© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.
© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

National Roofing Contractors Association

10255 W. Higgins Road, Suite 600

Rosemont, IL 60018-5607
(847) 299-9070
Fax: (847) 299-1183
Website: www.nrca.net
E-mail: [email protected]

Published by the National Roofing Contractors Association

10255 W. Higgins Road, Suite 600, Rosemont, IL 60018-5607

©2012 by the National Roofing Contractors Association

All rights reserved
Published 2012
Printed in the United States of America

2 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Important Legal Notice for Users of NRCA Guidelines for Asphalt Shingle Roof Systems

Purpose

NRCA Guidelines for Asphalt Shingle Roof Systems is published by the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA)
for educational and informational purposes only. NRCA is not rendering specific professional advice. Users must rely
solely on their own judgment and/or consult experienced, technically competent roofing professionals to determine
which procedures, whether included in this manual or not, are appropriate for their purposes. NRCA does not approve
or endorse any specific products, methods, practices or sources of information. This manual should not be referenced in
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

any way that implies such approval or endorsement.

Disclaimers

The information and data contained in this manual have been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. However,
the various codes, regulations, standards and practices referenced in this manual are subject to change, and the manual
is current only as of its original publication date. Users should consult appropriate sources for the most up-to-date ver-
sions of all codes, regulations and standards. Further, it should not be assumed that all acceptable or applicable sources
of information, procedures and techniques are contained in this manual or that additional measures may not be required
under certain circumstances or conditions.
NRCA makes no guarantee, representation or warranty, express or implied, at law or in equity, and NRCA expressly
disclaims any and all such guarantees, representations or warranties whatsoever as to the validity, accuracy or sufficiency
of the information set forth in this manual and assumes no responsibility or liability in connection therewith. Although
NRCA recommends the use of this manual by private industry and others, it is intended to be voluntary and nonbind-
ing, and NRCA assumes no liability or responsibility in connection with the use or misuse of this manual or information
included therein or in connection with any modifications to or adaptations of the manual by a user, purchaser or other
party, and expressly disclaims any such liability or responsibility.
This manual is not intended to be relied on as a source of information with respect to safety issues associated with the
various roof systems, procedures, techniques and products discussed therein. Accordingly, this manual does not address
applicable, required or recommended safety procedures or other safety information relevant to roof construction or the
useful life of a roof system. Users must take all necessary measures to establish sound safety practices and are urged to
consult appropriate reference materials such as product manufacturers’ material safety data sheets; federal Occupational
Safety and Health Administration requirements and applicable state counterparts; local ordinances; and other relevant
sources of information.
By using the information contained in this manual, the user expressly assumes all risk of loss, harm or injury resulting
from the use or misuse of such information. Additionally, the information presented in this manual is complex; may not
be appropriate in all instances; and requires verification and use by experienced, technically competent roofing profes-
sionals. Modification to all or parts of the information included in this manual by the user may affect the results, accu-
racy, reliability or other aspects of the information.
By using this manual, the user acknowledges and accepts the foregoing limitation of liability and disclaimers and agrees
that NRCA is not responsible for injuries, claims, losses or damages to the user or third parties arising directly or indi-
rectly out of the user’s use of this manual and/or the information contained therein.

Amendments

NRCA may, from time to time, amend and/or update this manual. Such updates and amendments may create significant
differences among successive editions of this manual. This manual is current only as of the original publication date indi-
cated thereon.

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 3

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Copyright

NRCA owns all copyrights in this manual. The contents of this manual may not, in whole or in part, be reproduced,
copied or disseminated, entered into or stored in a computer database or retrieval system, or otherwise used without the
prior written consent of NRCA except that users may reproduce a limited number of pages, figures or construction de-
tails solely for purposes of responding to proposals, preparing shop drawings and similar noncommercial, limited uses.
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

4 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Foreword
The National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) is pleased to present NRCA Guidelines for Asphalt Shingle Roof
Systems. This manual is intended to provide best industry practices and technical information concerning the design,
materials and installation of asphalt shingle roof systems.
This manual contains excerpts from The NRCA Roofing Manual: Steep-slope Roof System—2009 and The NRCA Roofing
Manual: Architectural Metal Flashing, Condensation Control and Reroofing—2010 applicable to asphalt shingle roof systems.
NRCA Guidelines for Asphalt Shingle Roof Systems presents time-tested, best-practice guidelines for roofing buildings and
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

other enclosed structures; the information has been collected by NRCA from knowledgeable, practicing roofing con-
tractors located throughout the U.S. The information in this manual reflects the consensus of the roofing contractors
consulted; the manual does not purport to include all practices, designs or applications. The best practice, design or ap-
plication for a specific job may vary according to climatic conditions and geographic location. Exclusion of certain prac-
tices from the manual does not mean such practices are unsatisfactory or inappropriate, and some geographic areas may
employ area practices not included in the manual that are better or more appropriate than those included in the manual.
Accordingly, the manual only should be used as a guideline and should not replace personal knowledge and experience.
The science and art of roofing buildings and other enclosed structures continues to experience change spurred largely by
technological innovations and new product developments. New and ongoing research constantly expands the industry’s
knowledge of roof systems and their design, materials and installation. NRCA Guidelines for Asphalt Shingle Roof Systems
is an up-to-date, authoritative technical reference concerning the design, materials and installation of quality, long-lasting
roof systems. In addition, NRCA intends to periodically update this manual as significant new information about roof
systems and their design, materials and installation becomes available.
Users of this manual seeking additional information or wishing to submit recommendations for revisions or additions to
future editions of the manual should contact:
Technical Services Section
National Roofing Contractors Association
10255 W. Higgins Road, Suite 600
Rosemont, IL 60018-5607
(847) 299-9070
Fax: (847) 299-1183
E-mail: [email protected]

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 5

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.
© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Table of Contents

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................. 9

Chapter 1—Roof Decks................................................................................................................................... 10

Chapter 2—Underlayments.......................................................................................................................... 14
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Chapter 3—Asphalt Shingles....................................................................................................................... 20

Chapter 4—Construction Details................................................................................................................ 39

Appendixes............................................................................................................................................................ 68
     Appendix A1—Condensation Control and Ventilation........................................................................................... 69

    Appendix A2—Referenced Organizations............................................................................................................... 79

    Appendix A3—Unit Conversions............................................................................................................................ 80

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 7

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.
© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Introduction
NRCA Guidelines for Asphalt Shingle Roof Systems contains information specific to asphalt shingle roof assemblies. Chapter
1—Roof Decks provides information specific to roof decks appropriate for asphalt shingle roof systems. Chapter 2—
Underlayments provides information regarding the materials, design and installation of underlayment used in asphalt
shingle roof systems. Chapter 3—Asphalt Shingles provides information about asphalt shingles, including material, de-
sign and installation considerations. Chapter 4—Construction Details provides information about and representative
graphic depictions of typical construction detail conditions specific to asphalt shingle roof systems. Appendixes provide
information about condensation control and ventilation, as well as lists of referenced organizations and unit conversions.
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Background
Asphalt shingles first were produced around 1901 and came into general use about 1910. Around 1915, machinery was
developed for roller-die cutting of granular roll roofing materials into irregular shapes on continuous production lines.
These products were more fire-resistant than wood shingles; offered more colors, shapes and patterns; and were less ex-
pensive. Single-unit shingles often were 12 inches by 16 inches. Early strip shingles were 10 inches to 131⁄2 inches by 36
inches.
Asphalt shingles generally are composed of asphalt, fillers, a reinforcing mat and granule surfacing. They are available in
a variety of colors, shapes and thicknesses. Some asphalt shingle products are available with enhanced physical properties.
For example, some asphalt shingle products are manufactured to be impact-resistant and their use may be desired in re-
gions susceptible to hail.
Asphalt shingles are installed in courses resulting in a multilayered, overlapping, water-shedding roof covering. Asphalt
shingles are installed over an underlayment, which is laid continuously over a roof deck substrate. The asphalt shingles,
underlayment and related components, including fasteners and flashings, compose what is referred to as an asphalt shin-
gle roof system.
An asphalt shingle roof system is applied to a nailable roof deck typically consisting of wood panels (plywood or oriented
strand board), wood planks or wood boards that are fastened to the underlying structural framing. The combination of
an asphalt shingle roof system and a roof deck make up what is referred to as an asphalt shingle roof assembly.

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 9

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Chapter 1—Roof Decks board or crown molding without gaps to provide for a
continuous surface to properly terminate an asphalt
A roof deck is the structural substrate to which an asphalt shingle roof system.
shingle roof system is applied. A roof deck must be capable NRCA recommends designers specify roof deck slopes in-
of safely supporting dead loads, including the weight of tended for the application of asphalt shingle roof systems
an asphalt shingle roof system, and design live loads, in- at 4:12 or greater.
cluding any additional loads that may be required by the
applicable building code. A roof deck also must be able to
provide adequate withdrawal resistance for fasteners used 1.1 Wood Panels
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

to attach a roof system. Geographical location and climatic

Wood-panel roof decks can be subdivided into two gen-
conditions can influence the type of roof deck, rafter spac-
eral types: plywood roof decks and oriented strand board
ing, deck slope and other structural characteristics that
(OSB) roof decks.
are appropriate for a roof deck. A roof deck material of
long-term expected service life is an important design Plywood panels are composed of thin wood layers called
consideration. veneers that are peeled from logs. The veneers are laid
at right angles to one another then glued together under
Asphalt shingle roof systems may be applied directly to the
heat and pressure. This cross-lamination orientation adds
following roof deck substrates:
strength and stability to the panels. Panels consist of a
• Wood panels (plywood, oriented strand board) number of cross-laminated layers that vary in number
according to a panel’s thickness.
• Wood planks and wood boards
OSB panels are composed of layers of compressed, glued
The proper thickness and species of a wood panel, wood wood strands. These strand layers are oriented at right
plank or wood board roof deck required for a specific angles to one another before being glued under heat and
roof assembly should be determined by the design loads, pressure and formed into panels. OSB panel performance
including wind uplift, anticipated for the roof system and can be affected by the type of wood (i.e., hardwood or
the distance (span) between the supporting members. softwood) used in its manufacture.
End joints of each adjacent piece of decking should be
staggered. The end joints should also be centered over All plywood and wood-based panels used to support as-
the supporting members, except for matched ends (e.g., phalt shingle roof systems should be rated for structural
tongue-and-groove). use as roof sheathing. Most building codes require a label
on plywood or wood-based panels, ensuring the plywood
In some instances, roof deck types other than wood pan- or wood-based panel complies with the criteria set forth in
els, wood planks or wood boards may be encountered. For one of the following standards:
example, in some situations, metal, concrete, gypsum, ce-
mentitious wood fiber, other nonwood or fabricated wood • U.S. Product Standards (PS) PS 1, “Construction
materials are used as structural decks for steep-slope roof and Industrial Plywood,” for all-veneer plywood
systems. In these instances, NRCA recommends a nail- • PS 2, “Performance Standard for Wood-Based
able substrate consisting of appropriately designed wood Structural-Use Panels”
panels, wood planks or wood boards be installed over the
structural deck to provide an adequate substrate for an as- • APA—The Engineered Wood Association (APA)
phalt shingle roof system. Standard PRP-108, “Performance Standards and
Policies for Structural-Use Panels,” for structural-
Asphalt shingle roof systems should be applied only over use panels (all-veneer plywood and OSB)
continuous wood panels or closely spaced wood planks or
wood boards. Spaced, or “skipped,” wood planks or wood Performance standards PS 1 and PS 2, which were initi-
boards are not considered adequate substrates for asphalt ated by APA, have been developed under the “Procedures
shingle roof systems. for the Development of Voluntary Product Standards” of
the U.S. Department of Commerce. Performance stan-
The bottom, leading or eave edge of a roof deck should dard PRP-108 was developed by APA.
be flush or extend out from the outer edge of a fascia

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© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Adherence to PS 1, PS 2 and PRP-108 standards is vol- End joints of wood sheathing panels that do not occur
untary by wood panel producers; they are not required to over supporting members should be supported to provide
meet these standards to sell their products. adequate bearing for the sheathing panel ends.
NRCA recommends plywood or wood-based panels intend- Preservative-treated Panels: Caution should
ed for use as roof sheathing meet or exceed the require- be taken when wood panel roof decks are constructed of
ments set forth by PS 1, PS 2 or PRP-108. wood that has been treated with an oil-borne preservative.
Many roofing material manufacturers recommend wood
When plywood is used as a roof deck material, NRCA
roof decks be constructed with wood that has been treated
recommends the use of a minimum of four-ply, 15⁄32-inch-
with a non-oil preservative pressure treatment or with
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

thick plywood for 16-inch rafter spacings, and four-ply,

nontreated air- or kiln-dried lumber. When preservative-
5⁄8-inch-thick plywood for 24-inch rafter spacings. These
treated wood panels are used, the roofing material manu-
minimum thicknesses are intended to provide adequate
facturer can be consulted for its specific recommendations
support for an asphalt shingle roof system and adequate
for roofing material application on preservative-treated
pull-out resistance for the fasteners used to attach asphalt
wood panel roof decks.
shingles to plywood panels. In some instances, thicker
plywood panels may be necessary to accommodate specific For additional information regarding preservative wood
design loads anticipated for the roof assembly and the dis- treatment, the American Wood Preservers Association can
tance between the supporting members. be consulted.
When OSB is used as a roof deck material, a minimum of Fire-retardant-treated Panels: Because of the
15⁄32-inch-thick OSB is recommended for 16-inch rafter deterioration of some fire-retardant-treated (FRT) wood
spacings and 5⁄8-inch-thickness OSB for 24-inch rafter panels caused by premature, heat-induced activation of
spacings. These minimum thicknesses are intended to pro- the intended chemical reaction, special care should be
vide adequate support for an asphalt shingle roof system taken to analyze and investigate the complete building
and adequate pull-out resistance for the fasteners used to envelope when considering the use of FRT wood panel
attach asphalt shingles to OSB panels. In some instances, decks in the design of a steep-slope roof assembly. NRCA
thicker OSB panels may be necessary to accommodate does not recommend using FRT wood as a roof deck
specific design loads anticipated for the roof assembly and material.
the distance between the supporting members.
NRCA has concerns about the long-term performance of 1.2 Wood Planks and Wood Boards
OSB panels, including those addressed by PS 2 and PRP-
108, used as substrates for asphalt shingle roof systems. Al- Wood plank and wood board roof decks are composed
though NRCA acknowledges the widespread use of OSB of solid-sawn dimensional lumber. They are normally
panels for constructing roof deck substrates, experience supported by wood beams, often glue-laminated timber
has shown that OSB panels are subject to dimensional (gluelams), and/or solid lumber joists or purlins.
changes, ridging and fastener backout resulting from The terms wood “plank” and wood “board” generally are
changing moisture conditions the roof decks normally differentiated by thickness and width.
encounter. If given a choice between an OSB panel roof
Wood planks are long, relatively thick pieces of lumber.
deck substrate or a plywood roof deck substrate, NRCA
Specifications sometimes vary in thickness from 2 inches
has a preference for roof deck substrates constructed of
up to 5 inches with the width dimension in the plane
plywood panels complying with PS 1.
of the roof deck. Wood planks may be single or double
Plywood and OSB sheathing panels should be installed tongue-and-groove, straight-edge, ship-lapped or grooved
with about 1⁄8-inch minimum gaps at panel edges to allow for splines on longitudinal edges.
for expansion of the panels. Panel edge clips, often called
Wood boards are pieces of lumber that are less than 2
H-clips, are sometimes used to provide this gap and also
inches thick with square edges. Board widths are typically
provide additional support of panel edges between widely
between 4 inches and 12 inches wide and are laid with
spaced framing members.
their width dimensions in the horizontal plane of a roof

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 11

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

deck. Boards less than 4 inches wide are sometimes clas- • U

 ncoated metal and painted metal flashings and ac-
sified as strips. Use of nominal 6-inch-wide wood boards cessories, except for 300-series stainless steel, should
is suggested for roof decks to prevent excessive movement not be used in direct contact with treated wood.
and splitting. Boards that are thinner than nominal 1 inch Metal products, except stainless steel, may be used
are not considered strong enough to support roof loads. if separated from treated wood by a spacer or bar-
rier, such as a single-ply membrane or self-adhering
The proper thickness and species of wood plank and wood
polymer-modified bitumen membrane.
board deck required for a specific roof assembly should
be determined by the design loads, including wind uplift, NRCA is of the opinion that the corrosion-related con-
anticipated for the roof system and the distance (span) cerns regarding the use of the current generation of treated
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

between the supporting members. End joints of each adja- wood possibly outweigh the benefits that treated wood
cent piece of decking should be staggered. The end joints provides as a component in roof assemblies. In many in-
should also be centered over the supporting members, ex- stances, nontreated, construction-grade wood is suitable
cept for matched ends (e.g., tongue-and-groove). for use in roof assemblies as blocking or nailers provided
reasonable measures are taken to ensure the nontreated
Preservative-treated Wood: Since Jan. 1, 2004,
wood remains reasonably dry when in service. Where a
preservative-treated lumber produced for consumer use is
specific design provides for a secondary means of water-
no longer treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA).
proofing, NRCA now considers the use of nontreated,
Some commercial uses of CCA are still available. The
construction-grade wood to be an acceptable substitute
new treatment processes use alkaline copper quat (ACQ),
for treated wood.
copper azole (CBA), sodium borates (SBX), ammoniacal
copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) or variations of these com-
pounds. Most, except SBX, are more corrosive than CCA 1.3 Other Deck Types
and require fasteners, anchors and connectors of specific
composition to resist corrosion from the wood treatment. NRCA recognizes other types of structural decks are
sometimes used in constructing asphalt shingle roof
NRCA suggests the following guidelines when encounter- assemblies, particularly in nonresidential construction.
ing the current generation of treated wood: NRCA recommends asphalt shingle roof systems be at-
• C
 arbon steel, aluminum and electroplated galva- tached directly only to structural wood panel, wood plank
nized steel fasteners and connectors should not be or wood board roof decks. NRCA does not recommend
used in contact with treated wood. Hot-dipped the direct attachment of shingles to gypsum, concrete
galvanized fasteners complying with ASTM A153 plank, cementitious wood fiber or similar nonwood or
and connectors complying with ASTM A653, Class fabricated wood materials.
G185, generally are acceptable. Type 304 or Type In some situations, metal, concrete, gypsum, cementitious
316 stainless-steel fasteners and connectors are rec- wood fiber, other nonwood or fabricated wood materials
ommended for maximum corrosion resistance. are used as structural decks for steep-slope roof systems. In
• F
 asteners with proprietary anti-corrosion coatings these instances, NRCA recommends a nailable substrate
may be acceptable for use with treated wood. When consisting of appropriately designed wood panels, wood
considering the use of such proprietary coated fas- planks or wood boards be installed over the structural
teners and connectors, fastener manufacturers can deck to provide an adequate substrate for an asphalt
be consulted for specific information regarding the shingle roof system.
performance of their products in treated wood and For ventilation purposes, if necessary, and to allow accept-
any precautions or special instructions that may be able clearance for proper fastener penetration of a wood
applicable. panel nailing substrate, NRCA suggests the use of wood
• A
 luminum fasteners, flashings and accessory prod- battens or metal channels attached over a structural deck
ucts should not be used in direct contact with any to raise and separate the wood panels from the deck sur-
treated wood. ACQ-treated wood is not compatible face below. The design, placement, spacing, height and
with aluminum. attachment of wood battens or metal channels are the
responsibility of the designer. A complete roof assembly,

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© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

including the structural deck, wood panel nailing substrate This space can be one-directional, running parallel to
and roof covering, should be designed to meet the ap- the roof slope, or cross-directional, allowing airflow in all
plicable building code. Key factors to consider during the directions. The amount of ventilation provided by these
design phase include fire resistance, structural loading and products is limited but may prevent heat buildup to some
wind-resistance requirements of the applicable building extent. Problems have occurred with venting nail-base
code. insulation products caused by moisture accumulation
in the limited ventilation space in the vented panels and
Steep-slope Compact Roof Assemblies:
vapor drive through the joints of vented and non-vented
Steep-slope compact, or “warm,” roof assemblies are
panels. The types of problems that have been reported are
configured with each component placed immediately on
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

condensation within the ventilation space, dimensional

top of its preceding component. The name “compact” is
changes in wood panels, underlayment buckling and the
sometimes given to these systems because each component
resulting shingle buckling.
is in immediate contact with its adjacent component with
no space for cross-ventilating the roof assembly. Designers should carefully consider moisture control when
specifying nail-base insulation systems.
In some instances, inadequate ventilation in steep-slope
compact roof assemblies may cause problems with prema-
ture asphalt shingle aging because of excessive system heat
buildup. Other problems that may be related to moisture
accumulation, such as asphalt shingle buckling, underlay-
ment buckling and deck warping, have been reported with
steep-slope compact roof assemblies.
Many asphalt shingle manufacturers will either not issue
or limit coverage for warranties covering shingles installed
over nonventilated steep-slope compact roof assemblies.
Asphalt shingle manufacturers can be consulted to obtain
warranty information and limitations for steep-slope com-
pact roof assemblies. For more information about venti-
lating steep-slope compact roof assemblies, see Appendix
A1—Condensation Control and Ventilation.
Nail-base Insulation: Some steep-slope compact roof
assemblies and systems requiring an appropriate nailable
substrate are constructed using nail-base insulation. Nail-
base insulation is composed of a layer of insulation that is
factory-adhered or laminated directly to a nailable wood
panel, such as plywood or OSB. The wood panel serves
as the nailing surface for the underlayment and asphalt
shingle roof system. When nail-base insulation is used, the
insulation adhered directly to the wood panel prevents any
ventilation from occurring between the asphalt shingles
and insulation. A lack of ventilation and the heat-resistant
properties of insulation increase the temperature to which
asphalt shingles are subjected during high-temperature
periods. Increased temperature may prematurely age the
asphalt in the shingles and reduce the shingles’ service life.
Vented nail-base insulations provide a narrow ventilation
space, varying in depth, between the insulation and wood
panel by using spacers to separate the two components.

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© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Chapter 2—Underlayments Underlayments are reinforced with mats that are designed
to support the asphalt. Reinforcing mats of different thick-
NRCA recommends the use of underlayments with asphalt nesses are used to produce underlayments of different
shingle roof systems. The use of underlayment requires a weights. These reinforcements, sometimes referred to as
continuous substrate to support the underlayment mate- carriers, are made of organic fibers, inorganic fibers, or a
rial. An underlayment is applied over an entire roof deck combination of organic and inorganic fibers.
before or during the application of asphalt shingles. Organic Mats: Historically, organic mats have been pro-
Underlayment should be vapor-permeable unless it is in- duced from various combinations of cotton rag, wood
tentionally designed to perform as a vapor retarder. fiber and other cellulose fibers. Currently, wood and other
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

cellulose fibers are the types of reinforcements most widely

An underlayment performs several functions; it provides:
used in organic mats. Organic mats then are saturated
• W
 eather protection for a limited time until a roof with a soft, saturant-grade asphalt intended to fill voids
covering is installed between fibers.

• A
 secondary weatherproofing barrier should mois- Inorganic Mats: Inorganic mats are composed of glass
ture infiltrate the asphalt shingles fibers or polyester fibers. The fibers may be continuous or
randomly oriented short filaments and are bonded with
• Separation between a roof covering and a substrate plastic binders or resin. Additionally, fiber mats may be
In addition, underlayments generally are necessary with further reinforced with chopped glass-fiber strands. The
mats then are coated with asphalt. These inorganic rein-
asphalt shingle roof systems for the following reasons:
forced felt underlayments differ from porous inorganic
• To comply with the applicable building code fiber ply sheets used in bituminous, low-slope roof systems.
• T
 o maintain a Class A, B or C fire rating for a roof The following ASTM International standards apply to as-
assembly phalt felt underlayments:

• T
 o meet the requirements of the manufacturer for a • A
 STM D4869, “Standard Specification for Asphalt-
material or system warranty Saturated Organic Felt Shingle Underlayment Used
in Roofing,” addresses material characteristics and
There are different underlayment configurations that can
physical properties and provides four classifications:
be used for asphalt roof systems. These configurations can
be categorized as follows: Type I, #8 Underlayment (previously ASTM D4869,
No. 15); Type II, #13 Underlayment (equivalent
• Single layer of underlayment to ASTM D226, No. 15); Type III, #20 Under-
• Single layer of self-adhering underlayment layment (previously ASTM D4869, No. 30); and
Type IV, #26 Underlayment (equivalent to ASTM
• Double layer of underlayment D226, No. 30).
These configurations are more fully discussed in Section
• A
 STM D6757, “Standard Specification for Un-
2.2—Underlayment Design and Installation.
derlayment Felt Containing Inorganic Fibers Used
in Steep-slope Roofing,” addresses inorganic fiber-
2.1 Underlayment Materials reinforced organic felt underlayment and inorganic
fiber-based felt used as underlayment in steep-slope
Materials used as underlayment for asphalt shingle roof
roof systems.
systems generally consist of asphalt felts, synthetic sheets,
polymer-modified bitumen sheets, and water and ice-dam NRCA recommends designers specify asphalt felt under-
protection membranes. layments used in asphalt shingle roof systems complying
with ASTM D4869, Type II (No. 15), Type III or Type
Asphalt Felt: Asphalt-saturated and asphalt-
IV (No. 30); or ASTM D6757.
impregnated felt underlayments are the most common
underlayments used in steep-slope roof systems and use an Synthetic Sheets: Synthetic sheets are produced with
organic reinforcing mat, an inorganic reinforcing mat or a polyolefin-based resins (e.g., polyethylene and polypro-
combination organic mat reinforced with inorganic fiber. pylene), recycled rubber and/or similar components that

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© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

do not fit into the organic or inorganic felt underlayment Water and Ice-dam Protection Membranes:
classifications previously discussed. Synthetic underlay- A water and ice-dam protection membrane is a distinctive
ments generally are characterized by high tensile strength, type of underlayment. This type of underlayment provides
light weight, long-term ultraviolet resistance, low or no additional protection from moisture intrusion along the
moisture absorption, and low shrinkage and wrinkling. eaves, at penetrations, at elevation changes, and in valleys
Thickness, tensile strength and abrasion resistance for where excessive water runoff or ice dams can occur.
synthetic sheet underlayments vary. The polyolefin-based Water and ice-dam protection membranes generally con-
sheets are either polyethylene or polypropylene or a com- sist of a single layer of self-adhering polymer-modified
bination of both. Polyethylene has a lower softening point bitumen underlayment.
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

and melting point, and polypropylene has a higher soft-

Self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen membranes are
ening point and melting point, which increases stability.
reinforced with glass fiber or contain a thin layer of poly-
Some synthetic sheet underlayments have relatively low
ethylene on the top side. Most of these membranes should
permeance ratings—lower than those for organic and in-
not be exposed for extended periods of time before the ap-
organic asphalt felt underlayments.
plication of asphalt shingles unless expressly stated on the
There are currently no ASTM International standards that packaging. Some self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen
apply to synthetic sheet underlayments. Some product membrane products incorporate a granule surfacing to
manufacturers possess evaluation reports by ICC Evalu- provide a more slip-resistant surface for workers. A release
ation Service (ICC-ES) that may be used to substantiate paper covers the bottom side of such a membrane to pre-
code compliance to the code authority having jurisdiction. vent it from sticking to itself when it is wound into a roll.
Evaluation protocols that establish guidelines for code ac- This release paper should be removed during application.
ceptance of synthetic sheet underlayments are published
Self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheets used as
by ICC-ES as AC188, “Acceptance Criteria for Roof
water and ice-dam protection membranes typically range
Underlayments,” and AC207, “Acceptance Criteria for
in thickness from 20 mils up to 60 mils.
Polypropylene Roof Underlayments.”
ASTM D1970, “Standard Specification for Self-Adhering
Polymer-modified Bitumen Sheets: Polymer-
Polymer Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials used as
modified bitumen sheet membrane products are sometimes
Steep Roofing Underlayment for Ice Dam Protection,”
used as underlayments in asphalt shingle roof systems.
applies to self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen ice-
Some of these products are marketed for use specifically
dam protection membranes. This standard addresses thick-
as underlayments for steep-slope roof systems. Other
ness, tear resistance, adhesion properties, low-temperature
products are heavier, nonporous base sheets commonly
flexibility and thermal stability, as well as other physical
used in low-slope membrane roof systems.
properties.
Self-adhering polymer-modified underlayments are
NRCA recommends designers specify self-adhering
described in the following section, Water and Ice-dam
polymer-modified bitumen sheets complying with ASTM
Protection Membranes.
D1970 be used for water and ice-dam protection mem-
The bitumen used in polymer-modified bitumen sheets branes for asphalt shingle roof systems.
is an asphalt that has been modified with polymers. The
Some manufacturers of self-adhering polymer-modified
common polymers currently used are atactic polypropylene
bitumen sheets produce underlayment products for high-
(APP) and styrene butadiene styrene (SBS). These polymers
temperature exposures. Currently, the ASTM International
alter the basic physical characteristics of asphalt and provide
standard for self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen ice-
enhanced weathering, aging and sealing characteristics.
dam protection membranes does not address this issue. For
Polymer-modified bitumen base sheets generally are asphalt shingle roof systems, the use of high-temperature,
reinforced with a glass-fiber or polyester mat. Base sheet self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheet underlay-
products typically range in thickness from about 35 mils ment products is generally not considered to be necessary.
up to 90 mils.
During reroofing, self-adhering polymer-modified bitu-
Polymer-modified bitumen sheet products have low per- men sheet underlayment may not be able to be removed
meance values and, as such, will likely perform as vapor completely from the existing roof deck without damaging
retarders when installed as underlayment. the roof deck.

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 15

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

2.2 Underlayment Design and Single Layer of Underlayment: This configuration con-
sists of one layer of underlayment fastened to a deck be-
Installation fore application of a roof covering. For single-layer appli-
Asphalt shingles are designed for use as multilayered, water- cations, the underlayment should be applied horizontally
shedding roof components that rely on the slope of a roof in shingle fashion and side lapped a minimum of 2 inches
substrate to effectively shed water. Depending on a roof over the preceding sheet. End laps should be a minimum
substrate’s slope and exposure conditions of an asphalt of 4 inches. Vertical end laps for alternate courses should
shingle roof system, different underlayment materials and be offset a minimum of 3 feet. Underlayment should be
configurations will be appropriate. fastened with nails or staples only as necessary to hold the
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

material in place before and during the installation of a

Roof Slope: NRCA recommends designers specify primary roof covering. See Figure 1.
substrates for asphalt shingle roof systems have slopes of
4:12 or more. For roof substrates having slopes of 4:12 Some building codes may require specific fastener types
or more, NRCA recommends a minimum single-layer and patterns for underlayment in high-wind regions in an
underlayment be specified and applied horizontally in attempt to hold the underlayment in place in the event of
shingle fashion. wind blow-off of the primary roof covering.
For roof substrates having slopes of 3:12 up to 4:12, a Installing nonadhered underlayment in vertical runs,
single layer of self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen referred to as “strapping,” is considered by NRCA to be
underlayment or a minimum double-layer underlayment acceptable for steeply sloped asphalt shingle roof systems.
should be specified. When a double-layer underlayment is If the strapping method is used, NRCA recommends the
specified, it should be applied horizontally in shingle fash- underlayment sheets be offset at a slight angle to promote
ion, with half the roll width minus 1-inch exposure and drainage overlap and the side-lap and end-lap coverage be
half the roll width plus 1-inch underlap. increased. Strapping should be limited to steeper slopes
that are more difficult to cover with horizontal runs.
Also, for asphalt shingle roof systems on slopes less than
4:12, NRCA recommends designers consider the following: Single-layer of Self-adhering Underlayment: This con-
figuration consists of one layer of self-adhering polymer-
• M
 ore stringent underlayment specification, such as modified bitumen sheet membrane applied over a roof
a layer of self-adhering underlayment with laps and deck. This type of membrane is designed to be used as a
joints sealed water and ice-dam protection membrane. Side laps and end
• Roof layout and valley/plane intersection details laps should be adhered and the membrane sheet adhered
to the substrate. Designers should note that these types of
• C
 areful consideration of anticipated climate membranes, when installed over an entire roof area, act as
conditions air and vapor retarders. Potential problems with ventilation,
These factors also necessitate careful selection of the type
of asphalt shingle (e.g., interlocking, laminated, no-cutout)
proposed.
Some asphalt shingle manufacturers and some building
codes allow for the application of asphalt shingles on lesser
slopes down to 2:12.
Underlayment Configurations: There are differ-
ent underlayment configurations that can be used for as-
phalt shingle roof systems. Generally, these configurations
can be categorized as follows:
• Single layer of underlayment
• Single layer of self-adhering underlayment
• Double layer of underlayment
Figure 1: Single-layer underlayment

16 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

moisture control and vapor retarder placement should be

considered during the design phase. See Figure 2.
During reroofing, self-adhering polymer-modified bitu-
men sheet underlayment may not be able to be removed
completely from the existing roof deck without damaging
the roof deck.
Double-layer of Underlayment: This configuration con-
sists of two layers of underlayment fastened to a roof deck
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

before application of asphalt shingles. When a double-layer

underlayment is required, the material should be applied
horizontally in shingle fashion. For double-layer applica-
tions, all underlayments should be lapped a minimum of
one-half the roll width plus 2 inches over the preceding Figure 3: Double-layer underlayment
sheet. End laps should be a minimum of 4 inches. An un-
derlayment should be fastened appropriately for the slope of
the roof to hold the material in place prior to the installation
of a primary roof covering material. See Figures 3 and 4.
When a double-layer underlayment configuration is used
and underlayment layers are identical materials, they are
commonly installed in shingle fashion. However, if one
layer is used to “dry in” the building temporarily or un-
derlayments of two different compositions are used, each
layer may be applied in a single-layer configuration.
Water and Ice-dam Protection Membrane
Underlayment: Regardless of the type of underlay-
ment required or roof slope, in locations where the average
temperature for January is 30 F or less, NRCA recommends
installation of a water and ice-dam protection membrane. Figure 4: Double-layer underlayment with water and ice-dam protection
See Figure 5. membrane

Figure 5: Areas of the U.S. with an average January temperature below

30 F, composite 1983-2007 data. Map is based on data provided by
Figure 2: Single-layer underlayment with water and ice-dam protection NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colo., from its website,
membrane www.cdc.noaa.gov. Contours represent U.S. Climate Divisions.

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 17

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Some building codes require the use of water and ice-dam and asphalt shingles and provides for efficient water shed-
protection membranes in areas where the mean January ding. Most building codes require the use of drip edge
temperature is 25 F or less. Designers and contractors are metal for asphalt shingle roof systems at eaves and rakes.
urged to consult the applicable building code.
Drip edge metal is most common for asphalt shingle roof
A water and ice-dam protection membrane generally is systems. Drip edge metal is typically fabricated in two
a self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen membrane. configurations, L-type or T-type. See Figure 7.
NRCA recommends these types of self-adhering mem-
branes comply with ASTM D1970, which should be
designated on the packaging.
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Water and ice-dam protection membrane should be ap-

plied starting at a roof system’s eaves and extend upslope
a minimum of 24 inches from inside the exterior wall
line of a building. For slopes less than 4:12 and in heavy
snowfall regions, NRCA recommends water and ice-dam
protection membranes be applied starting at the eaves and
extending a minimum of 36 inches upslope from inside
the exterior wall line of a building. The membrane should
extend up the adjoining walls and beyond the 36 inch line
at the downslope end of a valley. See Figures 6A and 6B.
Water and ice-dam protection membrane for downslope pe-
rimeters, transitions, valleys and around penetrations is rec-
ommended in cold regions. In climates where ice damming
can be severe, consideration should be given to extending
the ice-dam protection membrane farther up the slope.
Water and ice-dam protection membranes should not
be relied on to prevent leaks from occurring. Careful
consideration of roof ventilation, insulation and project-
Figure 6A: Ice damming
specific detailing for particular climatic conditions is vital.
Also, self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen underlay-
ments should not be left exposed for long periods of time.
Self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen underlayments
should be covered with primary roofing material as soon
as practical to prevent degradation. Self-adhering material
is temperature-sensitive and in cool or cold climates may
need the application of heated air to assist sealing at side
laps and end laps. Manufacturers’ individual product re-
quirements can be consulted for additional information.
Designers should note that these types of membranes,
when used as underlayments over entire roof areas, also
function as vapor retarders. Potential issues with venti-
lation, moisture control and vapor-retarder placement
should be considered during the design phase.
Water and ice-dam protection membranes do not need to
be covered by additional underlayment material.
Drip Edge Metal: The use of drip edge metal at eaves
and rakes provides a means of terminating the underlayment Figure 6B: Installation of water and ice-dam protection membrane

18 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Figure 7: Drip edge metal configurations

The specific configuration and metal material used for
drip edge metal usually depends on local practices.
NRCA recommends the use of drip edge metal at all eaves
and rakes for asphalt shingle roof systems. Also, drip edge
metal should be fabricated from one of the following
metal types and minimum thicknesses:
• 28-gauge galvanized steel
• 28-gauge prefinished galvanized steel
• 28-gauge stainless steel
• 28-gauge Galvalume®
• 0.024-inch-thick aluminum
• 0.024-inch-thick prefinished aluminum
• 12-ounce copper
• 12-ounce lead-coated copper
NRCA suggests fastening drip edge metal at about 12
inches on center, slightly staggered. Spacing may need to
be closer in high-wind regions.

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 19

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Chapter 3—Asphalt Shingles that use glass-fiber reinforcing mats are designated as “glass-
fiber-reinforced asphalt shingles.”
Asphalt shingles are designed for use as multilayered, water- The shapes or styles of asphalt shingles are identified in
shedding roof components that rely on the slope of a roof Figure 8 as follows:
substrate to effectively shed water.
• S
 trip shingles: These shingles are in strip form and
Asphalt shingles are categorized by their reinforcements generally longer in width than height. Common
and shapes. dimensions for standard shingles are 12 inches by
Asphalt shingles that use organic reinforcing mats are re- 36 inches. For metric shingles, the common dimen-
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

ferred to as “organic-reinforced asphalt shingles,” and those sions are about 13 inches by 393⁄8 inches. These

Figure 8: Shapes and styles of asphalt shingles

20 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

dimensions can vary depending on the manufacturer, process. Asphalt flux is further refined by air blowing to
and some newer products are available in larger di- produce roofing-grade asphalt at an oil refinery and then
mensions than traditional standard- or metric-sized is delivered to an asphalt roofing material manufacturer.
asphalt strip shingles. Products referred to as “three-
Asphalt may be used in two processes: first as a saturant
tab” and laminated shingles all are categorized as
and second as the primary coating and weatherproofing
strip shingles. Strip shingles are “self-sealing”; that
material for an asphalt roofing product.
is, they contain adhesive seal strips that bond to
overlying or underlying courses of shingles for wind Saturant-grade asphalt is a “soft,” less viscous asphalt than
resistance. coating asphalt and only is used for asphalt shingles that
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

are reinforced with organic mats. It is used to impregnate

• L
 aminated strip shingles: Sometimes called
an organic reinforcing mat before application of a coating
“dimensional” or “architectural” shingles, these
asphalt.
shingles have additional material laminated to
strips to create random thicknesses, thereby giv- Coating-grade asphalt is more viscous than saturant as-
ing the shingles a more dimensional appearance. phalt. Mineral additives, or “fillers,” are added to coating
Laminated shingles are “self-sealing”; that is, they asphalt to stabilize the bitumen, reduce its natural flow
contain adhesive seal strips that bond to overlying characteristics and increase fire resistance, making it more
or underlying courses of shingles for wind resis- suitable as a coating material. Some examples of mineral
tance. Dimensions and weights vary depending on additives used are limestone, fly ash, traprock, slate dust or
the manufacturer. Laminated shingles can also take other rock particulates. Filler materials may differ among
the form of full double laminates, cut-out laminates manufacturers or manufacturing sites.
(sculptured) and triple laminates. Some manufacturers use asphalts that have been modified
• Individual shingles: Individual shingles typically with various polymers. The most common polymer cur-
are smaller than strip shingles, and, consequently, rently used is styrene butadiene styrene (SBS). Polymers
more pieces are required to cover the same roof can alter the basic physical characteristics of asphalt and
area than with strip shingles. In the past, individ- may provide enhanced weathering and aging characteris-
ual shingles were known for their unique visual tics, as well as increased wind and impact resistance.
patterns. Scalloped, fish scale, diagonal, diamond Reinforcing Mat: All asphalt shingles are reinforced with
and octagon are a few of the patterns that have a mat or scrim that is designed to support the asphalt.
been achieved with individual shingles depending on
their design. Most of these products are no longer Organic mats historically have been produced from vari-
available, having been replaced by laminated shingle ous combinations of cotton rag, wood fiber and other
designs. Some individual shingles offer a locking cellulose fibers. Currently, wood and other cellulose fibers
feature for increased wind resistance because indi- are the reinforcement types most widely used in organic
vidual shingles typically do not contain self-sealing mats. Before an organic reinforcing mat is coated with
adhesive strips. The “T-lock” design is an example coating-grade asphalt, it is first impregnated with a soft,
of this locking type feature. saturant-grade asphalt intended to fill voids between fibers.
Inorganic mats are composed of thin glass fibers or poly-
3.1 Asphalt Shingle Materials ester fibers. The fibers may be continuous or random and
are bonded together with plastic binders or resin. Unlike
Asphalt Shingles: Asphalt shingle products are organic mats, glass-fiber and polyester mats used for as-
manufactured from four basic components: asphalt, fillers, phalt shingles are not saturated with a soft asphalt before
reinforcing mat and surfacing. Asphalt strip and laminated the application of coating-grade asphalt.
strip shingles also use adhesives to provide self-seal strips.
Surfacing: Asphalt shingles most commonly are surfaced
Asphalt and Fillers: The weatherproofing material used to with coarse mineral granules. Mineral granules are made
manufacture asphalt shingles is asphalt flux. Asphalt flux from natural-colored rock granules or rock granules col-
is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum ored by a ceramic-coating process and produced to meet
that takes place toward the end of the petroleum refining ASTM D451, “Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 21

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

of Granular Mineral Surfacing for Asphalt Roofing Prod- polyester film no longer aligns with the self-sealing strips,
ucts.” Ceramic granules are currently the most commonly allowing the self-sealing strips to seal to the next course
used coarse mineral surfacing. of asphalt shingles. For this reason, the strips of polyester
film do not need to be removed from asphalt shingles dur-
Many asphalt shingle products are available with special
ing application.
granule surfacings that blend zinc or copper compounds
or particles to minimize algae growth. Zinc or copper Individual shingles, such as “T-Lock” shingles, typically
particles are applied with a granule surfacing, or some do not contain an adhesive self-sealing strip.
granules may be coated with a zinc or copper compound.
The following standards apply to strip, laminated and in-
Once exposed to moisture, copper- or zinc-treated gran-
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

dividual asphalt shingle products:

ules produce copper or zinc ions for a period of time. The
duration of time and effectiveness of the algaecide varies • A
 STM D225, “Standard Specification for Asphalt
from region to region depending on climatic conditions. Shingles (Organic Felt) Surfaced With Mineral
Granules,” addresses material mass and low- and
Mineral granules are used for the following purposes:
high-temperature behavior, as well as other physical
• T
 o protect an underlying asphalt coating from the properties.
degrading effects of ultraviolet light and weathering;
• A
 STM D3018, “Standard Specification for Class A
therefore, the granules must be opaque, properly
Asphalt Shingles Surfaced with Mineral Granules,”
graded for maximum coverage and densely applied
addresses fire test classification, wind resistance, loss
over the coating-grade asphalt surface
of volatile matter after heating and other properties.
• T
 o increase external fire resistance though granular
• A
 STM D3462, “Standard Specification for Asphalt
surfacing alone may not render an asphalt shingle
Shingles Made from Glass Felt and Surfaced with
to be Class A
Mineral Granules,” addresses tear strength, fastener
• T
 o provide a greater variety of design possibilities pull-through resistance and pliability, as well as other
and aesthetic choices because of their wide range of physical properties.
texture, color and color blends
NRCA recommends designers specify organic-reinforced
• To add weight, which increases wind resistance asphalt shingles that comply with ASTM D225 and glass-
fiber-reinforced asphalt shingles that comply with ASTM
On the back side of asphalt shingles, finely ground minerals
D3462.
are applied to prevent the shingles from sticking together in
a package or bundle. The materials most frequently used as Also, the wind resistance of asphalt shingle roof systems is
fine mineral surfacings are sand or crushed slag. largely determined by the specific asphalt shingle product
used.
Self-sealing Strip: Commonly, asphalt strip shingles and
laminated shingles contain adhesive self-sealing strips. A Asphalt shingle products are tested and classified for wind
self-sealing strip gives an asphalt shingle increased wind resistance according to three test methods:
resistance by securing the leading edge of the shingle. A
• U
 nderwriters Laboratories (UL) Inc. standard UL
self-sealing strip is generally composed of an asphaltic-
997, “Wind Resistance of Prepared Roof Covering
based, heat-sensitive adhesive that is designed to adhere to
Materials”
the overlying or underlying course of shingles. A modifier,
similar to SBS polymer-modified bitumen, may be added • A
 STM International Standard ASTM D3161,
to the adhesive to make it tackier, allowing the adhesive to “Standard Test Method for Wind-Resistance of
seal at lower temperatures. Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)”
During the manufacturing process, a narrow strip of poly- • A
 STM International Standard ASTM D7158,
ester film may be applied to each shingle for packaging “Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of
purposes only. When in the package, the strips of polyes- Sealed Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Forces/Uplift
ter film align with the asphalt shingles’ self-sealing strips Resistance Method)”
and prevent the self-sealing strips from bonding the shin- UL 997 and ASTM D3161 are similar test methods where
gles together. When the asphalt shingles are installed, the a test deck of asphalt shingles is subjected to a fan-induced

22 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

wind of a specified velocity. Asphalt shingles are classified including 90 mph; those classified as Class G are said to
according to UL 997 and ASTM D3161 as Class A when pass at a basic wind speed up to and including 120 mph;
the test deck passes a test velocity of 60 mph, Class D when and those classified as Class H are said to pass at a basic
the test deck passes a test velocity of 90 mph and Class F wind speed up to and including 150 mph.
when the test deck passes a test velocity of 110 mph.
ASCE 7’s basic wind speed map is shown in Figure 9.
ASTM D7158 is a testing and complex calculation proce-
The wind-resistance classifications for asphalt shingles
dure that results in a basic wind-speed-based classification
based on UL 997, ASTM D3161 and ASTM D7158 are
for asphalt shingles. The assumptions used in the test
shown in Figure 10 on page 24.
method for determining the classifications are based on
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

standard building environment factors derived from Amer- For building exposures outside ASTM D7158’s assump-
ican Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE) Standard ASCE 7, tions, these classifications do not apply. Examples of
“Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struc- buildings to which these assumptions do not apply in-
tures.” These assumptions include the following: clude those with roof areas that are higher than 60 feet;
high-occupancy buildings, including most schools, health
• A
 three-second peak wind gust exposure as shown
care facilities and jails; public utility and service-related fa-
in ASCE 7’s Figure 6-1—Basic Wind Speed
cilities; and most buildings directly adjacent to coastlines.
• I nstallation on Category I or II buildings for all For these buildings, NRCA suggests the designer consult
slopes with a licensed design professional for specific guidance
regarding the use of asphalt shingles.
• Ground roughness B or C
NRCA recommends designers specify asphalt shingles
• Buildings 60 feet tall or less
with a wind-resistance classification that is commensurate
Asphalt shingles classified according to ASTM D7158 as with a building’s height and exposure, including basic
Class D are said to pass at a basic wind speed up to and wind speed.

Figure 9: Basic wind speed map based on three-second peak gust from ASCE 7

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 23

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Wind Speed UL 997 or ASTM D3161 ASTM D71581

60 mph Class A –

90 mph Class D Class D

110 mph Class F –

120 mph Not applicable Class G

No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

150 mph Not applicable Class H

1
The assumptions in ASTM D7158’s classifications are based on a standard building environment, including a three-
second wind gust exposure from ASCE 7, Exposure Categories I or II, Ground Roughness B or C, and a mean roof
height of 60 feet or less.
Figure 10: Asphalt shingles’ wind-resistance classifications

Impact resistance, a qualitative assessment of an asphalt Nails should be long enough to penetrate through all lay-
shingle’s resistance to hail, is also largely determined by ers of roofing materials and achieve secure anchorage into
the specific asphalt shingle product used. a roof deck. Nails should extend a minimum of 1⁄8 of an
inch through the underside of plywood or other accept-
Asphalt shingle products are typically tested and classified
able wood panel decks less than 3⁄4 of an inch thick. For
for impact resistance according to UL 2218, “Impact Re-
wood plank or wood board roof decks, nails should pen-
sistance of Prepared Roof Coverings.” UL 2218 provides
etrate at least 3⁄4 of an inch.
for four classifications: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3 or Class
4. Class 1 provides for the least measured resistance of If pressure-preservative-treated lumber is encountered, hot-
impact resistance, and Class 4 provides for the relatively dipped galvanized, stainless steel, silicone bronze or copper
greatest level of impact resistance. nails are recommended. Pressure-preservative treatments
other than CCA necessitate the use of corrosion-resistant,
NRCA suggests designers consider specifying asphalt shin-
hot-dipped galvanized fasteners complying with ASTM
gles with Class 3 or Class 4 in regions prone to large-sized
A153, “Standard Specification for Zinc Coated (Hot-Dip)
hail. A hail exposure map from the 2006 and 2009 editions
on Iron and Steel Hardware,” Class D or stainless-steel
of the International Residential Code is shown in Figure 11.
fasteners complying with Type 304 or Type 316.
Fasteners: Fasteners are used to attach asphalt shingles
Asphalt Roof Cement: Roof cements commonly
to the substrate. Fasteners typically used are roofing nails
are used in the application of asphalt shingle roof systems.
or staples.
The asphalt used in the manufacture of roof cement is
NRCA does not recommend the use of staples for fasten- either an air-blown asphalt or a polymer-modified asphalt.
ing asphalt shingles. Some roof cements contain mineral fibers as stabilizers.
NRCA recommends roofing nails be used to apply asphalt There are two common types of asphalt roof cement:
shingles to wood panel (plywood, OSB) or wood plank flashing cement and lap cement. Flashing cements com-
or wood board substrates. Roofing nails should be round- monly are used on vertical surfaces and are of a trowelable
headed, sharp-pointed 11-gauge (0.15-inch) or 12-gauge consistency. Lap cements are used more specifically for
(0.12-inch) galvanized steel or the equivalent corrosion- bonding asphaltic materials together, and their consisten-
resistant roofing nails. Nail head sizes recommended are cies are characterized as either trowelable or brushable.
3⁄8-inch to 7⁄16-inch diameter. Nail heads should be low-
Asphalt roof cements also are available in different grades.
profile, smooth and flat.
The two most common grades are referred to as winter
Nails should comply with ASTM F1667, “Specification grade or summer grade. The primary difference between
for Driven Fasteners, Nails, Spikes and Staples,” Type I, the winter and summer grades is their softening point
Style 20. Not all nails that comply with ASTM F1667, temperatures; winter grades have lower softening point
Type I, Style 20 have head dimensions or shank profiles temperatures than summer grades.
that NRCA recommends for asphalt shingle application.

24 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Minimum 1 hail day/20 years

(hail size 1.5 to 5.0 inches)

HAIL EXPOSURE MAP

Figure 11: Hail exposure map from the 2006 and 2009 editions of the International Residential Code International Residential Code, 2006 Edition,
Copyright 2006, International Code Council, Washington, D.C., Reproduced with permission. All rights reserved.

Common uses for asphalt roof cement in asphalt shingle • A

 STM D2822, “Standard Specification for Asphalt
roof systems are: Roof Cement,” addresses composition, pliability,
high-heat behavior and adhesion properties, as well
• To manually seal asphalt shingles at starter strips
other physical requirements.
• T
 o manually seal the tabs or leading edges of asphalt
• A
 STM D4586, “Standard Specification for Asphalt
shingles applied to more extreme slopes or in some
Roof Cement, Asbestos Free,” addresses composi-
cold-weather applications
tion, pliability and high-heat behavior, as well other
• A
 s a bedding cement for the purpose of sealing the physical requirements.
base or flange of a metal accessory to a roof system
The following ASTM International standard applies to
• T
 o provide a seal around roof penetrations or at asphalt roof cement used as a lap cement:
walls prior to installing flashing components
• A
 STM D3019, “Standard Specification for Lap
The following ASTM International standards apply to Cement Used with Asphalt Roll Roofing, Non-
asphalt roof cement used as a utility cement or flashing fibered, Asbestos-fibered, and Non-asbestos-fibered”
cement:

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 25

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

3.2 Asphalt Shingle Design and

Installation
Exposure and Appearance: Typical exposure for
standard-size (36-inch-wide) strip shingles is 5 inches and
for metric-size (395⁄8-inch-wide) strip shingles is 55⁄8 inches.
Starter Courses: Starter courses for asphalt shingles are
consistent for each shape or style of shingle. Before the
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

first course of shingles is installed, a starter course is ap-

plied directly over the underlayment or water and ice-dam
protection membrane along the eave of a roof system.
Starter courses shed water that may migrate through the
joints and cutouts of the shingles in the overlying first
course and hold the leading edge of the first course.
NRCA recommends using self-sealing asphalt shingles or Figure 12: Starter course for asphalt shingles
premanufactured strips with factory-applied sealant for
starter courses. A starter course consisting of self-sealing preference, regional or climatic experience, or common
shingles is prepared by cutting the exposed tab portion off practice. Designers should decide which offset pattern
enough shingles to accommodate the total length of the may be best-suited to a specific job in a particular climate
downslope perimeter roof edge (e.g., eaves). The end joint or for a desired aesthetic appearance. However, there are
of a shingle starter course and the end joint of the first two general pattern variations that are common for the
shingle course should be offset a minimum of 5 inches. application of square-butt, three-tab strip shingles.
This is accomplished by cutting about 3 inches to 6 inches    Cutouts that break joints on halves, or the 6-inch
off the end of the first starter shingle. Alternatively, a method: This procedure will establish a side-lap pattern
9-inch or wider starter strip of mineral-surfaced asphalt for a three-tab roof system where the cutouts align in
roll roofing material may be applied along the downslope every other course. For standard-size shingles, the off-
edges of the roof to serve as a starter course. If the starter set pattern is achieved by offsetting consecutive shingle
roll does not have a factory-applied adhesive strip, it is courses by 6 inches. For metric-sized shingles, the offset
recommended to hand tab the first shingle course to the pattern is achieved by offsetting each consecutive course
starter roll. 69⁄16 inches. See Figures 13A and 13B.
The lower edge or edges of roofing material should be    5- and 55⁄8-inch methods: A more random visual effect
even with the outer edge of the perimeter metal flashing if of a finished roof system can be achieved by offsetting cut-
T-type drip edge-metal flashing is used. If an L-type metal outs in neighboring courses. For standard-sized shingles, the
flashing or no drip edge-metal flashing is used, the starter offset pattern is usually accomplished by removing about
course should extend beyond the perimeter eave and rake 5 inches from each consecutive course (after the first full-
edges 1⁄4 of an inch up to 3⁄4 of an inch, according to the width shingle in the first course). For metric-sized shingles,
manufacturer’s recommendations, to assist in directing this offset pattern is achieved by offsetting each consecutive
runoff away from the fascia board and other underly- course 55⁄8 inches as shown in Figures 14A and 14B.
ing building components. The starter course should be
fastened with roofing nails along a line that is parallel to The offset patterns illustrated apply only to three-tab strip
and 21⁄2 inches to 4 inches above the downslope perimeter shingles. Laminated strip shingles vary in style and appear-
edges of the roof. The nails should be placed in such a way ance, and each manufacturer’s installation guidelines can
that the nail heads will not be exposed through the overly- be consulted for specific exposure and offset instructions.
ing shingles’ cutouts or at butt joints between individual NRCA does not recommend the vertical installation, or
shingles that make up the first course. See Figure 12. “racking,” of asphalt shingles. See Figure 15.
Offset Patterns: There are several offset or side-lap gauge Racking may adversely affect wind-uplift resistance of the
patterns used with three-tab shingles, and the pattern used asphalt shingle roof system; lead to lateral water migra-
generally is selected based on manufacturer or installer tion; or result in shading problems and vertical “lines” as

26 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

shingles age. Some laminate shingles require racking by

manufacturers. A particular manufacturer’s application RAKE
5-INCH PATTERN
RAKE
55/8-INCH PATTERN

instructions can be consulted for the specific shingle being

applied. • •
5 INCHES 55/8 INCHES

Shingle Attachment: When attaching asphalt shin-

X X X X
5 INCHES 55/8 INCHES
X X X X

gles, the intended location of fasteners depends on the X

5 INCHES
X X
55/8 INCHES
X

particular shingle type. Fastener location information is CUTOUTS ALIGN

EVERY SEVENTH
CUTOUTS ALIGN
EVERY SEVENTH
provided for the following asphalt shingle types: COURSE
FULL-WIDTH
COURSE
FULL-WIDTH
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

SHINGLE SHINGLE
• Three-tab strip shingles •
STARTER
SHINGLE •
STARTER
SHINGLE

• Laminated strip shingles STANDARD-SIZE SHINGLES METRIC-SIZE SHINGLES

• Individual lock-down shingles NOTE: UNDERLAYMENT NOT SHOWN FOR CLARITY.

Attachment of three-tab strip shingles: For standard-size Figure 14A: 5-inch (standard) offset pattern and a 55/8-inch (metric)
(36-inch-wide) three-tab strip shingles and metric-size offset pattern
(395⁄8-inch-wide) strip shingles, manufacturers generally
specify full-width shingles be fastened with four nails.
When using standard-size shingles with an exposure of 5
inches or metric-size shingles with an exposure of 55⁄8

6-INCH PATTERN 69/16-INCH PATTERN

RAKE RAKE

6 INCHES 69/16 INCHES

X X X X
6 INCHES 69/16 INCHES
X X X X
6 /16 INCHES
9
6 INCHES
X X X X
CUTOUTS ALIGN CUTOUTS ALIGN
• EVERY OTHER • EVERY OTHER
COURSE COURSE
FULL-WIDTH FULL-WIDTH
• SHINGLE • SHINGLE
STARTER STARTER
SHINGLE SHINGLE

STANDARD-SIZE SHINGLES METRIC-SIZE SHINGLES Figure 14B: Appearance of 5-inch (standard) offset pattern and a 55/8-
NOTE: UNDERLAYMENT NOT SHOWN FOR CLARITY. inch (metric) offset pattern
Figure 13A: 6-inch offset pattern (standard), and a 69/16-inch offset
pattern (metric)

THIS METHOD IS NOT RECOMMENDED BY NRCA.

FIELD APPLICATION
Figure 15: Shingle pattern of the straight-up or racking method
Figure 13B: Appearance of 6-inch (standard) offset pattern and a 69⁄16-
inch (metric) offset pattern

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 27

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

inches, the nail locations should be in a horizontal nail fastener placement has little effect on the wind resistance
line about 5⁄8-inch above the top of the shingle’s cutouts, and overall performance of the asphalt shingle roof system.
about 1 inch in from each edge and centered over each
NRCA is also of the opinion too much emphasis is some-
cutout. See Figure 16.
times placed on fasteners being improperly placed when
Individual three-tab strip shingles that are field cut from fastener heads are located within asphalt shingles’ self-seal
full-width strip shingles should be fastened with a mini- strips. Although NRCA does not recommend placing nails
mum of two nails located in the horizontal nail line. in the self-seal strips of asphalt shingles, the placement of
nails with nail heads occurring in a self-seal strip should
For areas considered to be high-wind regions, six-nail
have little effect on the performance of the asphalt shingle
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

attachment of asphalt strip shingles may be required by

roof system provided the nail heads are struck flush with
the applicable building code. For these situations, manu-
the surface of the shingles and the self-sealing asphalt
facturers generally specify full-width shingles be fastened
shingles have sealed. The self-seal strips for most asphalt
with six nails. When using conventional-size shingles with
strip shingles have a bond strength capacity well in excess
an exposure of 5 inches or metric-size shingles with an
of what is necessary, and a safety factor is also added to
exposure of 55⁄8 inches, manufacturers typically specify the
design values to address variances in materials and applica-
nail locations should be in a horizontal nail line about 5⁄8
tion. The excess capacity and safety factor more than off-
of an inch above the top of the shingle’s cutouts, about 1
set the relatively small reduction in bond strength caused
inch in from each end, and about 1 inch to the left and
by an interruption the size of a nail head in a self-seal strip.
right of each cutout. See Figure 17.
Attachment of laminated strip shingles: For standard-
NRCA recognizes the proper attachment of three-tab
size (36-inch-wide) laminated strip shingles and metric-
strip shingles is an important consideration in the overall
size (395⁄8-inch-wide) laminated strip shingles, manufac-
performance of an asphalt shingle roof system. However,
turers generally specify full-width shingles be fastened
NRCA is of the opinion that too much emphasis is some-
with four nails. For standard-size shingles applied with
times placed on manufacturers’ exact fastener placement
an exposure of 5 inches, the nail locations should be in a
locations. Allowable fastener placement tolerances need to
horizontal nail line about 51⁄2 inches above the shingle’s
be considered for asphalt shingle installation. Research has
butt edge. For metric-size shingles applied with an ex-
shown that once self-sealing asphalt shingles have sealed,
posure of 55⁄8 inches, the nail locations should be in a
horizontal nail line about 61⁄8 inches above the shingle’s
butt edge. Nails should be located about 1 inch in from
both ends, with two additional nails spaced approximately
evenly between. See Figure 18.
Individual laminated shingles that are field cut from full-
width strip shingles should be fastened with a minimum
of two nails located in the horizontal nail line.
For areas considered to be high-wind regions, six-nail
attachment of laminated shingles may be required by
Figure 16: Four-nail attachment locations for three-tab strip shingles
some building codes. For these situations, manufacturers

Figure 17: Six-nail attachment locations for three-tab strip shingles Figure 18: Four-nail attachment locations for laminated strip shingles

28 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

specify full-width shingles be fastened with six nails. For shown that once self-sealing asphalt shingles have sealed,
conventional-sized shingles applied with an exposure of fastener placement has little effect on the wind resistance
5 inches, the nail locations should be in a horizontal nail and overall performance of the asphalt shingle roof system.
line about 51⁄2 inches above the shingle’s butt edge. For
NRCA is also of the opinion too much emphasis is some-
metric-sized shingles applied with an exposure of 55⁄8
times placed on fasteners being improperly placed when
inches, the nail locations should be in a horizontal nail
fastener heads are located within asphalt shingles’ self-seal
line about 61⁄8 inches above the shingle’s butt edge. Nails
strips. With laminated strip shingles, the need to place
should be located about 1 inch in from both ends with four
nails with the nail head in the locations of the self-seal
additional nails spaced approximately evenly between. See
strips is often unavoidable, particularly with laminated
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Figure 19.
strip shingles that have the self-seal strip on the bottom
Because the configuration of laminated strip shingles var- side of the shingle. The placement of nails with nail heads
ies among products, manufacturers and sometimes even occurring in a self-seal strip should have little effect on the
manufacturers’ plants, NRCA suggests installers not rely performance of the asphalt shingle roof system provided
strictly on the manufacturer’s horizontal nail line recom- the nail heads are struck flush with the surface of the shin-
mendation for proper placement of nails. For optimal gles and the self-sealing asphalt shingles have sealed. The
performance, NRCA suggests nails in laminated asphalt self-seal strips for most asphalt strip shingles have a bond
shingles be installed in the double-thickness portion of the strength capacity well in excess of what is necessary, and a
shingle. See Figure 20. safety factor is also added to design values to address vari-
ances in materials and application. The excess capacity and
NRCA recognizes the proper attachment of laminated
safety factor more than offset the relatively small reduction
strip shingles is an important consideration in the overall
in bond strength caused by an interruption the size of a
performance of an asphalt shingle roof system. However,
nail head in a self-seal strip.
NRCA is of the opinion that too much emphasis is some-
times placed on manufacturers’ exact fastener placement Attachment of individual lock-down shingles: The attach-
locations. Allowable fastener placement tolerances need to ment of individual lock-down shingles varies among prod-
be considered for asphalt shingle installation. Research has ucts and manufacturers. Most manufacturers recommend
a minimum of two nails per individual lock-down shingle.
NRCA recommends consulting the specific product man-
ufacturer’s installation instructions for the number and
locations of fasteners.
Hips and Ridges: Asphalt shingles may be butted and
nailed as work progresses up either side of a hip or ridge.
Most manufacturers produce factory-made hip and ridge
shingles for use as hip and ridge coverings with laminated
strip shingles. Factory-made hip and ridge shingles are
Figure 19: Six-nail attachment locations for laminated strip shingles
generally not provided for three-tab strip shingles and in-
dividual shingles. Hip and ridge coverings from full three-
tab strip shingles are prepared by cutting the individual
tabs as shown in Figure 21 on page 30.
Application of hip and ridge shingles should begin at the
lower end of a hip or at a ridge at the side opposite the
most common prevailing wind. The pieces are applied
shingle fashion with each lapping over the previous cover
and fastened with a concealed nail on each side of the hip
or ridge line. The shingles should be kept warm enough to
allow for bending over the hip or ridge line without crack-
ing the shingles. Hip and ridge tab exposure should match
Figure 20: Nail placement in double-thickness portion of laminated
strip shingles the exposure of the field shingles.

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 29

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

APPROX. 1” the balance of valley materials is applied. The courses of

underlayment from the fields of two adjoining roof areas
CUT ALONG DOTTED LINE, TAPER TOP SLIGHTLY are extended so each course overlaps the valley underlay-
ment by at least 12 inches. A valley is then lined with the
balance of the valley flashing. Another recognized installa-
tion method is weaving intersecting underlayment courses
through a valley in addition to the sheet centered in the
valley on top of the underlayment. All layers of underlay-
ment in and through a valley should be tight with no
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

bridging. See Figure 22.

SINGLE SINGLE SINGLE
TAB TAB TAB To prevent leakage, it is important with all types of val-
Figure 21: Tab cutouts from full-width self-sealing strip shingles to make ley construction to avoid placing fasteners near the center
hip and ridge shingles of a valley. Generally, fasteners should be kept back from
the center of the valley a minimum of 8 inches. However,
Exposed fasteners should be sealed with sealant or asphalt
on low-slope roof valleys or in climates where freeze-thaw
roof cement on the last ridge piece of a run at the intersec-
cycling or intense rainfall may be regularly anticipated,
tion of hips to a ridge and at the intersection of a ridge to
holding nails back farther from the center of the valley is
another plane.
not uncommon.
Valleys: A valley is created at the downslope intersection
Open Valleys: A metal valley typically is constructed by
of two sloping roof planes. Water runoff from the portions
installing 8-foot or 10-foot lengths of corrosion-resistant
of roof areas sloping into a valley flows toward and along
metal from the low point to the high point in the valley.
the valley. Because of the volume of water and the lower
Asphalt shingles are lapped onto both sides of the valley
slope along a valley line, such an area is especially vulner-
metal, leaving a clear space between the roofing material
able to leakage. A clear, unobstructed drainage path is de-
to channel water runoff down the valley. An example
sired in valleys so the valley can carry water away quickly
of open valley construction using metal valley material is
and perform successfully for the service life of a roof system.
illustrated in Figure 23.
Where roofs of two equal slopes join to form a valley, the
A minimum 36-inch-wide layer of heavyweight felt,
slope of the valley is less than that of the two adjacent fields
polymer-modified bitumen membrane or self-adhering
of the roof. For example, where roofs with slopes of 4:12
underlayment is centered in the valley under the field
intersect at a valley, the actual valley slope is about 3:12.
With asphalt shingle roof systems, there are three basic
types of valleys:
• Open valley FULL-WIDTH
UNDERLAYMENT SHEET
CENTERED IN VALLEY

• Closed-cut valleys LAP

6"
MIN.

• Woven valleys
These three general types of valleys are constructed only
after the necessary layer(s) of underlayment and any valley-
lining material specified have been applied to a deck. ERLA
YME
NT
UND

Valley underlayment construction consists of an addition-

al full-width sheet of ASTM D4869, Type I or Type II SECURE WITH MINIMUM
NUMBER OF NAILS
(No. 15) or ASTM D4869, Type III or Type IV (No. 30)
asphalt-saturated underlayment felt or polymer-modified
bitumen underlayment, base sheet, or water and ice-dam
protection membrane. This valley underlayment is cen-
tered in a valley. Valley underlayment sheets are secured
with only enough roofing nails to hold them in place until Figure 22: Felt underlayment centered in valley

30 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

be especially beneficial in valleys where adjoining roof

areas are of unequal slope because the rib helps prevent
wash over of runoff. A center rib should not be less than
1 inch high. For easier installation and for controlling
thermal expansion and contraction, NRCA suggests valley
metal pieces used with asphalt shingle roofing be no lon-
ger than 10 feet.
NRCA recognizes that V-shaped valley metal performs
satisfactorily in certain environments but not when a val-
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

ley is formed by two different roof slopes.

NRCA recommends valley metal for use with asphalt
shingles be a minimum of 24 inches wide. This means the
flanges on each side of a metal valley centerline are about
11 inches wide. This allows asphalt shingles to lap onto a
flange at least 4 inches.
Open valleys permit clear, unobstructed drainage and are
advantageous in locations where fallout from surrounding
Figure 23: Open valley using metal valley flashing
foliage settles on a roof surface and tends to accumulate in
valleys, where slopes are relatively shallow and where high-
underlayment. If valley underlayment is lapped, the ends definition laminate shingles are used.
should overlap at least 12 inches and be adhered. In climates prone to heavy accumulations of snow and ice
Valley metal should be installed so the downslope end is or regular freeze-thaw cycling, open valley construction
flush with the eave shingle starter strips. When heavy lami- can be enhanced by the following procedures:
nated shingles are used, the valley flanges can be hemmed • U
 sing clips to secure flanges where heavy shingles
and each section fastened with metal clips spaced 8 inches are used
to 24 inches. In many regions, metal valleys are fastened by
nailing along outer flanges and the flanges are not hemmed. • L
 ining a valley with a self-adhering polymer-
modified bitumen underlayment material before
The type and minimum thickness of the metal used in an application of the metal valley
open valley should be commensurate with the expected
service life of the asphalt shingle roof system. NRCA sug- • S tripping in the flanges on each side of a metal
gests valley metal for asphalt shingle roof systems be fab- valley with a 9- to 12-inch strip of self-adhering
ricated from one of the following metal types and mini- polymer-modified bitumen underlayment material.
mum thicknesses: The self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen un-
derlayment is adhered onto the valley metal flange
• 26-gauge galvanized steel and the underlying width of similar self-adhering
• 26-gauge prefinished galvanized steel polymer-modified bitumen material.
• 26-gauge stainless steel • A
 dding a closure at the eave end of the W-shaped
valley metal to minimize water and ice infiltration
• 26-gauge Galvalume®
• T
 apering the valley so it is wider at its low point
• 0.032-inch-thick aluminum
than it is at its high point
• 0.032-inch-thick prefinished aluminum
Tapering a valley has the following advantages:
• 16-ounce copper
• I t allows for increase in water runoff volume to be
• 16-ounce lead-coated copper received at the downslope end.
NRCA also suggests valley metal be formed into a W-shape • I t allows any ice that may form within a valley to
with a splash diverter or rib in the center. A center rib can free itself when melting and slide down and exit

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 31

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

the valley rather than lodging somewhere along the

length of the valley.
A valley’s width, or the amount of space between the inter-
secting asphalt shingles, should increase uniformly so the
valley widens as it continues downslope. The difference
in the width of the upper end of a valley and lower end is
referred to as the taper. In most climates, the amount of
valley taper is suggested to be about 1⁄8 inch for 12 inches.
For example, in a valley 16 feet long, the distance between
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

asphalt shingles should be 2 inches greater at the bottom

of the valley than at the top. The length of a valley may
necessitate a wider metal profile to allow for taper from
top to eave.
Closed-cut Valleys: In closed-cut valleys, shingles on one
side of the valley are installed across the valley and shingles
from the other side are cut about 2 inches short of the
centerline of the valley. The closed-cut valley method can
be used with most types of strip shingles and lightweight
laminates. Single-layer, individual-type shingles cannot be
used because nails may be required at or near the center of Figure 24: Closed-cut valley
the valley. NRCA does not recommend the use of woven valleys with
The first course of shingles is laid on the roof section with heavyweight laminated or individual locking-type shin-
the lowest slope, or if the slopes are equivalent, on the side gles. When heavyweight laminated shingles from opposite
with the shortest distance to the ridge (or the side that will sides of a valley are woven, they can make for a relatively
receive the lowest runoff volume). To avoid placing a nail thick buildup of material, which can make the resultant
in an overlapped shingle too close to the valley center, it valley irregularly sloped and slower-draining.
may be necessary to cut a strip short and continue from Individual locking-type shingles cannot be used with
this cut end through the valley with a full-length shingle. woven valley construction because nails are required for
The shingle intersecting the valley should continue through each tab, which would mean placing nails at or near the
the valley and extend at least 12 inches onto the adjoining center of a valley.
roof area.
When constructing a woven valley, the last shingle in an
No nails should be located closer than 6 inches to the individual course may not extend fully through the valley.
center of the valley. Two nails should be placed at the end If the shingles were nailed, the last nail would be too close
of each terminating shingle. The upper corner of each end to the valley centerline. Instead, the shingle should be cut
shingle should be trimmed to restrict water from migrat- and a full-length shingle installed butted to the end of the
ing back under the courses. It is suggested to set the end of cut shingle so the full shingle passes through the center of
the cut shingles in a bead of roof cement. See Figure 24. the valley.
Woven Valleys: In a woven valley situation, shingles The first course of shingles is laid along the eaves (or
from adjoining roof areas are woven to form a closed downslope perimeter) of one roof area, through the valley
valley. Woven valleys are generally limited to three-tab and onto the adjoining roof area at least 12 inches. The
strip shingles and lightweight laminated shingles on roof first course from the opposite roof area is similarly laid,
systems where the roof slope is 5:12 or more, making the ending on top of the first area shingle course. Succeeding
valley sloped at 31⁄2:12. Where heavy accumulations of courses are then laid alternately.
debris or plant growth may occur between shingle cutouts
and joints, a woven valley may hamper runoff. Therefore, No nails should be located closer than 6 inches to the
as with all valley types, specifying a woven valley should be center of the valley. The end of each terminating shingle
carefully considered to be sure it is beneficial for a particu- should be nailed. See Figure 25.
lar project.

32 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

FULL-WIDTH
• 26-gauge stainless steel
APPROPRIATE
UNDERLAYMENT
• 26-gauge Galvalume®
EXTEND A FULL SHINGLE AT KEEP NAILS 6" MIN.
LEAST 12" BEYOND FROM VALLEY CENTER
CENTER OF VALLEY
EXTRA NAIL IN END
• 0.032-inch-thick aluminum
OF SHINGLE
• 0.032-inch-thick prefinished aluminum
• 16-ounce copper
NOTE:
FIELD UNDERLAYMENT • 16-ounce lead-coated copper
PLIES NOT SHOWN
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

FOR CLARITY.
• 21⁄2-pound lead
Penetration Flashings: There are many other small pen-
etrations that need to be flashed into asphalt shingle roof
systems, such as vent pipes, exhaust vents, exhaust fans,
furnace or water heater flue pipes, electrical standpipes
and others. This is typically accomplished with the use of
some type of flat flange that extends around a penetration
and is installed under shingles on the upslope side of a
NOTE: ALL WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS ARE APPROXIMATE. penetration and over the shingles on the downslope side.
Attached and sealed to the flange is a cylinder, rectangular
Figure 25: Woven valley
box or neoprene gasket that is used to seal around a pen-
Flashings: Because roof systems are frequently inter- etration. See Figure 26.
rupted by the intersection of adjoining roof sections,
adjacent walls or penetrations such as chimneys and vent
pipes—all of which create opportunities for leakage—
special provisions for weather protection must be made
at these locations. Careful attention to flashing details is
essential to successful long-term roof system performance,
regardless of roof system construction. NRCA suggests the
use of self-adhering underlayment material at flashing and
termination details such as ridges, chimneys, walls, around
dormers, dormer tops, rakes, eaves, valleys, pipes, vents,
curbs and kick-outs.
Flashings are divided into the following categories:
• Penetration flashings
• Vertical surface flashings
• Skylight flashings
• Steep- to low-slope transitions
The type and minimum thickness of the metal used for
metal flashings should be commensurate with the expected
service life of the asphalt shingle roof system. NRCA sug-
gests metal flashings used in asphalt shingle roof systems
be fabricated from one of the following metal types and
minimum thicknesses:
• 26-gauge galvanized steel
• 26-gauge prefinished galvanized steel
Figure 26: Various types of penetration flashings

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 33

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

These flashing components are sometimes supplied by   Step Flashings: For asphalt shingle roof systems where
other trades but may be installed by a roofing contractor. a roof area intersects a vertical side wall, individual pieces
of metal flashing are installed at the end of each shingle
Vertical surface flashings: Flashings at a vertical surface-
course. This is referred to as step flashing. See Figure 29.
roof plane intersection should have a relatively smooth
substrate on the roof plane and up a sufficient height on NRCA recommends using metal step flashing that is 7
the vertical to receive the metal flashing. Rough or con- inches long by 8 inches wide for standard-size shingles, so
toured vertical surfaces, such as cut stone and rough tim- a 2-inch minimum step flashing head lap is achieved and a
ber, should be provided with a flush substrate above the 4-inch extension is obtained onto each underlying shingle
roofline configured to accept the vertical flashing and/or and 4 inches up the vertical surface. See Figure 30.
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

counterflashing.
For nonstandard shingles, the length of step flashing can
There are four types of metal flashings commonly used at be determined by using the general guideline:
locations where an asphalt shingle roof system intersects
Exposure + 2 inches = length of step flashing
a vertical surface: apron flashing, step flashing, cricket or
backer flashing, and counterflashing. See Figure 27. For example, if a shingle’s exposure is 8 inches, the size
of the step flashing would be 8 inches wide by 10 inches
Generally, before flashings are applied, a layer of water
long.
and ice-dam protection membrane should be applied to a
roof deck around any vertical roof penetrations. In addi-
tion, a water and ice-dam protection membrane may be
installed over the underlayment at the base of walls and
around chimneys or curbs.
  Apron Flashings: Apron flashings provide a weather-
proofing transition material where a roof area intersects a
head wall. Common locations for apron flashings are the
front, or downslope, side of a dormer, chimney or curbed
roof penetration, and horizontal-to-vertical transitions.
See Figure 28.
Figure 28: Apron flashing at masonry chimney
CRICKET OR BACKER FLASHING

COUNTERFLASHING

APRON FLASHING
STEP
FLASHING

Figure 27: Sheet-metal flashing components used at a chimney Figure 29: Step flashing at a vertical wall

34 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

a minimum of 2 inches to serve as counterflashing.

The siding should be held far enough above the
roof surface so the ends of the siding can be painted
or maintained as necessary to prevent dampness
from degrading the siding and roofing materials.
Special attention needs to be paid to the bottommost step
flashing where an eave intersects a continuous vertical sur-
face to ensure water is diverted to the outside of the wall
covering. NRCA suggests a kick-out at this intersection.
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

See Figure 31.

Figure 30: Metal step flashing
   Cricket or Backer Flashing: When a roof area inter-
The following sequential procedures for new construction sects the upslope side of a chimney or curbed roof pen-
may be used to install step flashing at vertical walls prior etration, a cricket or backer flashing is installed. A cricket
to the application of the wall cladding or siding: diverts water around a penetration, and a backer flashing
• E
 xtend the underlayment material or ice-dam provides a weatherproofing transition material where a
protection membrane, if used, about 3 inches to 4 roof intersects the back of a penetration.
inches up the vertical wall. Backer flashing is generally limited to penetrations that are
• I nstall the starter course. Butt the starter course that 24 inches wide or less. See Figure 32 on page 36.
intersects the wall tightly against the wall, and fas- NRCA recommends designers specify crickets at the up-
ten the shingle or roll starter material in place. slope side of chimneys or curbed roof penetrations when
• A
 pply the first piece of metal step flashing over the any of the following conditions apply:
starter course so the step flashing extends about 4 • The chimney or curb is more than 24 inches wide
inches up the vertical wall and overlaps the starter
course by about 4 inches. Each step flashing should • A
 large volume of water, snow, ice or debris is ex-
be placed just upslope from the exposed edge of the pected because of climate or large surface area above
shingle that will overlap it. Nail the step flashing the penetration
near the upper corner of the flange.
• I nstall the first shingle course, and butt the end of
the shingle that intersects the wall firmly against the
step flashing. Fasten the shingle in place, but omit
the nail in the end of the shingle that would be
driven through the step flashing.
• I nstall the second step flashing, being sure to over-
lap the first step flashing a minimum of 2 inches.
Fasten this second step flashing in the same manner
as the first step flashing.
• I nstall the second shingle course, and butt the end
of the shingle that intersects the wall firmly against
the second step flashing. Fasten this second shingle
in the same manner as the first shingle.
• I nstall the succeeding step flashing and shingle
courses in the same manner as the first and second
step flashing and shingle courses.
• T
 he wall’s felt or air-retarder sheet material and the
cladding or siding must be brought down over the
Figure 31: One-piece or preformed kick-outs at bottommost step flashing
upper portion of the step flashings’ vertical flange at eave-to-wall interface

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© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

• The roof slope is 6:12 or greater

• T
 he average January temperature is 30 F or lower,
and significant accumulations of snow and ice are
likely to accumulate on the upslope side of the
chimney or curb
For all crickets, NRCA suggests wood framing and deck-
ing be installed beneath crickets to support them.
Figures 33 and 34 illustrate examples of crickets used be-
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Figure 32: Sheet-metal backer flashing at chimney hind chimneys.

  Counterflashing: Apron, step, cricket and backer flash-
ings require some form of counterflashing to cover and
protect their top edges from water intrusion. In many
instances, the wall covering or cladding material performs
the counterflashing function. When this does not occur, a
metal counterflashing mounted to a vertical wall should be
installed along the top edge of flashing metal. See Figures
35A, 35B and 35C.
The counterflashing material should be compatible with
Figure 33: Wood cricket built on upslope side of a chimney the cladding or substrate (e.g., aluminum and masonry
should not be in contact).
Where wall cladding counterflashes wall flashing metal
(e.g., step flashing), NRCA recommends the cladding
material and underlayment extend past and cover the top
edge of the flashing metal a minimum of 2 inches.
Skylight flashings: Skylights, in terms of roof flashing,
are much the same as other vertical surface flashings,
particularly chimney flashings. Skylight flashings gener-
ally consist of an apron flashing, step flashing and backer
Figure 34: Metal cricket flashing for the upslope side of a masonry chimney flashing. In most instances, the skylight unit itself func-
tions as the counterflashing.
APPROX. 1”
OPTIONAL: SOFT METAL WEDGE
SEALANT

INSERT COUNTERFLASHING WITH

UNDERBROKEN TOP HEM FOR CONTINUOUS COUNTERFLASHING
FRICTION FIT EMBEDDED IN MORTAR JOINT

Figure 35A: Metal counterflashing inset in masonry mortar joint Figure 35B: Through-wall metal counterflashing embedded in masonry

36 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

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Figure 36 shows the basic sheet-metal flashing compo- held back a minimum of 10 inches above the transition.
nents used at skylights. See Figure 37.
Premanufactured skylights are typically shipped with the Snow guards: NRCA suggests designers consider the use
necessary apron flashing, step flashing and backer flashing of snow guards on buildings with steep-slope roof systems
pieces sized appropriately for the specific skylight unit. located in areas where large accumulations of snow and ice
occur frequently. Because of the incline of steep-slope roof
Steep- to Low-slope Transitions: Sometimes, asphalt
systems, snow and ice tend to loosen suddenly from roof
shingle roof systems terminate and drain onto adjacent
systems’ surfaces.
membrane roof systems. In these situations, an asphalt
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

shingle roof system also serves as the counterflashing Snow guards come in many shapes, sizes and colors. These
for the membrane roof system. For steep- to low-slope range from basic, nonaesthetically pleasing snow guards to
transitions, NRCA recommends the asphalt shingles be snow guards that can act as an aesthetic enhancement to a
SEALANT roof system.
SEALANT TAPE Snow guards are manufactured out of many different
materials, including aluminum, copper, brass, steel, nu-
SURFACE-MOUNTED merous alloys and plastics. Care should be taken to make
COUNTERFLASHING WITH HEMMED sure there is a separation of dissimilar metals. Products
CAULKING LIP FOR SEALANT
should be chosen that have a track record of durability
and longevity.
If snow guards are used, NRCA recommends the steep-
slope roof covering not be penetrated by exposed fasteners,
avoiding the potential for snow guard-related leakage. The
installation of snow guards creates a potential location
for snow, debris and ice to build up and water dams to
occur, which may result in leakage. The installation of an
ice-dam protection membrane is also suggested under and
upslope of the areas with snow guards.
Figure 35C: Surface-mounted metal counterflashing

Figure 36: Sheet-metal flashing components used at skylight Figure 37: Configuration of a steep- to low-slope transition

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NRCA recommends drag loads on the steep-slope roof

systems be calculated based on expected quantities of snow
and ice. From these calculations, the number, spacing and
location of snow guards can be determined. In locations
where ice and snow occur frequently, snow guards may be
desirable over an entire roof but particularly where a roof’s
eave is positioned over pedestrian or vehicular traffic areas.
Snow guards should also be considered when penetrations
may be damaged, bent or distorted by sliding snow and
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

ice.
Snow guard manufacturers can be consulted for additional
information.

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Chapter 4—Construction • E
 xterior and interior temperature and humidity
conditions
Details • Code requirements
Chapter 4—Construction Details provides technical in- • Type of structural substrate
formation concerning the design and installation of con-
struction details for quality asphalt shingle roof systems. • Slope and drainage
This introduction is intended to supplement the notes on • A roof’s configuration
the individual construction details.
• Building movement
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Construction details applicable to asphalt shingle roof sys-

tems are denoted as “ASPH-” followed by a number and • Fire, wind and impact resistance
possibly a letter (e.g., ASPH-1, ASPH-1A and ASPH-1B). • Type and amount of insulation needed
The letter designation after the roof system type delinea- • Need for ventilation
tion and number identifies NRCA’s order of preference
for addressing a specific detail condition. For example, • Maintenance, repair and reroofing
Construction Detail ASPH-1—Eave With Water and • C
 ompatibility with adjacent components, including
Ice-dam Protection Membrane depicts NRCA’s preferred potential material discharge onto a roof
method of addressing an eave detail using a water and
• Construction sequencing
ice-dam protection membrane with a stripping layer over
the flange of the drip edge metal. Construction Detail • Worker safety
ASPH-1A—Eave With Water and Ice-dam Protection
• Potential building additions
Membrane and Construction Detail ASPH-1B—Eave
With Water and Ice-dam Protection Membrane depict al- • Odors, noise and dust generated by certain
ternative details NRCA also considers acceptable based on system-application methods
any limitations described.
• Rooftop traffic
4.1 Information Applicable to All • Reflectivity and emissivity
Construction Details • Environmental effect
The construction details in this manual provide a general These criteria play important roles in the success or fail-
concept for each specific detail type shown. NRCA’s con- ure of every roof assembly and must be considered by a
struction details likely will require modification to meet designer to determine the appropriate components of a
a project’s specific requirements. It is a designer’s respon- roof assembly, applicable specifications and construction
sibility to adapt the construction details to the project details to be used.
requirements. In addition to the criteria previously listed, specific to a
The information contained in this manual is intended to roof system’s construction details, NRCA recommends
primarily address new construction details. Once a deci- designers consider the following factors for asphalt shingle
sion to re-cover or remove existing roof systems is made, roof systems.
most information contained in this section can apply to Other Trades’ Components: Components that
reroofing. may be provided or installed by other trades that are in-
NRCA suggests the construction details in this manual be corporated into roof systems can be critical to the weath-
used in the design of roof systems only after a number of ertight integrity of completed roof systems. These compo-
criteria have been carefully considered, including: nents may include:
• Climate and geographic location • M
 etal counterflashings at curbs and other
penetrations
• A building’s intended use and design life expectancy
• Drain components

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© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

• Sheet-metal vents
• Through-wall flashings
• Skylight components and flashings
• Smoke-hatch components and flashings
• Expansion joints and related components
• Wood blocking and attachment
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

• Pipe or conduit supports

• Siding or cladding
• Chimney caps
• Wall flashing
• Permanent safety anchors or guardrails
• Microwave or satellite dish components
• Lightning-protection arresters and cables
Assigning responsibility for these components should take
place prior to job initiation.
Metal Flashing Components: Apron, step, crick-
et and backer flashings require some form of counterflash-
ing to cover and protect their top edges from water intru-
sion. Common counterflashing configurations are shown
in Figure 38.

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Figure 38: Sheet-metal counterflashing options

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41
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42
Figure 38: Sheet-metal counterflashing options (continued)

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Figure 38: Sheet-metal counterflashing options (continued)

In some instances, the wall covering or cladding material

performs the counterflashing function.
Job-site-fabricated Components: A majority
of the construction details illustrated in this manual de-
pict job-site-fabricated construction. Many roof system
manufacturers offer prefabricated flashing components
or have guidelines that permit the use of materials other
than those indicated in these details. Flashing materials
may vary greatly; individual manufacturer’s requirements
should be examined and evaluated for construction
compatibility.

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© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

4.2 Index of Construction Details

ASPH-1 Eave With Water and Ice-dam Protection Membrane................................................................................. 45
ASPH-1A Eave With Water and Ice-dam Protection Membrane................................................................................. 46
ASPH-1B Eave With Water and Ice-dam Protection Membrane................................................................................. 47
ASPH-2 Eave With Gutter and Water and Ice-dam Protection Membrane............................................................... 48
ASPH-2A Eave With Gutter and Water and Ice-dam Protection Membrane............................................................... 49
ASPH-2B Eave With Gutter and Water and Ice-dam Protection Membrane............................................................... 50
ASPH-3 Eave With Conventional Underlayment...................................................................................................... 51
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

ASPH-4 Eave With Gutter and Conventional Underlayment.................................................................................... 52

ASPH-5 Rake............................................................................................................................................................ 53
ASPH-6 Shingled Ridge............................................................................................................................................ 54
ASPH-7 Ridge With Continuous Ridge Vent............................................................................................................ 55
ASPH-8 Hip.............................................................................................................................................................. 56
ASPH-9 Open Valley................................................................................................................................................ 57
ASPH-10 Closed-cut Valley........................................................................................................................................ 58
ASPH-11 Headwall Flashing....................................................................................................................................... 59
ASPH-12 Sidewall Flashing With Two-piece Counterflashing.................................................................................... 60
ASPH-12A Sidewall Flashing With One-piece Counterflashing..................................................................................... 61
ASPH-13 Kick-out Flashing at Eave............................................................................................................................ 62
ASPH-14 Vent Pipe Penetration................................................................................................................................. 63
ASPH-15 Chimney With Cricket Flashing.................................................................................................................. 64
ASPH-16 Chimney With Backer Flashing (24 Inches Wide or Less)........................................................................... 65
ASPH-17 Curb-mounted Skylight............................................................................................................................... 66
ASPH-18 Steep- to Low-slope Roof System Transition............................................................................................... 67

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46
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Appendixes
     Appendix A1—Condensation Control and Ventilation........................................................................................... 69    

    Appendix A2—Referenced Organizations............................................................................................................... 79

    Appendix A3—Unit Conversions............................................................................................................................ 80

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68 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

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Appendix A1—Condensation In many instances, systems should be able to adequately

reduce condensation without over-cooling the air. In some
Control and Ventilation situations, air-conditioning equipment may not alleviate
high-humidity conditions because of short cycling. Solu-
Roofs can generally be divided into two categories: low-
tions include proper sizing of the system, using reheat and
slope and steep-slope. The incline, or slope, of a roof is
design of variable flow rates.
the primary factor in determining into which of these cat-
egories a particular roof falls. The Roofing Manual defines The next approach to preventing condensation problems
these categories as follows: should be to control moisture entry by sealing all potential
locations of air leakage. If a vapor barrier is installed with-
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

• L
 ow-slope roofs: a category of roof systems that
in the ceiling or attic, it is critical that the interface be-
generally includes weatherproof membrane types of
tween the walls and the ceiling and all penetrations (e.g.,
roof systems installed on slopes at or less than 3:12
openings in ceilings around pipes, recessed lights, etc.) be
• Steep-slope roofs: a category of roof systems that properly sealed for the vapor retarder to function properly
generally includes water-shedding types of roof and serve its intended purpose.
coverings installed on slopes greater than 3:12
The third approach is to ventilate spaces, such as attics,
In some instances, roof systems designed for low-slope where moisture vapor can accumulate and condensation
applications are used when roof slopes are greater than can occur. Ventilation is the movement of air for the
3:12. Some steep-slope roofing materials are used when purpose of reducing heat and/or moisture accumula-
roof slopes are less than 3:12. For either application, it is tion between the interior and exterior of buildings. If the
important to realize certain design modifications may be anticipated vapor drive is from the building’s interior to
necessary. its exterior and is of a magnitude significant enough to
warrant concern about moisture accumulation in the roof
Steep-slope roof systems are generally water-shedding
assembly, the designer may choose to address the situation
rather than waterproof. They are typically composed of
by improving the ventilation of the conditioned interior
individual pieces or components installed in a shingled
space. This can effectively reduce the relative humidity
fashion. Water-shedding roof systems function with grav-
of the interior and reduce the vapor drive into the attic
ity to shed water from one course to the next, thereby
space. However, increasing ventilation of the interior air
draining roof surfaces. Architectural metal panel, asphalt
space also can have the negative effect of removing air that
shingle, clay and concrete tile, metal shingle and synthetic
has purposely been conditioned (e.g., heated) to maintain
component, slate, and wood shake and wood shingle roof
comfortable interior temperatures. In this case, increasing
systems fit this category.
ventilation may also increase heating costs.

A1.1 Preventing Moisture Migration The design and installation of building mechanical sys-
tems and the installation and sealing of vapor retarders
and Accumulation is beyond the scope of roofing projects. Therefore, more
Preventing moisture migration and accumulation in steep- specific information regarding addressing these situations
slope roof assemblies, regardless of climate zone, requires is not provided in The NRCA Roofing Manual. For addi-
three basic strategies to be implemented: tional information about building mechanical systems and
vapor retarders, NRCA suggests consulting the ASHRAE
• Dehumidifying interior, conditioned air Handbook—Fundamentals and ASHRAE Handbook—
• Controlling moisture entry and accumulation HVAC Systems and Equipment or an experienced mechani-
cal engineer or heating, ventilating and air-conditioning
• Removing excess amounts of moisture from attics (HVAC) contractor.
The first approach to preventing condensation problems is In some instances, the installation of attic ventilation is
to remove excess moisture vapor from the interior condi- included within the scope of roof projects. Additional
tioned space. Dehumidification by air conditioning or other information regarding attic ventilation is provided in
mechanical means is often the most practical approach the remainder of this chapter.
to removing excess moisture vapor from conditioned air.

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© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

A1.2 Attic Ventilation

The issue of attic ventilation and the amount of ventila-
tion necessary to prevent moisture condensation and
accumulation and adequately reduce attic temperature
is controversial. Several research projects have been con-
ducted to determine the effectiveness of ventilating attic
spaces and optimum ventilation levels.
Generally, ventilation of attic spaces can be accommo-
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

dated by using one of two methods:

• Static ventilation
• Mechanical ventilation
Static Ventilation: The most common means of pro-
viding attic ventilation for steep-slope roof assemblies is by
nonmechanical, static ventilation.
Using this method, ambient outside air enters into the Figure 1: Nonmechanical ventilation of attic space. Soffit or eave with
attic space via soffit or eave vents; this air passes through ridge ventilation in a balanced ventilation configuration is shown.
the attic space where it accumulates excessive heat and
space ventilated, with 50 percent of the required
moisture; and this air then exits the attic via vents posi-
ventilating area provided by ventilators located in the
tioned at or near the top of the attic space as shown in
upper portion of the space to be vented at least 3 feet
Figure 1.
(914 mm) above the eave or cornice vents with the
This method is based on the concept of convection, where balance of the required ventilation provided by eave
heat and vapor pressure naturally rise. For this method or cornice vents.”
to effectively serve its intended purpose, approximately
The International Residential Code for One- and Two-
equal amounts of ventilation must be placed at the soffits
Family Dwellings, 2009 Edition, provides the following—
or eave and at or near the top of the attic space. This is
somewhat different—requirement regarding attic
referred to as balanced ventilation.
ventilation.
The intent of a balanced ventilation system is to provide
“R806.2 Minimum area. The total net free ventilat-
nearly equivalent amounts of ventilation area at the eave/
ing area shall not be less than 1/150 of the area of
soffit and at or near the ridge. For a balanced ventilation
the space ventilated except that a reduction of the
system to function properly, approximately one-half of the
total area to 1/300 is permitted, provided at least 50
ventilation area must be at or near the ridge. A balanced
percent and not more than 80 percent of the required
ventilation system relies on natural convection to promote
ventilating area is provided by ventilators located in
ventilation.
the upper portion of the space to be ventilated at least
The International Building Code, 2009 Edition, provides 3 feet (914 mm) above the eave or cornice vents. As
the following requirement regarding attic ventilation. an alternative, the net free cross-ventilation area may
be reduced to 1/300 when a vapor retarder having a
“1203.2 Attic Spaces. Enclosed attics and enclosed
transmission rate not exceeding 1 perm (5.7 x 10-11
rafter spaces formed where ceilings are applied directly
kg/s•m2•Pa) is installed on the warm-in-winter side of
to the underside of roof framing members shall have
the ceiling.”
cross ventilation for each separate space by ventilating
openings protected against the entrance of rain and When designing for attic ventilation, NRCA recommends
snow. Blocking or bridging shall be arranged so as to designers provide for attic ventilation in the minimum
not interfere with the movement of air. A minimum amount of 1 square foot of net free ventilation area for
of 1 inch (25 mm) of airspace shall be provided be- every 150 square feet of attic space (1:150 ventilation
tween the insulation and the roof sheathing. The net ratio) measured at the attic floor level (e.g., ceiling).
free ventilating area shall not be less than 1/300 of the

70 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Figure 3: Configuration of conditioned, unvented attic

Figure 2: Mechanical ventilation of attic space. Mechanical vent near

ridge with intake vents at the soffits or eaves are shown. For large-volume attic spaces, such as where roof slopes
are greater than 8:12, designers also should consider in-
Furthermore, NRCA also recommends the amount of creasing the amount of ventilation to account for the
ventilation in static ventilation systems be balanced be- additional volume.
tween the eave and ridge.
For additional information about mechanical ventilation
Where mean January temperatures are 30 F or less, NRCA systems, NRCA suggests consulting ASHRAE Handbook—
suggests using a vapor retarder on the warm-in-winter side HVAC Systems and Equipment or specific manufacturers of
of attic space insulation. mechanical attic ventilation systems.
For large-volume attic spaces, such as where the roof
slopes are greater than 8:12, designers should consider A1.3 Unvented Attics
increasing the amount of ventilation to account for the
additional volume of attic space. Research has shown that conditioned, unvented attics can
be an effective alternative to ventilating attics for steep-
Mechanical Ventilation: In lieu of a static ventila- slope roof assemblies.
tion system, forced or mechanical ventilation may be ap-
propriate. Ventilation in the amount of 1.0 cubic foot per The concept of conditioned, unvented attics provides for
minute per square foot of attic space measured at the attic moving the air and thermal barriers from the ceiling to the
floor is generally considered to be equivalent to a 1:150 roof plane, as shown in Figure 3, where better building
ventilation ratio. airtightness can be achieved.

Similar to static attic ventilation, when using mechani- This concept takes advantage of the “whole house” ap-
cal ventilation, it is important for designers to provide proach to thermal and moisture control by also taking
for adequate amounts of intake air into the attic space to into consideration the building’s mechanical system. For
account for and offset the amount of air that will be ex- example, for houses where air handler and ductwork sys-
hausted by the mechanical ventilation. See Figure 2. tems are located in the attic, the effect of ductwork air
leakage is negated when systems are placed in conditioned
Mechanical ventilation should not be used in combination attics. Such air leakage typically accounts for 10 percent to
with ridge vents or static vents placed near a roof’s ridge. 20 percent of air handler flow. The reduction of the
In many instances, the air volume being exhausted by the effect of ductwork leakage typically more than offsets the
mechanical ventilation will result in air intake and, there- increased volume of conditioned air created by moving the
fore, possible moisture infiltration—through ridge vents air and thermal barriers from the ceiling to the roof plane.
or static vents.

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© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Regarding conditioned, unvented attics, The International TABLE R806.4

Residential Code for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, 2009 INSULATION FOR CONDENSATION CONTROL
Edition, provides the following requirement:
MINIMUM RIGID
“R806.4 Unvented attic assemblies: Unvented attic
BOARD OR
assemblies (spaces between the ceiling joists of the top CLIMATE ZONE
AIR-IMPERMEABLE
story and the roof rafters) shall be permitted if all of
INSULATION VALUEa
the following conditions are met:
1. The unvented attic space is completely contained 2B and 3B tile roof only 0 (none required)
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

within the building thermal envelope. 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 3C R-5
2. No interior vapor retarders are installed on the 4C R-10
ceiling side (attic floor) of the unvented attic
assembly. 4A, 4B R-15

3. Where wood shingles or shakes are used, a mini- 5 R-20

mum 1⁄4 inch (6 mm) vented air space separates the
6 R-25
shingles or shakes and the roofing underlayment
above the structural sheathing. 7 R-30
4. In climate zones 5, 6, 7 and 8, any air-impermeable 8 R-35
insulation shall be a vapor retarder, or shall have a
a. Contributes to but does not supersede Chapter 11 energy requirements.”
vapor retarder coating or covering in direct contact
with the underside of the insulation. the small temperature increases attributed to unvented,
5. Either Items 5.1, 5.2 or 5.3 shall be met, depend- conditioned attic assemblies in perspective. For example,
ing on the air permeability of the insulation di- the differences among roof surface temperatures in the
rectly under the structural sheathing. southern and northern regions of the U.S. are significantly
greater than the surface temperature differences between
5.1 Air-impermeable insulation only. Insulation shall unvented, conditioned attic assemblies and convention-
be applied in direct contact to the underside of ally vented attic assemblies. Similarly, the roof surface
the structural roof sheathing. temperature difference between a roof system’s southern,
5.2 Air-permeable insulation only. In addition to the sun-exposed slope and northern, shaded slope is about the
air-permeable installed directly below the struc- same or greater than the surface temperature difference
tural sheathing, rigid board or sheet insulation between unvented, conditioned attic assemblies and con-
shall be installed directly above the structural roof ventionally vented attic assemblies.
sheathing as specified in Table 806.4 for conden- NRCA considers the unvented attic assembly to be a vi-
sation control. able alternative to attic ventilation throughout the U.S.
5.3 Air-impermeable and air-permeable insulation. In climates where the direction of vapor drive that is pre-
The air-impermeable insulation shall be applied dominantly from buildings’ exteriors to their interiors and
in direct contact to the underside of the struc- high outside humidity is commonplace, NRCA suggests
tural roof sheathing as specified in Table R806.4 designers consider implementing the unvented attic as-
for condensation control. The air-permeable sembly concept into their designs for one- and two-family
insulation shall be installed directly under the air- residences.
impermeable insulation.
The International Building Code, 2009 Edition, does not A1.4 Ventilation of Vaulted Ceilings
address conditioned, unvented attics.
Vaulted ceilings, sometimes referred to as cathedral ceil-
In most instances, using unvented, conditioned attic ings, occur in steep-slope roof assemblies in which there
assemblies results in increased roof surface temperatures is no attic space between a ceiling and roof deck. These
when compared with temperatures of conventionally assemblies pose particular ventilation problems.
vented attic assemblies. However, it is important to keep

72 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

For buildings located in the heating climate zone, a

problem often associated with unventilated, improperly
insulated cathedral ceiling roof assemblies is the formation
of ice dams and icicles at the eaves of these roof assem-
blies. Ice dams are created when heat from the building’s
interior melts snow that has accumulated on the roof as-
sembly’s exterior. The resulting water runs downslope to
a point past the exterior wall where the interior heat is no
longer present. At this point, the melted water can freeze,
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

forming ice dams. Continuing cycles of this process will

increase the size of ice dams and icicles. The ice dams on a
roof system’s surface may cause water to flow laterally un-
derneath shingle-type roof coverings and eventually enter
the building’s interior in the form of roof leaks.
For these reasons, NRCA recommends provisions for ven-
tilation be designed for steep-slope roof assemblies with
vaulted ceilings.
Much of the research performed on the role ventilation of
vaulted ceilings plays in reducing ice-dam and icicle forma-
tion has been performed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engi-
neers at its Cold Regions Research Engineering Laboratory
(CRREL), which demonstrated that attic ventilation sys-
tems should be sized to keep the roof’s underside below
freezing when it is 22 F outside. When it is colder than that,
it is easier to ventilate with outside air. When it is warmer
than 22 F, melted water seldom refreezes at eaves.
To prevent ice buildup at eaves, ventilation spaces in
vaulted ceilings should be designed according to the fol-
lowing guidelines. Use of these guidelines by designers
in new construction projects may prove both helpful and
practical. These guidelines may indicate a need for using
ventilation cavities that are too large to be practically
achieved in reroofing projects.
Figures 4 through 7 present the mathematics in a user-
friendly format for buildings with a design interior tem-
perature of 70 F. Each figure contains information for
airways at a particular roof slope (3:12 in Figure 4, 7:12
in Figure 5, 12:12 in Figure 6 and 21:12 in Figure 7).
Each figure consists of three graphs: one for roof systems
with a thermal resistance of 15 ft.2•h•F/Btu [i.e., R-value=
15]; one for roof systems with a thermal resistance of 25
ft.2•h•F/Btu [i.e., R-value=25]; and one for roof systems
with a thermal resistance of 40 ft.2•h•F/Btu [i.e., R-value=
40]. The four curves on each graph represent airway
lengths (L) of 15 feet, 30 feet, 45 feet and 60 feet.
The curves in these graphs were developed for airways Figure 4: Airway heights and inlet areas for vaulted ceilings with a slope
located between 11⁄2-inch-wide rafters spaced 16 inches on of 3:12

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 73

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Figure 5: Airway heights and inlet areas for vaulted ceilings with a slope Figure 6: Airway heights and inlet areas for vaulted ceilings with a slope
of 7:12 of 12:12

74 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Figure 8: Example calculation for airways 1.75 inches in height with a

rafter length of 30 feet and an R-value of 15, slope of 7:12

center. When rafters are spaced farther apart, the airways

occupy a slightly larger portion of the roof area and will
perform slightly better. However, because the improve-
ment is minimal, NRCA suggests the curves be used
unmodified for other rafter spacings.
For buildings with design interior temperatures other than
70 F, the curves in Figures 2 through 5 can be adjusted
by modifying the R-values shown on them by multiplying
the R-value in ft.2•h•F/Btu by 43/(ti - 26).
As an example, if the indoor temperature (ti) is 60 F, the
R-values on the curves (i.e., 15, 25 and 40) increase to 20,
33 and 52 ft.2•h•F/Btu. If the indoor temperature is 80
F, the R-values on the curves decrease to 12, 20 and 32
ft.2•h•F/Btu.
Consider a residential building is designed with a vaulted
ceiling having a roof slope of 7:12. The roof-ceiling as-
sembly is to be insulated so that it will have an R-value of
15. The length of the roof from eave to ridge is 30 feet. If
the designer plans to have an airway space of 1.75 inches,
what size should the inlet and outlet vents be to ensure
adequate ventilation to prevent the creation of ice dams?
Select the graph from Figure 5 that pertains to roof as-
semblies with an R-value of 15. This graph is recreated in
Figure 8 for the purposes of this example.
In Figure 8, locate the airway height of 1.75 inches along
the bottom of the graph. Draw a vertical line from that
Figure 7: Airway heights and inlet areas for vaulted ceilings with a slope airway height until it intersects the curve for the L=30 ft.
of 21:12

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 75

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

From that point, draw a horizontal line to the left until it vents that are located along a roof assembly’s lowest eave,
intersects the left axis of the graph. The net free inlet area at or near soffits or eaves. This configuration of balancing
required is approximately 18 square inches per running air intake along low points and air exhaust at high points
foot, or 1.5 inches wide plus the additional area needed to takes advantage of natural convection to aid in ventilation.
account for the screening in the continuous soffit vent.
Some common types of exhaust vents are:
• Ridge vents
A1.5 Roof Vents
• Individual static vents
Air intake and exhaust vents are used in ventilating steep-
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

slope roof assemblies to provide a means of allowing out- • Gable end vents
side air to enter into and exit attic spaces and ventilation • Turbine vents
cavities.
• Mechanical vents
Intake Vents: Air intake vents are used to allow out-
side air to enter into attic spaces and ventilation cavities. Ridge Vents: Ridge vents are installed along the length of
Intake vents should be located along a roof assembly’s a ridge. Ridge vents are either shingle over or nonshingle
lowest eave, at or near soffits or eaves. over types. See Figures 10 and 11.

Intake vents are best used in conjunction with exhaust Shingle over ridge vents are covered with roofing materials
vents that are located at or near a roof assembly’s peak. to prevent precipitation from entering a building. Because
This configuration of balancing air intake along low the same shingles are used over the vent as are used on the
points and air exhaust at high points takes advantage roof, shingle over ridge vents are typically less noticeable
of natural convection to aid in ventilation. than other types of exhaust vents.

Some of the more commonly used products are: Because the exposed exterior material of nonshingle over
ridge vents is different from the adjacent roofing materials,
• Continuous soffit vents nonshingle over ridge vents may be more noticeable.
• Individual soffit vents Static Vents: Individual static exhaust vents are small vents
• Drip edge vents that are installed near the ridge of a roof. See Figure 12 on
page 78.
A variety of pre-manufactured products are available for
use as eave and soffit vents. See Figure 9. Gable-end Vents: Gable-end vents are installed in the
walls of a building at the gable-end’s peak.
A variety of intake vents can be designed, fabricated and
installed to suit specific aesthetic or other needs. Gable-end vents are best used in conjunction with intake
vents at soffits or eaves. This allows for air intake and the
Whatever type of intake vents are used, intake vents should soffits or eaves and air exhaust at the gable-end vents. See
always be installed to allow free movement of air into the Figure 13 on page 78.
ventilation cavity and should not be blocked on the inte-
rior side by insulation or other material. Intake vents must When gable-end vents are used without additional intake
also be designed and installed to prevent precipitation, vents located at the roof assembly’s low points, gable-end
animals and insects from entering the interior space. vents function as both intake and exhaust vents depend-
ing on the wind direction. Additionally, their effectiveness
NRCA does not recommend the use of drip edge vents as depends on wind speed and direction; they are more effec-
intake vents in northern climates where there is a likeli- tive when wind is of a sufficient speed and coming from a
hood for ice damming. direction perpendicular to the roof assembly’s or system’s
Exhaust Vents: Air exhaust vents are used to allow air gable ends. Gable-end vents are of limited effectiveness
in attic spaces and ventilation cavities to exit to the exterior. when winds are light and/or coming from a direction par-
allel to the roof assembly’s gable ends.
Exhaust vents should be placed at or near a roof assem-
bly’s ridge or high point. Turbine Vents: Turbine vents rely on wind to rotate the
vent’s turbine fan blades, which draw air from the venti-
Exhaust vents are best used in conjunction with intake lated area. This vent draws air from the ventilated area at a

76 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

SHINGLE OVER
RIDGE VENT
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Figure 10: Example of shingle over ridge vent

NONSHINGLE OVER
RIDGE VENT

CONTINUOUS SOFFIT VENT

Figure 11: Examples of nonshingle over ridge vent

DRIP EDGE VENT
greater rate than a passive vent when wind is present. The
amount of air movement developed is a function of wind
speed, as well as turbine size and efficiency. See Figure 14
on page 78.
Mechanical Vents: Mechanical vents, sometimes called
“power roof ventilators,” are essentially roof-mounted ex-
haust fans that are used to exhaust air from the ventilated
space. Mechanical vents can improve air movement and
should be mounted near the ridge of a steep-slope roof
system. Mechanical vents are best used in conjunction
with intake vents located at the low points (i.e., eaves or
soffits). See Figure 15 on page 78.
Mechanical vents may be operated by thermostats and/or
humidistats that cause the vents to run only at or above a
predetermined temperature or relative humidity. Mechan-
INDIVIDUAL SOFFIT VENT
ical vents should also have a manual override.
Figure 9: Examples of intake vents Mechanical ventilation should not be used in combination
with ridge vents or static vents placed near a roof’s ridge.

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 77

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

In many instances, the air volume being exhausted by the

mechanical ventilation will result in air intake and, there-
fore, possible moisture infiltration— through ridge vents
or static vents.
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Figure 14: Example of a turbine vent

Figure 12: Examples of individual static exhaust vents

Figure 15: Attic ventilation configuration with a mechanical vent and

intake vents at soffits or eaves

Figure 13: Attic ventilation configuration with gable-end vents and

intake vents at soffits or eaves

78 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Appendix A2—Referenced National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA)

10255 W. Higgins Road, Suite 600
Organizations Rosemont, IL 60018
APA—The Engineered Wood Association (APA) (847) 299-9070
7011 S. 19th www.nrca.net
Tacoma, WA 98466 Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
(253) 565-6600 P.O. Box 2008
www.apawood.org Oak Ridge, TN 37831
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

ASTM International (ASTM) (865) 574-4160

100 Barr Harbor Drive www.ornl.gov
P.O. Box C700 Steel Deck Institute (SDI)
West Conshohoken, PA 19428 P.O. Box 25
(610) 832-9585 Fox River Grove, IL 60021
www.astm.org (847) 458-4647
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) www.sdi.org
1801 Alexander Bell Drive Tile Roof Institute (TRI)
Reston, VA 20191 230 E. Ohio St., Suite 400
(800) 548-2723 Chicago, IL 60611
www.asce.org (312) 670-4177
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and www.tileroofing.org
   Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Inc. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Inc.
1791 Tullie Circle N.E. 333 Pfingsten Road
Atlanta, GA 30329 Northbrook, IL 60062
(800) 527-4723 www.ul.com
www.ashrae.org
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
American Wood Preservers Association (AWPA) Engineer Research and Development Center
P.O. Box 361784 Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Birmingham, AL 35236 72 Lyme Road
(205) 733-4077 Hanover, NH 03755
www.awpa.com (603) 646-4292
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA) www.crrel.usace.army.mil
1156 15th St. N.W., Suite 900
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 207-0917
www.asphaltroofing.org
International Code Council (ICC)
500 New Jersey Ave. N.W., Sixth Floor
Washington, DC 20001
(888) 422-7233
www.iccsafe.org

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 79

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

Appendix A3—Unit Conversions

A3.1 Abbreviations....................................................................................................................................................... 81
A3.2 Conversion Factors, U.S. Customary Units to S.I. Units..................................................................................... 82
A3.3 Conversion Factors, S.I. Units to U.S. Customary Units..................................................................................... 83
A3.4 Conversion Factors, Metal Gauge, Thickness and Weight................................................................................... 84
A3.5 Conversion Factors, Roof Slope, U.S. Customary Units to S.I. Units.................................................................. 85
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

80 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

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A3.1 Abbreviations
Btu British thermal unit
cm centimeter
dkm decameter
dm decimeter
ft foot
g gram
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

gal gallon
gr grain
ha hectare
hp horse power
hr hour
in inch
J joule
kg kilogram
km kilometer
kN kilonewton
kPa kilopascal
kW kilowatt
l liter
lb pound
m meter
mg milligram
mi mile
min minute
MJ Megajoule
mm millimeter
mph miles per hour
ng nanogram
N newton
oz ounce
Pa pascal
pt pint
qt quart
s second
sq square
T ton
mm micrometer
w watt
yd yard

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© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

A3.2 Conversion Factors, U.S. Customary Units to S.I. Units

Property To convert U. S. customary Symbol Multiply by To obtain S.I. units Symbol
units
Application rate U.S. gallon per square gal/100 ft2 0.4075 liters per square meter l/m2
U.K. gallon per square gal (U.K.)/100 ft2 0.4893 liters per square meter l/m2
pound per square foot lb/ft2 4.882 kilogram per square meter kg/m2
pound per square lb/100 ft2 0.0488 kilogram per square meter kg/m2
Area square inch in2 645.2 square millimeter mm2
square foot ft2 0.0929 square meter m2
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

roof square 100 ft2 9.29 square meter m2

Break strength pound force per lbf/in 0.175 kilonewton per kN/m
  inch width meter width
Coverage square foot per U.S. gallon ft2/gal 0.02454 square meter per liter m2/l
square foot per U.K. gallon ft2/gal (U.K.) 0.2044 square meter per liter m2/l
Density pound per cubic foot lb/ft2 16.02 kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
Energy (electrical) kilowatt-hour kWh 3.60 megajoule MJ
Energy (heat) British thermal unit Btu 1.055 kilojoule kJ
therm therm 195.5 Megajoule MJ
Energy (heat•time) British thermal unit hour Btu·hr 0.2931 watt W
Flow, or volume U.S. gallon per minute gpm 63.09 cubic centimeter per second cm3/s
per unit time
U.K. gallon per minute gpm (U.K.) 75.77 cubic centimeter per second cm3/s

Force pound force lbf 4.448 newton N

kilogram force kgf 9.807 newton N
Heat flow Thermal conductance, C Btu/h·ft2·ºF 5.678 watt per square meter kelvin W/(m2°K)
Thermal conductivity, k Btu·in/h·ft2·ºF 0.1442 watt per meter kelvin W/(m°K)
Thermal resistance, R ºF·ft2·h/Btu 0.176 square meter kelvin per watt m2°K/W
Thermal transmittance, U Btu/h·ft2·ºF 5.678 watt per square meter kelvin W/m2°K
Length, width, mil 0.001 in 25.4 micrometer μm
thickness
inch (up to 48 in.) in 25.4 millimeter mm
foot (4 ft. or greater) ft 0.3048 meter m
Mass (weight) ounce oz 28.35 gram g
pound lb 0.4536 kilogram kg
ton (short; T 0.9072 megagram (Note: 1
2,000 pounds) Mg = 1,000 kg) Mg
Permeability perm inch grain·in/ 1.459 nanogram/pascal ng/
(at 23ºC) ft2·h·in Hg second meter (Pa·s·m)
Permeance grain/ft2·h·in Hg 57.45 nanogram/pascal ng/
(at 23ºC) perm second square meter (Pa·s·m)
Pressure pounds per square inch psi 6.895 kilopascal kPa
pounds per square foot psf 0.04788 kilopascal kPa
inch mercury in Hg 3.377 kilopascal kPa
Power horsepower hp 746 Watt W
Refrigeration Ton (i.e., 12,000 Btu) T 3.52 kilowatt kW
Relative percent % no conversion percent %
humidity necessary
Temperature degrees Fahrenheit ºF (ºF-32)/1.8 degrees Celsius ºC
Velocity foot per minute ft/min or fpm 0.00508 meter per second m/s
miles per hour mph 0.44704 meter per second m/s
miles per hour mph 1.609 kilometer per hour km/h
Volume U.S. gallon gal 3.785 liter l
U.K. gallon gal (U.K.) 4.546 liter l
cubic foot ft3 0.02832 cubic meter m3
cubic yard yd3 0.7646 cubic meter m3

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A3.3 Conversion Factors, S.I. Units to U.S. Customary Units

Property To convert S.I. units Symbol Multiply by To obtain U.S. customary Symbol
units
Application rate liters per square meter l/m2 2.454 U.S. gallon per square foot gal/100 ft2
liters per square meter l/m2 2.044 U.K. gallon per square gal (U.K.)/100 ft2
kilogram per square meter kg/m2 0.205 pound per square foot lb/ft2
kilogram per square meter kg/m2 20.49 pounds per square lb/100 ft2
Area square millimeter mm2 0.0015 square inch in2
square meter m2 10.76 square foot ft2
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

square meter m2 0.108 roof square 100 ft2

Break strength kilonewton per kN/m 5.71 pound force lbf/in
  meter width per inch width
Coverage square meter per liter m2/l 40.75 square foot per U.S. gallon ft2/gal
square meter per liter m2/l 4.89 square foot per U.K. gallon ft2/gal (U.K.)
Density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 0.062 pound per cubic foot lb/ft3
Energy (electrical) megajoule MJ 0.0028 kilowatt-hour kWh
Energy (heat) kilojoule kJ 0.948 British thermal unit Btu
megajoule MJ 0.0051 therm therm
Energy (heat•time) watt W 3.412 British thermal unit hour Btu·hr
Flow, or volume cubic centimeter per second cm3/s 0.0158 U.S. gallon per minute gpm
per unit time
cubic centimeter per second cm3/s 0.0132 U.K. gallon per minute gpm (U.K.)
Force newton N 0.225 pound force lbf
newton N 0.1019 kilogram force kgf
Heat flow watt per square meter kelvin W/(m2·K) 0.1761 thermal conductance, C Btu/h·ft2·ºF
watt per meter kelvin W/(m·K) 6.935 thermal conductivity, k Btu·in/
h·ft2·ºF
square meter kelvin per watt m2·K/W 5.682 thermal resistance, R ºF·ft2·h/Btu
watt per square meter kelvin W/m2·K 0.1761 thermal transmittance, U Btu/h·ft2·ºF
Length, width, micrometer μm 0.0394 mil 0.001 in
thickness
millimeter mm 0.0394 inch (up to 48 in.) in
meter m 3.281 foot (4 ft or greater) ft
Mass (weight) gram g 0.0353 ounce oz
kilogram kg 2.205 pound lb
megagram (Note: 1 Mg 1.102 ton T
Mg = 1000 kg) (short; 2000 lb.)
Permeability nanogram/pascal ng/(Pa·s·m) 0.685 perm inch grain·in/
(at 23ºC) second meter ft2·h·in Hg
Permeance nanogram/pascal second ng/Pa·s·m2 0.0174 perm grain/ft2
(at 23ºC) square meter ·h·in Hg
Pressure kilopascal kPa 0.145 pounds per square inch` psi
kilopascal kPa 20.886 pounds per square foot psf
kilopascal kPa 0.2961 inch mercury in Hg
Power watt W 0.00134 horsepower hp
Refrigeration kilowatt kW 0.2841 ton (i.e., 12,000 Btu) T
Relative percent % no conversion percent %
humidity necessary
Temperature degrees Celsius ºC [1.8(ºC)] + 32 degrees Fahrenheit ºF
Velocity meters per second m/s 196.9 foot per minute ft/min or fpm
meters per second m/s 2.237 mile per hour mph
kilometers per hour km/h 0.6215 mile per hour mile/hour or mph
Volume liter l 0.264 U.S. gallon gal
liter l 0.22 U.K. gallon gal
cubic meter m3 35.31 cubic foot ft3
cubic meter m3 13.079 cubic yard yd3

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 83

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

A3.4 Conversion Factors, Metal Gauge, Thickness and Weight

Metal Gauge Nominal Thickness Approximate
(inches) Pound per Square Foot (lb/ft2)

Aluminum 0.032 0.45

0.040 0.57
0.050 0.70
0.063 0.89
0.080 1.12
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

Copper
16 oz 0.022 1.00
20 oz 0.027 1.25
24 oz 0.032 1.50
32 oz 0.043 2.00
Lead Sheets
4 lb 0.062 4.00
3 lb 0.047 3.00
21⁄2 lb 0.039 2.50
2 lb 0.031 2.00
Lead-coated Copper Sheets
16 oz 0.026 1.00
20 oz 0.031 1.25
24 oz 0.036 1.50
32 oz 0.047 2.00
Stainless Steel 28 0.015 0.66
26 0.018 0.79
24 0.024 1.05
Steel*: 26 0.019 0.91
Galvanized Steel 24 0.025 1.16
Galvalume® 22 0.031 1.41
Aluminized Steel 20 0.028 1.66
18 0.050 2.16
16 0.063 2.64
Terne 26 0.018 0.80**
28 0.015 0.67**
30 0.012 0.54**
Terne-coated Stainless 28 0.015 0.66
Steel (TCS) 26 0.018 0.79
24 0.024 1.05
Zinc 24 0.028 1.03
21 0.031 1.16
* U.S. standard gauge
** 40-lb coating weight

84 NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio

A3.5 Conversion Factors, Roof Slope, U.S. Customary Units to S.I. Units

Rise:Run Angle
1
⁄8:12 0.6º
3
⁄16:12 0.9º
1
⁄4:12 1.2º
3
⁄8:12 1.8º
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

1
⁄2:12 2.4º
3
⁄4:12 3.6º
1:12 5º
2:12 9º
3:12 14º
4:12 18º
5:12 23º
6:12 27º
7:12 30º
8:12 34º
9:12 37º
10:12 40º
11:12 43º
12:12 45º
13:12 47º
14:12 49º
15:12 51º
16:12 53º
17:12 55º
18:12 56º
19:12 58º
20:12 59º
21:12 60º
22:12 61º
23:12 62º
24:12 63º

NRCA Guidelines for ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOF SYSTEMS 85

© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.
© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.
© NRCA Reprint permission granted to Robert Manson at Delta Engineering & Inspectio
No further reproductions authorized. May 11, 2016.

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