* Centrioles Centriole is an organelle, cylindrical in shape, that is composed of a protein called tubulin.” All animal cells have two centrioles. They help the cell during cell division. They work during the process of mitosis and meiosis. All the centrioles are formed of 9 groups of microtubule triplets organized in a cylindrical shape Edouard van Beneden and Theodor Boveri observed and identified the centrioles for the first time in 1883 and 1888. The structure of duplication of centrioles was first given by Joseph G. Gall and Etienne de Harven in the 1950s. The location of the centrioles plays a key role in the three-dimensional organization of the cell as it also regulates the location of the nucleus.In flagellated and ciliated organisms the location of such organelle is decided after the mother centrioles that form the base. Centrioles Function Following are the important centrioles function: In spite of being devoid of DNA, the centrioles are capable of forming new centrioles. They can be transformed into basal bodies The basal bodies give rise to flagella and cilia. They help in cell division by forming microtubule organising centres. Out of the two centrioles, the distal centriole forms the tail or axial filament.Conta Reet Huey) HB Sooke , gostei) = aa© Basal body A basal bedy (synonymous with basal granule, kinetosome, and in older cytological literature with blepharoplast) is a protein structure found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium (cilium or flagellum}. The basal body was named by Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann in 1880. It is formed from a centriole and several additional protein structures, and is, essentially, a modified centriole, © The basal body serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules. Centrioles, from which basal bodies are derived, act as anchoring sites for proteins that in tum anchor microtubules, and are known as the microtubule organizing center (MTOC). These microtubules provide structure and facilitate movement of vesicles and organelles within many eukaryotic cells The basal body is the structure that represents the flagellar motor. Though this suggests that the structure and the motor are one and the same, this cannot be stated with confidence, since some structural components necessary for the full function of the motor are missing from the current model of the basal body. Consequently, each time a new component has been found, the definition of the basal body has been refined. The correspondence between the structure and function of the basal body is summarized in Table 7.3. The two types of terminology used in the table often lead to confusion because they are often used without definition, In what follows, the structural terminology will be used as far as possible.© Cillia: Cilia are hair-like structures found on the surface of many types of cells, including some mammalian cells, especially those lining various tissues and organs. They are rudimentary and may be single or numerous. Cilia are important for movement. They also participate in mechanoreception. Ciliated organisms are those that have cilia. Their cilia are used for two main functions, they are to nourish or feed the organisms and to aid with movement. Cilia are membrane-bound, microtubule-containing, and centriole derived protrusions that project into the extracellular space. These are structurally resilient but also flexible and dynamic with distinct mechanisms to control their cotmposition and functions. Cilia are distinguished into two types; motile cilia and nonmotile cilia, based on the patterns of microtubules present in the axonemes of the cilia. The overall basic structure of both the cilia is the same, except the axoneme. ‘Types of C 1. Primary Cilia Primary cilia are solitary, nonmotile cilia found in most mammalian cells that are projected from the apical surface of polarized and differentiated cells, Primary cilia are specialized cellular organelles like other cell organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulura and Golgi apparatus 2. Motile Cilia Motile cilia or moving cilia are cilia that are primarily involved in the ‘movement of the organisms or different substances through a passage. These are typically found on the specialized epithelial lining of the airways, pararasal sinuses, oviduct, and the Yentricular system of the brain. 3. Nodal Cilia Nodal cilia are motile cilia with a 940 arrangement of microtubules in the axoneme that are only present in the embryo during the early stages of development, Structurally, nodal cilia are similar to primary cilia except they contain dynein arms necessary for movement and spinningRadial spoke —-Dynein arms Doubiet see Ce membrane microtubules Mote cilium Primary cium THE CILIUM DISSECTEDPlastid: Plastid is a double membrane-bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food, commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic plants Plastids were discovered and named by Ernst Haeckel, but A. F. W. Schimper was the first to provide a clear definition. A plastid containing green pigment (chlorophyil) is called chloroplast whereas a plastid containing pigments apart from green is called a chromoplast. A plastid that lacks pigments is called a leucoplast and is involved mainly in food storage. Chloroplasts may be spherical, ovoid, or discoid in higher plants and stellate, cup-shaped, or spiral as in some algae. ‘They are usually 4-6 jum in diameter and 20 to 40 in number in each cell of higher plants, evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cells of autotrophic eukaryotes. ‘The thylakoid membrane contains all the enzymatic components required for photosyn-thesis. Interaction between chlorophyll, electron carriers, coupling factors, and other components takes place within the thylakoid membrane. An undifferentiated plastid is called a proplastid. It may develop later into any of the other plastids. Chromoplasts are units where pigments are stored and synthesized in the plant. These are found in flowering plants, fruits, and aging leave chloroplasts are probably the most-known of the plastids. These are responsible for photosynthesis. They are found in the non-photosynthetic parts of the plant, such as the rocts. Are basically chloroplasts that are going through the aging process.Leucoplasts are the non-pigmented organellchioroplast phan ern orn pris