ANIMAL TISSUES

Animal tissues are of four types, viz. epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and
nervous tissue.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
The epithelial tissue forms the covering or lining of most of the organs. The cells of epithelial
tissue are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet. There is small amount of cementing
materials between the cells and no intercellular space is present. Permeability of the epithelial
tissue plays a great role in exchange of materials among various organs it also plays an important
role in osmoregulation. All epithelial tissues are separated by the underlying tissue by an
extracellular fibrous basement membrane.
Epithelial tissues are of following types:
1. Simple Epithelium
2. Cuboidal Epithelium
3. Columnar Epithelium
4. Stratified Epithelium

Simple Epithelium
The simple epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells. This type of epithelial tissue
forms the lining of blood vessels and alveoli. Thin layer of cells facilitates exchange of
substances; in such cases.

Cuboidal Epithelium
The cells are cube-shaped in cuboidal epithelium. Linings of kidney tubules and ducts of
salivary glands are composed of cuboidal epithelium. Cuboidal cells provide mechanical
support. Cells of epithelium may play the role of secretion and then they are called glandular
epithelium.
Columnar Epithelium
Cells are column-shaped in columnar epithelium. Columnar epithelium facilitates secretion and
absorption. For example; the lining of intestine is composed of columnar epithelium. In some
organs, columnar epithelium has cilia present on the outer surface. Cilia facilitate movements
of certain substances. The ciliated epithelium in the respiratory tract pushes the mucus forward.

Stratified Epithelium
Cells of the stratified epithelium are in many layers. Skin is an example of stratified epithelium.
Stratification of layers prevents wear and tear.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE:

The cells of a connective tissue are loosely scattered in a matrix. The matrix can be a fluid, jelly
like, dense or rigid. The nature of matrix depends on the function a connective tissue serves.
Following are the various connective tissues:

Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue

Areolar tissue is found between skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in bone
marrow. Areolar tissue fills the gap between tissues and provides support. It also helps in repair
of tissues.

Dense connective tissue(Fibrous connective tissue)

It has thicker, denser fibers and fewer cells. The matrix is made up mostly of collagen fibers,
with fibroblasts arranged in rows. This type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments,
which attach muscle to bone and bone to bone, respectively.

Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue is composed of fat globules. This tissue is found below the skin and beneath the
organs. Adipose tissue provides insulation and works as a cushion.
Bone

Bone is mainly composed of osteoblasts. Bone makes the skeletal system. Skeletal system is
responsible for providing structural framework to the body. It provides protection to important
organs and facilitates movements.
Cartilage
Cartilage is mainly composed of chondrioblasts. Cartilage is present at the ends of articulatory
bones. Cartilage is also present in external ear, bronchii, etc.
Blood
Blood is composed of blood cells, platelets and plasma. Blood plays an important role in
transportation of various substances in the body. It also helps in osmoregulation and temperature
control.

MUSCULAR TISSUE

Muscular tissue is composed of muscle cells. Muscle cells are specialized cells which
have the capability to contract and expand. Due to contraction and expansion, muscles
 facilitate various kinds of movements in the body. Muscular tissues are of three types:

Striated Muscles
The cells of striated muscles are in the form of long, unbranched fibres. Cells are multinucleate.
Light and dark bands (striations) are present on muscle fibres; which gives the name striated
muscles. Striated muscles are found in those organs where voluntary movementis possible, e.g.
hands, legs, back, neck, etc.

Smooth Muscles
The cells of smooth muscles are spindle shaped and each has one nucleus. Smooth muscle is
found in those organs where involuntary movement is possible, e.g. alimentary canal.

Cardiac Muscles
The cells of cardiac muscles are in the form of branched fibres. Striations are present and cells
are uninucleate. These are found in the heart. Cardiac muscles are capable continuous contraction
and relaxation throughout the life.
NERVOUS TISSUE
All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli. However, cells of the nervous tissue are highly
specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place
to another within the body. The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of the nervous
tissue. The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons.
A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like
parts arise.

Usually each neuron has a single long part, called the axon, and many short, branched parts called
dendrites. An individual nerve cell may be up to a metre long. Many nerve fibres bound together
by connective tissue make up a nerve.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

Q1. Name types of simple tissues.

Answer: The three main types of simple tissues are: (i) Parenchyma (ii) Collenchyma (iii)
Sclerenchyma
Q2. Where is apical meristem found?
Answer: Apical meristem is present in growing tips of stems and roots of plants. It helps in
increasing the length of the stem and the root.
Q3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?
Answer: The husk of coconut is made up of sclerenchymatous tissue.
Q4. What are the constituents of phloem?
Answer: The constituents of phloem tissue are:
(i) Sieve tubes (tubular living cells with perforated end walls)
(ii) Companion cell (living cells)
(iii) Phloem parenchyma (living cells)
(iv) Phloem fibres (non-living and sclerenchyma cells)

INTEXT QUESTIONS
Q1. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.
Answer: The movement of our body depends on muscular tissue. It consists of elongated cells
(muscle fibres).
Q2. What does a neuron look like?
Answer: A neuron consists of a cell body witha nucleus and cytoplasm. It has two important
extensions known as the axon and dendrites. An axon is a long thread-like extension of nerve
 cells that transmits impulses away from the cell body. Dendrites, on the other hand, are thread-
like extensions of cell body that receive nerve impulses. Thus, the axon transmits impulses away
from the cell body, whereas the dendrite receives nerve impulses. This coordinated function helps
in transmitting impulses very quickly.

Q3. Give three features of cardiac muscles.

Answer: Three features of cardiac muscles are:
(i) Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles that contract rapidly, but do not get fatigued.
(ii) The cells of cardiac muscles are cylindrical, branched, and uninucleate.
(iii) They control the contraction and relaxation of the heart.
Q4. What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Answer: Functions of areolar tissue:
(i) It helps in supporting internal organs.
(ii) It helps in repairing the tissues of the skin and muscles.

EXERCISE QUESTIONS

Q1. Define the term “tissue”.

Answer: A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to achieve a
particular function is called tissue.

Q2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Answer: The following four types of elements make up xylem tissue:
(i) Xylem tracheids (tubular unicellular).
(ii) Xylem vessels (multicellular).
(iii) Xylem parenchyma (stores food and helps in sideways conduction of water).
(iv) Xylem fibres (provide mechanical support).

Q3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Answer:
Simple tissue Complex tissue
These tissues consist of only one These tissues are made up of more than one
type of cells. type of cells.

The cells are more or less similar in Different types of cells perform different
structure and perform similar functions. For example, in the xylem tissue,
functions. tracheids help in water transport, whereas
parenchyma stores food.
Three types of simple tissues in Two types of complex permanent tissues in
plants are parenchyma, plants are xylem and phloem.
collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Q4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of
their cell wall.

Answer:
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Cell walls are relatively The cell wall is irregularly The cell walls are uniformly
thin, and the cells in thickened at the corners, thickened, and there are no
parenchyma tissues are and there is very little space intercellular spaces.
loosely packed. between the cells.
The cell wall in this tissue is Pectin and hemicellulose An additional layer of the
made up of cellulose. are the major constituents of cell wall composed mainly
the cell wall. of lignin is found.

Q5. What are the functions of the stomata?

Answer: Functions of the stomata:
(i) They allow the exchange of gases (CO2 and O2) with the atmosphere.
(ii) Evaporation of water from the leaf surface occurs through the stomata. Thus, the stomata
help in the process of transpiration.

Q6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres.
Answer:
The three types of muscle fibres are:
Striated muscles, smooth muscles (unstriated muscle fibre), and cardiac muscles.

Q7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

Answer: The specific function of the cardiac muscle is to control the contraction and
relaxation of the heart.
Q8. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their
structure and site/location in the body.
Answer:
 Striated muscle Unstriated muscle Cardiac muscle
On the basis of structure:
Cells are cylindrical Cells are long Cells are cylindrical
Cells are not branched Cells are not branched Cells are branched
Cells are multinucleate Cells are uninucleate Cells are uninucleate
Alternate light and dark There are no bands present Faint bands are present
bands are present
Its ends are blunt Its ends are tapering Its ends are flat and wavy
On the basis of location:
These muscles arepresent These muscles control the These muscles control the
in body parts such as movement of food in the alimentary contraction and relaxation
hands, legs, canal, the contraction and of the heart
tongue, etc. relaxation of blood vessels, etc.
Q9. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.
Answer:

Q10. Name the following.

(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
Answer:
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth → Epithelial tissue
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans → Dense regular connective tissue
(tendons)
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants → Phloem
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body → Adipose tissue
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix → Blood
(f) Tissue present in the brain → Nervous tissue

Q11. Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney
tubule, vascular bundle.
Answer:
Skin: Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Bark of tree: Simple permanent tissue
Bone: Connective tissue
Lining of kidney tubule: Cuboidal epithelial tissue
Vascular bundle: Complex permanent tissue

Q12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.

Answer:
Leaves, fruits, and flowers are the regions where the parenchyma tissue is present.

Q13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?

Answer:
Epidermisis present on the outer surface of the entire plant body. The cells of the epidermal tissue
form a continuous layer without any intercellular space. It performs the following important
functions:
(i) It is a protective tissue of the plant body
(ii) It protects the plant against mechanical injury
(iii) It allows exchange of gases through the stomata

Q14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

Answer:
The outer protective layer or bark of a tree is known as the cork. It is made up of dead cells.
Therefore, it protects the plant against mechanical injury, temperature extremes, etc. It also
prevents the loss of water by evaporation.