1) Over the last six years, most of the students in Tupac city have regularly attended colleges in the

neighboring
Mekon city to pursue their graduate degrees. However, according to a recent change in the education policies of
Mekon city, the colleges in Mekon city are expected to increase their fees to almost the same level as those charged
by colleges in Tupac city. Therefore it can be safely concluded that colleges in Tupac city will see a surge in the
number of students enrolling with them to pursue their graduate degrees based on the fact that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) The teachers at colleges in Mekon city are generally considered far superior to those at colleges in Tupac city.

B) The low fees charged by colleges at Mekon city is the primary reason why students from Tupac city move to
these colleges.

C) Students who study at colleges in Tupac city do not perform better than those who study at colleges in Mekon
city.

D) Tupac city does not have good quality colleges.

2) Eating unhygienic food always results in cases of stomach infection or food poisoning. Dominic is currently
suffering from food poisoning, so he must have eaten unhygienic food in the last few days because ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) Eating unhygienic food will most definitely lead to food poisoning.

B) Dominic does not have a weak immune system that makes him prone to food poisoning.

C) Eating unhygienic food is the only way to get food poisoning.

D) Unhygienic food contains harmful bacteria and other pathogens that lead to food poisoning.

3) According to financial experts, our country has a very high debt-to-GDP ratio and it’s difficult for a country with
a high debt-to-GDP ratio to grow in a dynamic manner. Moreover our debt is growing higher and that means
inflation is getting worse. All in all, our country is badly managed these days.

Which of the following assertions is most strongly supported by the text?

A) It is not possible for a badly managed country to grow in a dynamic manner.

B) High level of debt is extremely detrimental to the growth of a country.

C) Growing inflation is the sign of a badly managed country

D) High debt has an adverse impact on the inflation rate

4) G. Bell Corporation, a manufacturer of mobile handsets, has claimed to have become the leading seller of mobile
handsets, in terms of units sold, in the country. According to latest figures released by all the handset manufacturers
in the country, G. Bell Corporation managed to sell 80 per cent of the total handsets that it manufactured during the
year whereas the market leader, H. Wells Corporation, managed to sell only 50 per cent of its total handsets. H.
Wells Corporation’s representative believed G. Bell Corporation’s claim was wrong because ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) It does not take into account H. Wells Corporation’s huge book of advance orders for handsets that need to be
shipped during the next year

B) It makes no comparison of the average price at which G. Bell Corporation sold its handsets and the average price
at which H. Wells Corporation sold its handsets

C) It does not take into account the total number of handsets sold by either manufacturer

D) It does not take into account the total market size for mobile handsets in the country

5) The supply of iron ore, the most important component in steelmaking, has been steadily declining in Marco city.
This has forced steel manufacturing units in Marco city to source iron ore from far off mines leading to an increase
in their transportation costs. Because transportation costs make up a large chunk of the total cost of steelmaking, the
steel manufacturers in Marco city have had no option but to increase the selling price of their steel. This has in turn
led to an increase in the retail price of utensils and other articles of daily use made of steel. Since the retail
consumers now have to pay more for these steel items, while their earnings remain unchanged, they have decided to
cut down on their non essential expenditure such as that on movie tickets. This has led movie theaters in Marco city
to reduce their ticket prices. Economists claimed that the prices of movie tickets in Marco city will continue to
decline in future because ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) The people of Marco city will not be willing to cut down their expenditure on eating out

B) After the inauguration of the Goldport Bridge, expected to happen very soon, the transportation costs to Marco
city will be halved

C) The supply of iron ore to Marco city is expected to go down even more in the near future

D) Residents of Marco city view movie tickets as non essential items of expenditure

6) The Starbeans cafe has recently hired a new manager. The manager, within a few days of joining, made some
drastic changes as a result of which the number of people visiting Starbeans everyday fell by almost 40%. However
the revenue during this same period almost doubled. The manager’s success is explicable if ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) The manager appointed a new coffee bean supplier who charges much lower rates than did the earlier supplier,
resulting in substantial cost savings.

B) The manager’s monthly salary is directly linked to the revenue; the more the revenue the more salary he gets.

C) The manager increased the average price of every item on the menu, in some cases even doubling the original
price.
D) The manager fired some of the staff, thereby cutting down Starbean’s salary cost by half.

7) Large corporations use several strategies to minimize their tax payments, without doing anything explicitly
illegal. One such strategy involves the use of transfer pricing, when subsidiaries (công ty con) in different countries
charge each other for goods or services “sold” within the group. This is particularly popular among technology and
drug companies that have lots of intellectual property, the value of which is especially subjective. These intra-
company royalty transactions are supposed to be arm’s-length, but are often priced to minimize profits in high-tax
countries and maximize them in low-tax ones. A company that wants to get the maximum benefit out of transfer
pricing could therefore ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) Sell its subsidiary located in a high tax rate country products at low prices

B) Charge its subsidiary located in a low tax rate country higher prices for products sold

C) Pay its subsidiary located in a high tax rate country high prices for products bought

D) Pay its subsidiary located in a low tax rate country high prices for products bought

Fact: minimize tax payment  not do illegally  transfer pricing  maximize profit in low-tax
countries

8) In the early 1960s, Myanmar was the richest country in Asia, but then it closed its economy to the outside world
and is now the poorest country in the region. However, Myanmar is now opening up its economy to the outside
world once again. Smart investors believe Myanmar’s economy will soon regain its former glory after reopening and
it makes sense for them to invest in Myanmar. These investors therefore assume that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) A closed economy will rapidly deplete (exhaust) the financial resources of a country.

(ko thể nói chung “a country” đc vì chỉ có mỗi 1 nc Myanmar  ko conclude đc

Chỉ là poorest country in Asia chứ k phải là cạn kiệt nguồn lực kte, có thể các qg khác pt
nhanh hơn Myanmar)
B) The countries that dealt with Myanmar in 1962 will still be interested in dealing with it.

C) If Myanmar does not open up its economy to the outside world, it will continue to remain poor.

D) The severe internal unrest (disruption) that has continued in Myanmar for the last several years is not responsible
for its current financial state.

Fact: myanmar opens up its economy to world  investor believe myanmar regain its former
glory
9) While critics have written off the APG company’s new Model T chandelier owing to its poor sales across the
globe, the Model T is actually not a complete failure because it has managed to sell 10,000 pieces in Eastern Europe,
a market in which rival companies haven’t even managed to sell 5,000 pieces of their respective chandeliers. The
argument must presume that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) If a chandelier does not sell well in the Eastern European market, then it is a complete failure.

B) The Eastern European market is the biggest market for chandeliers.

?C) If a chandelier sells well in the Eastern European market, then it cannot be considered a complete failure.

D) If the Model T had not sold in good numbers in Eastern Europe, then it could have been considered a complete
failure.

Argue: not a complete failure  sell 10000  rival not sold 5000
10) All the campers at Camp Winnehatchee go to Tri-Cities High School, yet some Tri-Cities students are campers
at Camp Lakemont because ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) most of the campers at Camp Lakemont come from high schools other than Tri-Cities

B) not only campers at Camp Winnehatchee are students at Tri-Cities High School

C) some Tri-Cities High School students have withdrawn from Camp Lakemont

D) all Tri-Cities High School students have withdrawn from Camp Lakemont

11) More than a year ago, the city announced that police would crack down on illegally parked cars and that
resources would be diverted from writing speeding tickets to ticketing illegally parked cars. But no crackdown has
taken place. The police chief claims that resources have had to be diverted from writing speeding tickets to
combating the city’s staggering drug problem. Yet the police are still writing as many speeding tickets as ever.
Therefore, the excuse about resources being tied up in fighting drug-related crime simply is not true.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the conclusion of the text?

A) Drug-related crime is not as serious a problem for the city as the police chief claims it is.

B) Writing speeding tickets should be as important a priority for the city as combating drug-related crime.

C) The police could be cracking down on illegally parked cars and combating the drug problem without having to
reduce writing speeding tickets.

D) The police cannot continue writing as many speeding tickets as ever while diverting resources to combating
drug-related crime.

Fact: a year ago: làm chặt xe đỗ sai qđịnh

12) Dried grass clippings mixed into garden soil gradually decompose, providing nutrients for beneficial soil
bacteria. This results in better-than-average plant growth. Yet mixing fresh grass clippings into garden soil usually
causes poorer-than-average plant growth, implying that ____
Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) The number of beneficial soil bacteria increases whenever any kind of plant material is mixed into garden soil.
B) Fresh grass clippings mixed into soil decompose rapidly, generating high levels of heat that kill beneficial soil
bacteria.
C) Some dried grass clippings retain nutrients originally derived from commercial lawn fertilizers, and thus provide
additional enrichment to the soil.
D) Nutrients released by dried grass clippings are immediately available to beneficial soil bacteria.

13) A gas tax of one cent per gallon would raise one billion dollars per year at current consumption rates. Since a tax
of fifty cents per gallon would therefore raise fifty billion dollars per year, it seems a perfect way to deal with the
federal budget deficit. This tax would have the additional advantage that the resulting drop in the demand for
gasoline would be ecologically sound and would keep our country from being too dependent on foreign oil
producers.

Which choice most clearly identifies a flaw in the author’s reasoning?

A) The author cites irrelevant data.
B) The author relies on incorrect current consumption figures.
C) The author makes incompatible assumptions.
D) The author mistakes an effect for a cause.

14) There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being published. There is a
system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific findings, namely, the replication of results by
other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientist, which can include anything from careless
reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless when other scientists conduct
the experiments and obtain
disconfirmatory results.
Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the argument?
(A) Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years before they are replicated.
(B) Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer review before publication.
(C) Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication.
(D) In scientific experiments, careless reporting is more common than fraud.

15) Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services: regulation of the activity
of providing those services. But governments inevitably (unavoidable) make the activity more expensive by
regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources. However, since
public criticism of child-care services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are
socially necessary, the government is certain to respond. It can be inferred that ____

Dạng inferred  coi mọi điều trc là fact

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) The cost of providing child-care services will increase.

B) The government will use funding to foster advances in child care.
C) If public criticism of a policy is strongly voiced, the government is certain to respond.
D) If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing child care will not increase.

Fact: publicly criticized + socially necessary services  gov respond  make the services more
costly

16) Advertisers are often criticized for their unscrupulous (unprincipled) manipulation of people’s tastes and wants.
There is evidence, however, that some advertisers are motivated by moral as well as financial considerations. A
particular publication decided to change its image from being a family newspaper to concentrating on sex and
violence, thus appealing to a different readership. Some advertisers withdrew (remove) their advertisements from
the publication, and this must have been because they morally disapproved of publishing salacious (pornographic)
material.

(khi đọc để ý đến thus,… mấy từ thể hiện quan hệ nhân quả)

Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument?
(A) The advertisers switched their advertisements to other family newspapers.
(B) Some advertisers switched from family newspapers to advertise in the changed publication.
(C) The advertisers expected their product sales to increase if they stayed with the changed publication, but to
decrease if they withdrew.
(D) People who generally read family newspapers are not likely to buy newspapers that concentrate on sex and
violence.

17) If retail stores experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season, then either attitudes toward
extravagant (expensive) gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford. If
attitudes have changed, then we all have something to celebrate this season. If prices have risen beyond the level
most people can afford, then it must be that salaries have not kept pace with rising prices during the past year. If
these premises are correct and research shows that salaries have kept pace with rising prices during the past year,
then it must be true that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed.

B) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have not changed, and stores will not experience a decrease in revenues
during this holiday season.
C) Prices in retail stores have not risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season.
D) Either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level that most
people can afford during this holiday season.

18) The “suicide wave” that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact.
Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 shows that the number of suicides in
October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower.
During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher.

Which choice, if true, would best challenge the conclusion of the text?

A) October and November have almost always had relatively high suicide rates, even during the 1920s and 1930s.
B) The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the average for those months
during several preceding and following years.
C) During the years surrounding the stock market crash, suicide rates were typically lower at the beginning of any
calendar year than toward the end of that year.
D) Because of seasonal differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be
expected to be the same as those for other months.

19) Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow
has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the
first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year
later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully
grown when they leave the nest. Thus, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit from their nesting
experience.

Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?
A) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increases with each successive trial during the first few years of
reproduction.
B) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time.
C) Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds.
D) Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest.

20) How do the airlines expect to prevent commercial plane crashes? Studies have shown that pilot error contributes
to two-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airlines have upgraded their training programs by
increasing the hours of classroom instruction and emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is
unrealistic to expect such measures to compensate for pilots’ lack of actual flying time. Therefore, the airlines
should rethink their training approach to reducing commercial crashes, because ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) training programs can eliminate pilot errors.

B) the number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time.

C) lack of actual flying time is an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes.

D) communication skills are not important to pilot training programs.

21) Despite improvements in treatment for asthma, the death rate from this disease has doubled during the past
decade from its previous rate. Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of
deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and accurate in the past decade than it had been previously.
Second, there has been an increase in urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased
dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban pollution,
one must instead conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to
relieve their symptoms
Which one of the following, if true, would NOT support the argument?
(not support có thể là k liên quan)

A) Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years as for the past ten years.
B) Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen.
C) By temporarily relieving the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more beneficial
measures.
D) Urban populations have doubled in the past decade.

22) There is little point in looking to artists for insights into political issues. Most of them hold political views that
are less insightful than those of any reasonably well- educated person who is not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a
whole, the statements made by artists, including those considered great, indicate that artistic talent and political
insight are rarely found together.
Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A) Some artists are no less politically insightful than some reasonably well-educated persons who are not artists.
B) Politicians rarely have any artistic talent.
C) Every reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist has more insight into political issues than any artist.
D) A thorough education in art makes a person reasonably well educated.

(most of them # every)

23) Candidate Rita claimed that the original purpose of government farm subsidy programs was to provide income
stability for small family farmers. But most farm-subsidy money goes to a few farmers with large holdings.
Payments to farmers whose income, before subsidies, is greater than $100,000 a year should be stopped. However,
his opponent, Thomas, claimed that it would be impossible to administer such a cut-off point: though subsidies are
needed during the planting and growing season, farmers do not know their income for a given calendar year until tax
returns are calculated and submitted the following April.
Which choice, if true, is the strongest counter Rita can make to Thomas’s objection?
A) It has become difficult for small farmers to obtain bank loans to be repaid later by money from subsidies.
B) The income of a farmer varies because weather and market prices are not stable from year to year.
C) If subsidy payments to large farmers were eliminated the financial condition of the government would improve.
D) Subsidy cut-offs can be determined on the basis of income for the preceding year.

24) Modern physicians often employ laboratory tests, in addition to physical examinations, in order to diagnose
diseases accurately. Insurance company regulations that deny coverage for certain laboratory tests therefore decrease
the quality of medical care provided to patients as ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) physical examinations and the uncovered laboratory tests together provide a more accurate diagnosis of many
diseases than do physical examinations alone.
B) many physicians generally oppose insurance company regulations that, in order to reduce costs, limit the use of
laboratory tests.
C) many patients who might benefit from the uncovered laboratory tests do not have any form of health insurance.
D) there are some illnesses that experienced physicians can diagnose accurately from physicians examination alone.

25) Oil analysts predict that if the price of oil falls by half, the consumer's purchase price for gasoline made from
this oil will also fall by half.
Which one of the following, if true, would cast doubt on oil analysts’ prediction?

A) Refining costs, distribution costs, and taxes, none of which varies significantly with oil prices, constitute a large
portion of the prices of gasoline.
B) Studies in several countries show that the amount of gasoline purchased by consumers initially rises after the
price of gasoline has fallen.
C) Gasoline manufacturers will not expand their profit margins.
D) Improved automobile technology and new kinds of fuel for cars have enabled some drivers to use less gasoline.

Giá dầu còn cộng thêm nhiều giá khác để tạo ra gas  chọn A

26) A survey was recently conducted among ferry passengers on the North Sea. Among the results was this: more of
those who had taken anti-seasickness medication before their trip reported symptoms of seasickness than those who
had not taken such medication. It is clear then, that despite claims by drug companies that clinical tests show the
contrary, people would be better off not taking anti-seasickness medications.
Which choice, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above?
A) People who have spent money on anti-seasickness medication are less likely to admit symptoms of seasickness
than those who have not.
B) The seasickness symptoms of the people who took anti-seasickness medication would have been more severe had
they not taken the medication.
C) People who do not take anti-seasickness medication are just as likely to respond to a survey on seasickness as
people who do.
D) The clinical tests reported by the drug companies were conducted by the drug companies' staff.

27) Economic considerations color (influence) every aspect of international dealings, and nations are just like
individuals in that the lender sets the terms of its dealings with the borrower. That is why a nation that owes money
to another nation cannot be a world leader.
Which choice can be inferred from the passage?
A) A nation that does not lend to any other nation cannot be a world leader.
B) A nation that can set the terms of its dealings with other nations is certain to be a world leader.
C) A nation that has the terms of its dealings with another action set by that nation cannot be a world leader.
D) A nation that is a world leader can borrow from another nation as long as that other nation does not set the terms
of the dealings between the two nations.

28) A political theorist claimed that the chief foundations of all governments are the legal system and the police
force and as there cannot be a good legal system where the police are not well paid, it follows that where the police
are well paid there will be a good legal system. However, this claim is false because it fails to establish that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) bad governments with good legal systems must have poorly paid police forces.

B) a well-paid police force cannot be effective without a good legal system.

C) a well-paid police force is sufficient to guarantee a good legal system. (self)

D) some bad governments have good legal systems.

29) Court records from medieval France show that in the years 1300 to 1400 the number of people arrested in the
French realm for "violent interpersonal crimes" (not committed in wars) increased by 30 percent over the number of
people arrested for such crimes in the years 1200 to 1300. The increase was not the result of false arrests; therefore,
medieval France had a higher level of documented interpersonal violence in the years 1300 to 1400 than in the years
1200 to 1300.

Which choice, if true, would most weaken the argument?

A) In the years 1300 to 1400 the French government's category of violent crimes included an increasing variety of
interpersonal crimes that are actually nonviolent.
B) The number of individual agreements between two people in which they swore oaths not to attack each other
increased substantially after 1300.
C) When English armies tried to conquer parts of France in the mid- to late 1300s violence in the northern province
of Normandy and the south-western province of Gascony increased.
D) The population of medical France increased substantially during the first five decades of the 1300s until the
deadly bubonic plague decimated the population of France after 1348.

30) Rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of bean plants or other legumes produce fixed nitrogen which is one of
the essential plant nutrients and which for non-legume crops, such as wheat, normally must be supplied by
applications of nitrogen-based fertilizer. So if biotechnology succeeds in producing wheat strains whose roots will
play host to Rhizobium bacteria, scientists believe the need for artificial fertilizers will be reduced. For the
scientists’ argument to be correct, they need to check whether____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) fixed nitrogen is currently the only soil nutrient that must be supplied by artificial fertilizer for growing wheat
crops.
B) there are no naturally occurring strains of wheat or other grasses that have Rhizobium bacteria living in their
roots.
C) legumes are currently the only crops that produce their own supply of fixed nitrogen.
D) rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of wheat would produce fixed nitrogen.

31) Current legislation that requires designated sections for smokers and non-smokers on the premises of privately
owned businesses is an intrusion into the private sector that cannot be justified. The fact that studies indicate that
non-smokers might be harmed by inhaling the smoke from others' cigarettes is not the main issue. Rather, the main
issue concerns the government's violation of the right of private businesses to determine their own policies and
rules.

Which principle, if true, would support the argument?

A) Government intrusion into the policies and rules of private businesses is justified only when individuals might be
harmed.
B) The right of individuals to breathe safe air supersedes the right of businesses to be free from government
intrusion
C) The right of businesses to self-determination overrides whatever right or duty the government may have to
protect the individual.
D) Where the rights of businesses and the duty of government conflict, the main issue is finding a successful
compromise.

32) Leachate is a solution, frequently highly contaminated, that develops when water permeates a landfill site. If and
only if the landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachate escape into the environment, generally in
unpredictable quantities. A method must be found for disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is sent directly to
sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water.
Which choice can be inferred from the passage?
A) The ability to predict the volume of escaping landfill leachate would help solve the disposal problem.
B) If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will escape into the environment.
C) Some landfill leachate is sent to sewage treatment plants that are incapable of handling it.
D) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfill's capacity to hold liquids has not
been exceeded

33) The soaring prices of scholarly and scientific journals have forced academic libraries used only by academic
researchers to drastically reduce their list of subscriptions. Some have suggested that in each academic discipline
subscription decisions should be determined solely by a journal's usefulness in that discipline, measured by the
frequency with which it is cited in published writings by researchers in the discipline.
Which finding, if true, would cast doubt on the suggestion?
A) In some academic disciplines, controversies which begin in the pages of one journal spill over into articles in
other journals that are widely read by researchers in the discipline.
B) The average length of a journal article in some sciences, such as physics, is less than half the average length of a
journal article in some other academic disciplines, such as history.
C) The non-academic readership of a scholarly or scientific journal can be accurately gauged by the number of times
articles appearing in it are cited in daily newspapers and popular magazines.
D) Researchers often will not cite a journal article that has influenced their work if they think that the journal in
which it appears is not highly regarded by the leading researchers in the mainstream of the discipline.

34) The average level of fat in the blood of people suffering from acute cases of disease W is lower than the average
level for the population as a whole. Nevertheless, most doctors believe that reducing blood-fat levels is an effective
way of preventing acute W. This apparent paradoxical belief is justified as a study showed that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) The blood level of fat for patients who have been cured of W is on average the same as that for the population at
large.
B) The progression from latent to acute W can occur only when the agent that causes acute W absorbs large
quantities of fat from the patient's blood.
C) The levels of fat in the blood of patients who have disease W respond abnormally slowly to changes in dietary
intake of fat.
D) High levels of fat in the blood are indicative of several diseases that are just as serious as W.

Fat level in blood của ng bị W thấp hơn so vs ng thường

Hầu hết bác sĩ tin rằng giảm lượng mỡ trong máu là effective way để ngăn W
35) Baking for winter holidays is a tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are
short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight. Carbohydrates,
both sugars and starches, boost the brain's levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improves the mood. In this
respect, carbohydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may
provide an effective form of self- prescribed medication.

Which choice can be properly inferred from the passage?

A) People are more likely to be depressed in midwinter than at other times of the year.
B) Lack of sunlight lowers the level of serotonin in the brain.
C) Some antidepressants act by changing the brain's level of serotonin.
D) Raising the level of neurotransmitters in the brain effectively relieves depression.

Fact: sugar + starch boost the mood  giống antidepressant

36) The school’s principal claimed that the current proposal to give college students a broader choice in planning
their own courses of study should be abandoned. The students who are supporting the proposal will never be
satisfied, no matter what requirements are established. Some of these students have reached their third year without
declaring a major. One first-year student has failed to complete four required courses. Several others have indicated
a serious indifference to grades and intellectual achievement. However, the principal’s reasoning is false because she
____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) argues circularly by assuming the conclusion is true in stating the premises.

B) fails to define the critical term "satisfied".

C) distorts (bóp méo) the proposal advocated by opponents.

D) avoids the issue by focusing on supporters of the proposal.

Fact: give students more choices in planning their courses nên bị cấm

37) The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is certainly imprecise because we are not
sure how different from us something might be and still count as "intelligent life". Yet we cannot just decide to
define "intelligent life" in some more precise way since it is likely that we will find and recognize intelligent life
elsewhere in the universe only if we leave our definitions open to new, unimagined possibilities. This directly
opposes the view that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is one that will never be correctly answered.
B) Whether or not there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, our understanding of intelligent life is limited.
C) The question about the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe must be made more precise if we
hope to answer it correctly.
D) The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is so imprecise as to be meaningless.

Fact: life in uni là ko đúng ta ko chắc họ khác ta ntn mà vẫn gọi là intelligent life

38)
Text 1
Unlike cloth diapers, disposable diapers are a threat to the environment. Sixteen billion disposable diapers are
discarded annually, filling up landfills at an alarming rate. So people must stop buying disposable diapers and use
cloth diapers.
Text 2
Cloth diapers must be washed in hot water, which requires energy. Moreover, the resulting wastewater pollutes our
rivers. When families use diaper services, diapers must be delivered by fuel-burning trucks that pollute the air and
add to traffic congestion. Therefore, cloth diapers are a threat to the environment.
How would the author of Text 2 respond to the author of Text 1?
A) The author of Text 2 would claim that the author of Text 1 overstates the negative evidence about disposable
diapers in the course of his argument in favor of cloth diapers.
B) The author of Text 2 would indicate that the author of Text 1 draws a hasty conclusion, based on inadequate
evidence about cloth diapers./
C) The author of Text 2 would demonstrate that cloth diapers are a far more serious threat to the environment than
disposable diapers are.
D) The author of Text 2 would suggest that the economic advantages of cloth diapers outweigh
whatever environmental damage they may cause/

fact: text 1: tã ko phân hủy  threat to environment (16 tỉ loại tã đó đc thải ra mỗi năm, tốn
nhiều đất để chôn )  NGỪNG MUA disposable diaper & nên mua loại vải
text 2: loại vải phải đc rửa bằng nc ấm  cần năng lg

39) In an experiment, two-year-old boys and their fathers made pie dough together using rolling pins and other
utensils (dụng cụ) . Each father-son pair used a rolling pin that was distinctively different from those used by the
other father-son pairs, and each father repeated the phrase "rolling pin" each time his son used it. But when the
children were asked to identify all of the rolling pins among a group of kitchen utensils that included several rolling
pins, each child picked only the one that he had used.
Which choice can be properly inferred from the passage?
A) No two children understood the name "rolling pin" to apply to the same object.
B) The children understood that all rolling pins have the same general shape.
C) Each child was able to identify correctly only the utensils that he had used.
D) The children were not able to distinguish the rolling pins they used from other rolling pins.

40) When 100 people who have not used cocaine are tested for cocaine use, on average only 5 will test positive. By
contrast, of every 100 people who have used cocaine, 99 will test positive. Yet, when a randomly chosen group of
people is tested for cocaine use, the vast majority of those who test positive will not necessarily be people who have
used cocaine because ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the proportion of people taking cocaine in the population may be low.

B) the proportion of people taking cocaine in the population may be high.

C) the proportion of people taking cocaine may be equal to the proportion of people not taking cocaine in the
population.

D) some cocaine users do not test positive.

41) With the passage of the new tax reform law the annual tax burden on low-income taxpayers will be reduced, on
average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers.

Which choice, if true, would most undermine the conclusion?

A) Tax reform, by eliminating tax incentives to build rental housing, will push up rents an average of about $40 per
month for low-income taxpayers.
B) Low-income taxpayers have consistently voted for those political candidates who are strong advocates of tax
reform.
C) The new tax reform laws will permit low and middle-income taxpayers to deduct Child-care expenses from their
taxes./
D) Under the new tax reform laws, many low-income taxpayers who now pay taxes will no Longer be required to do
so.

42) If we are to expand the exploration of our solar system, our next manned flight should be to Phobos, one of
Mars’s moons, rather than to Mars itself. The flight times to each are the same but the Phobos expedition would
require less than half the fuel load of a Mars expedition and would, therefore, be much less costly. This difference in
fuel requirement is explicable as ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) Smaller spaceships require less fuel than larger spaceships.

B) Information learned during the trip to Phobos can be used during a subsequent trip to Mars.
C) The shortest distance between Phobos and Mars is less than half the shortest distance Between Earth and Mars.
D) Lift-off for the return trip from Phobos requires much less fuel than that from Mars because of Phobos's weaker
gravitational pull.

43) A researcher claims that scientific research that involves international collaboration has produced papers of
greater influence, as measured by the number of times a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research
without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times,
whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research
projects conducted by international research teams are of greater importance than those conducted by single
researchers. To make his claim valid, the research also needs to show that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) It is possible to ascertain (find out) whether or not a paper is the product of international collaboration by
determining the number of citations it has received
B) The number of citations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it reports.
C) The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce papers that are as
important as papers that are produced by international collaboration.
D) International research teams tend to be more generously funded than are single researchers.

44) A policymaker claims that it is more desirable to have some form of socialized medicine than a system of
medical care relying on the private sector. Socialized medicine is more broadly accessible than the private-sector
system. In addition, since countries with socialized medicine have a lower infant mortality rate than do countries
with a system relying entirely on the private sector, socialized medicine seems to be technologically superior.
Which choice, if true, would most undermine the policymaker’s claim?
A) There is no connection between the economic system of socialism and technological achievement./
B) Infant mortality is a reliable indicator of the quality of medical care for children.
C) No list is presented of the countries whose infant mortality statistics are summarized under the two categories,
“socialized” and “private-sector”.
D) The lower infant mortality rate is due to the systems allowing greater access to Medical care

45) According to dieticians, dietary fiber is an important part of a healthful diet and adults should consume 20 to 35
grams of fiber a day. However, student Kyra thinks that a daily intake of fiber that is significantly above that
recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium, so the public should be
told to cut down on fiber intake.
Which finding, if true, would most undermine Kyra’s recommendation?
A) Among adults, the average consumption of dietary fiber is at present approximately 10 grams a day.
B) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fiber are economical and readily available
C) Adequate calcium intake helps prevent the decrease in bone mass known as osteoporosis./
D) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fiber are popular with consumers.

Ng lớn nên tiêu thụ 20-35g fiber 1 ngày >< kyra

46) When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city as well as I do if I am to
take that writer seriously. If the writer is faking I know immediately and do not trust the writer. When a novelist
demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the storyteller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a
good novel. Peter Lee's second novel is set in San Francisco. In this novel, as in his first, Lee passed my test with
flying colors.
Which choice can be properly inferred from the passage?
A) The book reviewer enjoys virtually any novel written by a novelist whom she trusts.
B) If the book reviewer trusts the novelist as a storyteller, the novel in question must be set in a city the book
reviewer knows well.
C) The book reviewer does not trust any novel set in a city that she does not know well.
D) The book reviewer does not believe that she knows San Francisco better than Peter Lee does.

Xem tgia có hiểu tpho bang mình k  tgia nói dối thì bt ngay

47) Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fundraisers or
backroom strategists but few actually seek to become president themselves. Throughout history the great majority of
those who have sought to become president have been lawyers, military leaders, or full-time politicians. This is
understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics.
Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative; as a result, business executives tend to be
uncomfortable with compromises and power sharing, which are inherent in politics.
Which choice, if true, most seriously weakens the proposed explanation?
A) Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power sharing than are business
executives.
B) Some of the skills needed to become a successful lawyer are different from some of those needed to become a
successful military leader./
C) Some former presidents have engaged in business ventures after leaving office.
D) Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporters of candidates for president.

48) A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements - it must accurately describe a large class of
observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite
predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle’s cosmological theory, which claimed
that everything was made out of four elements - earth, air, fire, and water - satisfied the first requirement but it did
not make any definite prediction. Thus, Aristotle’s cosmological theory was not a good theory.
Which choice can NOT be inferred from the passage?
A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory./
B) Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle’s cosmological Theory.
C) Four elements can be the basis of a scientific model that is simple enough to meet the simplicity criterion of a
good theory./
D) A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory.

2 requirement: des large class of observations in a model simple to contain a few alements +
defitnite predictions
49) Compared to non-profit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less public investment in the
form of tax breaks, use fewer employees, and have higher occupancy levels. It can therefore be concluded that
investor-owned hospitals are a better way of delivering medical care than are non-profit hospitals.
Which choice, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion?
A) Patients in non-profit hospitals recover more quickly than don patients with comparable Illnesses in investor-
owned hospitals
B) Non-profit hospitals do more fundraising than do investor-owned hospitals.
C) Doctors at non-profit hospitals earn higher salaries than do similarly qualified doctors at investor-owned
hospitals./
D) Non-profit hospitals receive more donations than do investor-owned hospitals. /

Fact: investor-owned hos better than non-profit hos  inv-owned hos require less public inv,
fewer employee

50) A historian claimed that the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten, who had a profound (sâu sắc) effect during
his lifetime on Egyptian art and religion, was well loved and highly respected by his subjects. He knows this from
the fierce loyalty shown to him by his palace guards, as documented in reports written during Akhenaten’s reign.
The historian made a mistake in that he ____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) relied on evidence that in principle would be impossible to challenge
B) made a generalization based on a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative.
C) introduced information that actually contradicts the conclusion.
D) apply present-day standards in an inappropriate way to ancient times.

Fact: Akhenaten was loved and respected  because palace guard

51) Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory about the determinants of rat
behavior generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. On the basis of this
evidence Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct. However, Dr. Ladlow’s opponent claims that
he is not a responsible psychologist. Dr. Ladlow’s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct.
Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect.
Which choice can be inferred from Dr. Ladlow’s opponent’s argument?
A) Dr. Ladlow’s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rates will perform in
a maze is inaccurate/
B) Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their
theories cannot responsibly conclude that those theories cannot be disproved.
C) No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical explanations./
D) Psychologists who accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are
responsible psychologists.
Fact: dr claim his theory totally corect  oppent say he not a responsible psy

52) Smith believes that meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say. After all, most doctors do eat meat,
and who knows more about health than doctors do? However, Smith forgets that ____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, are in their best interest.
B) experts do act counter to what, according to their expertise, in their best interest.
C) different authorities give conflicting advice about an issue./
D) most doctors are not all doctors./
Fact: doctor eat meat  smith believe meat is healthy

53) (đúng) The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a
schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin’s brain are smaller than corresponding areas in the brain of the
unaffected twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. It can be concluded that this
discovery provides definitive (đáng tin) evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of
the brain if ____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains of schizophrenics is not the result of schizophrenia or of
medications used in its treatment.
B) The brain of a person with an identical twin is no smaller, on average, than the brain of a person who is not twins.
C) When a pair of identical twins both suffer from schizophrenia, their brains are the same size
D) People who have an identical twin are no more likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those who do not.

Fact: affected twin’s brain smaller than same areas of unefected twin

54) Sixty adults were asked to keep a diary of their meals, including what they consumed, when, and in the company
of how many people. It was found that at meals with which they drank alcoholic beverages, they consumed about
175 calories more from non-alcoholic sources than they did at meals with which they did not drink alcoholic
beverages. The difference in caloric intake cannot be explained by findings showing that ____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) Diners spent a much longer time at meals served with alcohol than they did at those serve without alcohol
B) The meals eaten later in the day tended to be larger than those eaten earlier in the day, and later meals were more
likely to include alcohol.
C) People eat more when there are more people present at the meal, and more people tend to be present at meals
served with alcohol than at meals served without alcohol.
D) At meals that included alcohol, relatively more of the total calories consumed came from carbohydrates and
relatively fewer of them came from fats and proteins.

Fact: diary of their meal  include alcohol + more 175 cal than non-alcohol

55) Something must be done to ease traffic congestion. In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in
the same town in which they lived, but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas,
people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day. Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on
major highways, the maximum speed averages only 35 miles per hour.
Which proposal is most supported by the text?
A) People who now travel on major highways should be encouraged to travel on secondary roads instead./
B) Residents of remaining traditional small towns should be encouraged to move to the suburbs./
C) Drivers who travel well below the maximum speed limit on major highways should be fined.
D) New businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live.

Fact: traditional town  work + shop where they live  now, store located far away  cannot
avoid travelling long distance + traffic jam heavy on all roads

56) A college professor thinks that college students do not write nearly as well as they used to because almost all of
the papers that his students have done for him this year have been poorly written and ungrammatical.
Which finding, if true, most seriously undermines (weaken) the college professor’s argument?
A) The change in the professor's students is not representative of a change among college students in general.
B) The professor is an accurate judge of writing ability. /
C) The professor is a poor teacher./
D) The professor’s expectations of his students have decreased over the years.

fact: all papers done poorly written this year  he think students not good as used to