
Sound

SOUND LEVEL & INTENSITY

Sound

SOUND LEVEL & INTENSITY

Sound

09. PROBLEM

1. Determine the intensity levels of these

sounds in decibels,
a) 139 dB c) 112 dB
b) 105 dB d) 97 dB
Solution:
I0 = 1x10-12 W/m2 (hearing threshold)
β =10 log(0.15/ 1x10-12)
β = 111.76 dB
Sound

09. PROBLEM

2. Amplitude of the sound wave if its

frequency is 500 hertz.
a) x = 0.0024 mm b) x = 0.0083 mm
c) x = 0.0459 mm d) x = 0.0116 mm

Solution:

0.15 = 2π2(340)(1.29)(500)2x2

x = 8.32 x 10-6 m = 0.0083 mm

Sound

SOUND WAVES IN AN OPEN PIPE

For an open pipe (that is, a pipe with open

ends at each side), a standing wave can form
if the wavelength of the sound allows there to
be an antinode at either end. A node is a point
on a standing wave where no motion takes
place, so it remains in its resting position,
while an antinode is a point where there is the
most motion (the opposite of a node).

The lowest-frequency standing wave pattern

will have an antinode at each open end of the
pipe, with one node in the middle. The
frequency where this happens is called the
fundamental frequency or the first harmonic.
Sound

SOUND WAVES IN AN OPEN PIPE

Sound

SOUND WAVES IN AN OPEN PIPE

Sound

10. PROBLEM

1. Determine the length of the pipe.

a) 0.176 m c) 0.510 m
b) 0.733 m d) 0.292 m

2. The pipe is now closed at one end,

determine the frequency of the third
harmonic.
a) 714 Hz c) 563 Hz
b) 622 Hz d) 888 Hz
Sound

10. PROBLEM

1. Determine the length of the pipe.

a) 0.176 m c) 0.510 m
b) 0.733 m d) 0.292 m

Solution:
f = 3v/2L
1000 = 3(340) / 2L

L = 0.51 m
Sound

10. PROBLEM

2. The pipe is now closed at one end,

determine the frequency of the third
harmonic.
a) 714 Hz c) 563 Hz
b) 622 Hz d) 888 Hz
Sound

SOUND WAVES IN AN CLOSED PIPE

Sound

SOUND WAVES IN AN CLOSED PIPE

Sound

10. PROBLEM

L = 0.51 m

2. The pipe is now closed at one end,

determine the frequency of the third
harmonic.
a) 714 Hz c) 563 Hz
b) 622 Hz d) 888 Hz

Solution:
(1/3)L = (1/4)λ f = (v/ λ)
0.51/3 = λ/4 f = (340 / 0.68)
λ = 0.68 f = 500 Hz
Sound

11. PROBLEM
A student strikes two tuning forks and
hears 2 beats per second. He notes
that 440 Hz is printed on one tuning
fork. Determine the frequency of the
other fork.
a) 502 Hz c) 438 Hz
b) 379 Hz d) 264 Hz
Solution:
f1 = 440 Hz
440 – f2 = 2
f2 = 440 – 2
f2 = 438 Hz