LAMBOJON, NELJON M.

BSCRIM 1-C STS 101 APRIL 01, 2024

MARCOS ADMINISTRATION
1. Did the science and technology agenda under Marcos Sr. prioritize the needs of the Filipino
people, or were there other political or economic motivations?

- In my readings, it feels like Marcos Sr. really prioritizes both the needs of his people and the
development of our country. They could be driven by political and economic motivations,
but in a way that they could minimize or lessen some of the problems in our country.
Marcos Sr. really cared about our importance in science, which he invested in; during his
regime, he declared that “advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the
national development.” He established the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to
support the progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for the nation. It
was attached to the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources for administrative
purposes.

2. Were the infrastructure projects initiated during Marcos Sr.'s regime beneficial to the country's
progress, or were they primarily tools for political propaganda and personal gain?

- As Marcos Sr. progressed in his regime, he developed what we call a cult of personality,
where he used some techniques or propaganda techniques, such as declaring martial
law to control the media, red-tagging, and such. In his regime, most of his infrastructure
was publicly funded construction projects for political and election propaganda. Many of
these infrastructure projects were also utilized for political propaganda purposes.
Marcos often touted these projects as evidence of his administration's progress and
development initiatives, using them to bolster his image as a strong and visionary
leader. While Marcos Sr.'s regime did contribute to the country's development, it was
also used for political propaganda and personal gain, with corruption and cronyism
tarnishing their overall impact on the Philippines' progress.
CORY AQUINO AND SUBSEQUENT PRESIDENTS

1. How have science and technology initiatives under these past presidents addressed
environmental challenges and promoted sustainability?

- Marcos Sr. initiatives have focused on integrating green practices into production
methods, emphasizing economic, environmental, and social considerations.
Corazon Aquino, rebuilding democratic institutions, and addressing social and
economic challenges in the aftermath of the Marcos regime. signed into law the
Philippine Clean Water Act of 1991, which aimed to protect the country's water
resources from pollution and promote sustainable water management practices.
Fidel Ramos recognized the importance of environmental conservation and
sustainable development, implemented the National Integrated Protected Areas
System (NIPAS). Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, invested in renewable energy projects
and other things that addressed energy projects. Benigno Aquino, address climate
change, promote reforestation, diversify the country's energy mix, and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Has there been adequate investment in research and development from subsequent
administrations to drive innovation and scientific discovery?

I have read that this two Philippines president has been cited that they really prioritized and
invested into Research and Development in the Philippines

- Fidel V. Ramos, under his leadership, the Philippines saw increased investment in science
and technology, with the establishment of new research institutions and the expansion of
existing programs. He believed that “science and technology was one of the means wherein
the Philippines could attain the status of new industrialized country (NIC).” He established
STAND Science and Technology Agenda for National Development, it also helped to
emphasized the R&D which help investing in R&D across various sectors, including
agriculture, industry, healthcare, and environmental conservation.

- Benigno Aquino III, sustained initiatives to advance innovation, science, and technology as
part of his vision for socioeconomic development. The government launched programs to
encourage technology transfer and commercialization and boosted financing for research
and development projects. the Philippines saw improvements in its global innovation
ranking, with increased participation in international research collaborations and
partnerships

- These two presidents, Ramos and Aquino III, are often cited for their efforts to prioritize and
invest in research and development initiatives in the Philippines
REFERENCES:

Fellizar Jr, F. (1994). Science and technology agenda for national development and research
utilization.

Lim, L. L., Sziraczki, G., & Zhang, X. J. (1996). Economic performance. Labour Surplus and Enterprise
Responses: Results From the China Enterprise Survey, Labour Market Papers, 13.

Lico, Gerard (2003). Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture. University of
Hawaii Press.

Ricardo., Manapat (1991). Some are smarter than others : the history of Marcos' crony capitalism.
New York: Aletheia Publications. ISBN 9719128704. OCLC 28428684.

de Villa, Kathleen (September 16, 2017). "Imelda Marcos and her 'edifice complex'". Philippine
Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.

"Leandro Locsin's Brutal Opera". Rogue. Rogue Media Inc. November 16, 2015. Archived from the
original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2018.

Garth S. Jowett and Victoria J. O'Donnell, Propaganda & Persuasion (5th ed. 2011) Magno, Alexander
R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume
9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.

Presidential Decree No. 48 of November 10, 1972, Establishing the Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/11/10/presidential-decree-no-48-
s-1972/

The 1973 Constitution: as Amended in October 16–17, 1976, on January 30, 1980, and April 7,
1981. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution-2/