2 ‘Maps 2 h a 4 ter va a % i “ MS 4 You have learnt about globes. Take a globe and try to identify your. COUNtTY, state T district and the city, town or village, you live in. : t Were you able find all of them on the globe? What changes, do you think, Will hay, ° bbe made to the globe so that it can show all these details? to Thi GLOBES AND Maps i ’ytheCend ofthis chapter, you willbe able We have seen that a Blobe isa smallngy, are te: of the Earth, I is the most accurns way Yer Siferentiate berween globes and maps of viewing the size, shape ama locate’ a * evaluate the advantages and of places on the Earth. However ai disadvantages of using globes and maps several disadvantages, taal Ma ‘© interpret and calculate map scales Bi she + identify the different types of maps + Itis not possible to see all the Parsof hej * Identify and ist the citferent elements the Earth’s surface at the same time ca so ofamap a globe. we * Aglobe cannot show detailed information. To et detailed information we wil we have to make huge globes. Such globes are difeule to make and use of * lis difficult to measure area or distances using a globe. the To avoid these problems, we normally use maps to study features on the Earth’s surface, oa instead of a globe. ae WHAT IS A MAP? EE» At A map is a drawing of the Earth’s Surface, or a part of it, The scenes ar you ona flat surface, such as a sheet of paper. But when we making maps is called = ‘cartography. It has been practised for more than 8,000 years .‘out on a piece of paper. Does the map still look the same? You will see that the skin of the orange gets torn in several places along the top and bottom, and the map of the world is stretched out of shape in these parts. Why do you think this happens? (Hint: shape of the skin before peeling) The same thing happens when we try to draw the surface of the round Earth on a flat piece of paper. This is why most maps show some errors in the shapes and sizes of land masses. The larger the area covered by a map, the more errors it is likely to have. A map of our neighbourhood can be drawn accurately, as it covers a small area. But a map of Asia or a map of the world will have errors because they cover very large areas. People who make maps try to minimise these errors. ferent types of maps Maps are of many different types. Some show a small area, like a city, a neighbourhood, or even a school, while some show a large area, such as a country, a continent or even the whole world. Maps come in different sizes. The map of the world, titled “Climatic Regions of the World”, given later in the chapter, is drawn on less than half a page. A wall map of the world can cover an entire wall, and show many details. ‘Amap of a neighbourhood A book of maps is called an atlas. Turn the pages of your atlas and look at the different maps in it + Some maps show the boundaries of the countries _ and states, and the important cities. They are a known as political maps. ‘+ Some maps show the natural features of the land such as mountains, rivers and plains. They are known as physical maps. + Some maps deal with a specific feature or theme ofa place, such as crops grown, distribution of minerals, amount of rainfall, or roads, railways and airline routes. They are called thematic maps. _Amap of the continent of Asiathathelp us to read and understang of certain elements the os drench Gaels pao Ora ‘ elements, we will be able to use a map better. , Title The title ofa map specifies the area covered by the map and the subject or theme it covers. Directions One of the most important elements of a map is direction. There are, as we know, four cardinal irections—north, south, east and west. (ually maps are drawn with north atthe top. Most maps indicate north with an arrow marked NN. Ife know where north les, €4st isto the right, and ‘west is to the left. North-east es between north and east, north-west between north and eSt, South-east foncaes ‘between south and east, and South-west berween, ‘South and west. Seale ‘A map cannot show the actual distances between unk so that the area Places. Distances have tobe being mapped can be fare 0 do this accurately, ‘dona iece of | ar, To beat me are Gran Coa scale. The sca eet OF PAPE the distance shown 0; scale of a map is the aioe! nthe Map to the atual stan on the ground, * For example, the actual distance between {Wo cities may be 10 kilometres. re, 1 J3°1 centimetre represents 1 ; y" 1,00,000 (since Kilmer 1,00,000 fem), tlometres+ On this map, an actual distance of $0 kilometres will be shown as 5 centimetres, and a distance of 5 kilometres as 0.5 centimetre The scale of a map is often shown as 5510 | 0, 30 sbi a line with distances marked on it a The scale of "1 centimetre represents Alisear scate 10 kilometres’ is shown here in this way. This is called a linear scale. Each divisi the map) and indicates ten kilome the ground. Colours Certain standard colours are used in maps to show landforms and other features of the Earth, ion in the bar is one centimetre (measured on tres (as shown in numbers just above the bar) on + Water bodies are always show blue shows shallow waters * Mountains and highlands are shown in shades of brown and yellow. Dark brown shows high mountains, and shades of purple and white show the really high Peaks. Light brown shows lower mountains and hills. Yellow shows plateaus and deserts. n in blue. Deep blue shows deep waters and light * Plains and lowlands are shown in green. Areas with forests and other natural vegetation are also shown in green ‘Symbols and Legend To save space, and to make it easier to show features and places, certain standard symbols are used in maps. A symbol is a shape or ign that is used to represent something. For example, to show a hospital on a map we can just put a cross at that spot, instead of writing the word ‘Hospital’ there. Symbols give a neater appearance to maps. ++ Boundary between counties ~ = ~ Boundary between states © caphealot country Nationa Highway ———— other roads PO Postofice HEH HHH Rata tne explained in a box on the map. This box is known as a legend or a key. Colours used in maps are also explained in legends. Once we ver : are familiar with these symbols and colours, os sca + PS oice sation Usually, the symbols used in a map are ‘ 1 htge Alegend showing some symbols understanding a map becomes easier. used commonly in maps Pe es He oat Minking MI: Visuat patil EL; Real | — He cormect I Subject inte iesaennegnoealcof climate in india. « What are the climatic types found in ‘Australia? ‘+ Name the ‘climatic Types Found in regions through whi the EquatorWeacn |, Fill in the blanks, 1. Amap is a drawing of the Earth's surface, or a part of it, on a surface, 2. An is a book of maps. 3. The ratio of distance on a map to actual distance is known as the of the map. 4. Ifa portion of a map is coloured dark brown, it represents a 5. The box in a map that explains the meanings of symbols and colours is known as a ora 6. Shapes or signs used to represent features on a map are called |, Match the symbol in the middle to the picture it stands for. 1 Ill, Multiple choice questions. 1. One of these maps is likely to have more errors than the others: a. a map of your house b. amap of your school ‘¢. amap of your neighbourhood d. a map of the world 2. A political map will show: a. features such as mountains, plains and rivers b. roads, railway and airline routes . boundaries of countries, states and important cities d. number of seats won by political parties in an electiond, To show the largest state of Brazil. ©. To plot the route from your city to the village where your parents stay 3. What are symbols? Why are they used in maps? Symbols without | (Analyse: ApPH)) legends are meaningless. Do you agree? Write the reasons for your answer. ORDO LEC s) ‘© Speak out: Your classmates want to come to your house. Give them directions to ¢, To show that North America and Russia are neighbouring countries. | {reach your house from school. Mention a few landmarks they could look out for. | © Maths is fun: Your teacher will give you a map of India from which the scale has | been removed. Measure the distance between Delhi and Chennai on the map. You | can do this using a ruler or a thread. Find out the actual distance between the two cities, Now calculate the scale of the map. | | ® Artwork: Draw and colour a map of the world. You will have to do ic freehand, {without tracing. | © Group activity: Find out about the history of map-making (cartography). You could } | work in groups. You could present your findings in the form of a report, a chart, or ‘a flip book. Go digital: Many people use digital maps nowadays. Digital maps can be accessed ‘on devices like smartphones, laptops, tablets and other devices with an Internet connection. They are easy to carry and use. We will learn more about them in a later | chapter. Use a digital map to get the direction from your house to the railway or | metro station closest to your house. Ifthe map shows you different routes, note the ' time estimated for each route. Which route saves you the most time? What are some ‘landmarks that fall nthe ro ? Note them di hi mm and share them th you