GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KARAD

THIRD YEAR DIPLOMA ENGINEERING (I SCHEME)

A
Micro-Project on
Jet Propulsion Engines

Subject:
Power Engineering and Refrigeration
Code: 22562

Submitted By:
Mr. Omkar Prakash Thorat(2744)

Mr. Aadesh Ramdas Torane (2745)

Mr. Samir Sanjay Karne (B5)

Mr. Sumit Subhash Jadhav (B6)

Project Guide:
Mr. R.S.Motling

(Department of Mechanical Engineering)

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KARAD Page 1

 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this an opportunity to thank all who directly and indirectly inspired,
directed and assisted us towards successful completion of this project report.

We express our sincere thanks to the Principal Dr. Prof. Patil R.K. and the Head
of department, Dr. D.S.Chavan, for having us allowed to submit this report as part
of our academic learning under the subject Power Engineering and Refrigeration
(22562) for the Fifth Semester of the Third Year.

We express our sincere thanks to Mr. R.S.Motling Sir Lecturer in Power

Engineering and Refrigeration (22562), Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Government Polytechnic, Karad. For his encouragement throughout this project
report and guideline in designing and working out this project.

We are also grateful to team of Project as The importance and guidelines of

presentation skills for their highly encouraging and co-operative attitude. We
express our sense of gratitude toward sour friends and parents for their constant
moral support during project report.

Place: Government Polytechnic, Karad.

Date:

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KARAD Page 2

 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KARAD
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, as part of the partial fulfillment of the Three Year Diploma
Course for the Semester Fifth the benefited student studying in Third Year
Diploma (Mechanical Engineering) I Scheme Mr. Omkar Prakash Thorat , Mr.
Aadesh Ramdas Torane , Mr. Samir Sanjay Karne , Mr. Sumit Subhash Jadhav
have completed the project report titled as, “Jet Propulsion Engines” For the
Subject: Power Engineering and Refrigeration (22562) under the guidance of
Mr.R.S.Motling And submitted it to Government Polytechnic, Karad. The
information presented in the project report has not been submitted earlier.

Subject Teacher Head of Department

Mr.R.S.Motling Dr.D.S.Chavan

Place: Government Polytechnic, Karad.

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 Annexure II

MICRO-PROJECT REPORT
1.0 Rationale: Jet propulsion is the propulsion of an object in one direction,
produced by ejecting a jet of fluid in the opposite direction. By Newton's third
law, the moving body is propelled in the opposite direction to the jet. Reaction
engines operating on the principle of jet propulsion include the jet engine used
for aircraft propulsion, the pump-jet used for marine propulsion, and the rocket
engine and plasma thruster used for spacecraft propulsion.

2.0 Aim/Benefits of the Micro-Project:

➢ To understand the different components of the jet engine with justification.
➢ To study the classification of jet engines and their components.
➢ To identify various applications of jet engines.

3.0 Course Outcomes:

❖ Identify different components of jet engines.

4.0 Literature Review:

https://wikipedia.com

www.youtube.com

www.gradeup.com

www.mech-engneeringbd.blogsport.com

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5.0 Actual Methodology:

Sr. Planned Planned Name of

Details of activity
no start date finish date members

Discuss and finalization the topic of All

1) 27/11/2022 27/11/2022
micro project with the help of teacher members

Preparation and submission of All

2) 28/11/2022 28/11/2022
Abstract members

Wahid
3) Making Proposal 30/11/2022 30/11/2022
Momin

All
4) Literature Review 1/12/2022 1/12/2022
members

All
5) Collection of Data of micro project 3/12/2022 3/12/2022
members

All
6) Discussion and outline of Content 1/12/2021 1/12/2021
members

Wahid
7) Editing and proof reading of Content. 3/12/2022 3/12/2022
Momin

Compilation of Report and All

8) 5/12/2022 5/12/2022
Presentation. members

All
9) Seminar/Viva Voice
members

All
10) Final submission of Micro Project
members

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6.0 Actual Resources Required:
Sr. Name of
Specifications Qty Remark
no material/resource

1) Websites Wikipedia, Slideshare.etc. -

2) Open Learning Sources. Videos/websites. -

A textbook of internal
combustion engines by r.k
3) Reference Book rajput/Power Engineering & 1
Rrefrigeration by Nirali
Prakashan.
MS Word (For typing micro-
4) Laptop 1
project).

8.0 Outputs and Skill Developed/Learning outcomes of Micro-project:

❖ We have learned the working principle of jet propulsion engines.

❖ We have studied classifications of jet engines.
❖ We identify various components of turbo jet and turbo prop engine.
❖ We see various application of both jet propulsion engines.

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 INDEX

Sr. Page
Title
No. No.

1) Introduction 8

2) Working principle of jet engine 9

3) Classification of jet propulsion system 10

4) Turbojet engine 11

5) Turboprop engine 14

6) Applications 18

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Introduction
Jet propulsion is the propulsion of an object in one direction, produced by ejecting
a jet of fluid in the opposite direction. By Newton's third law, the moving body is
propelled in the opposite direction to the jet. Reaction engines operating on the
principle of jet propulsion include the jet engine used for aircraft propulsion,
the pump-jet used for marine propulsion,
and the rocket engine and plasma
thruster used for spacecraft propulsion.

Reaction engines produce thrust by

expelling solid or fluid reaction mass; jet
propulsion applies only to engines which
use fluid reaction mass.

Jet engine
A jet engine is a reaction engine which uses ambient air as the working fluid, and
converts it to a hot, high-pressure gas which is expanded through one or
more nozzles. Two types of jet engine, the turbojet and turbofan, employ axial-
flow or centrifugal compressors to raise the pressure before combustion,
and turbines to drive the compression. Ramjets operate only at high flight speeds
because they omit the compressors and turbines, depending instead on the dynamic
pressure generated by the high speed (known as ram compression). Pulse jets also
omit the compressors and turbines, but can generate static thrust and have limited
maximum speed.

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Working Principle of Jet Engine:
• It is based on find and III'd law of motions. "Whenever a momentum is
applied to a mass of fluid, a reaction occurs and propulsive force in the
opposite direction".
• A jet propulsion engine is a reaction engine, which discharges a fast
moving jet of fluid to
generate thrust in
opposite direction of jet
to propel the aircraft.
• This is done by
expansion of gas having
high temperature and
pressure through a
nozzle produce high
velocity jets of hot gases,
which ultimately gives
propulsive force. The
magnitude of propulsive force is called as thrust.
• It may be achieved by expanding the gas, which is at high temperature and
pressure, through a nozzle due to which a high velocity jet of hot gases is
produced (in the
atmosphere) that
gives a propulsive
force (in opposite
direction due to its
reaction). For jet
propulsion the
open cycle gas
turbine is most
suitable.

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CLASSIFICATION OF JET PROPULSION SYSTEM:
Jet propulsion system may be classified as,

1. Air Stream Jet engines (Air breathing engines)

(a) Turbojet, (b) Turbo prop, (C) Ram jet

2. Self contained Rocket engines (Non-Air breathing engines)

(a) Liquid propellant rocket engines, and (b) Solid propellant rocket engines.

Jet Propulsion Engines

Air breathing Jet engines Non-air breathing Jet engines (Rocket engines)

1. Turbojet engines 1. Liquid propellant rocket engines

2. Ramjet engines 2. Solid propellant rocket engines

3. Turbo prop engines

In air stream jet engines the oxygen necessary for the combustion is taken from
the surrounding
atmosphere
whereas in a
rocket engine the
fuel and the
oxidiser are
contained in the
body of the unit
which is to be
propelled.

Note. The turbo-jet

and turbo-prop are
modified forms of
simple open cycle
gas turbine. The ram jet and pulse jet are athodyds (aero-thermo-dynamic ducts)
i.e., straight duct type of jet engines having no compressor and turbine wheels.
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In the past air propulsion was achieved by a “Screw propeller”. In this system the
total power developed by the turbine (full expansion) is used to drive the
compressor and propeller. Fig. shows the power plant for screw propeller. By
controlling the supply of fuel in the combustion chamber the power supplied to the
propeller can be controlled. The rate of increase of efficiency of screw propeller is
higher at lower speeds but its efficiency falls rapidly at higher speeds above the
sonic velocity.

1) TURBOJET ENGINE
Turbojet and Turbo prop, both are modified as open cycle gas turbines.

Turbojet consists of a diffuser, rotary compressor, combustion chamber, gas

turbine, nozzle etc.

Construction of Turbojet Engine:

1. Diffuser:

✓ Diffuser works in opposite manner of nozzle. The atmospheric (ambient) air

enters the unit with a
velocity equal to
velocity of air-craft.
✓ During the
flow of air through a
diffuser, its pressure
increases above
atmospheric
pressure.
✓ Diffuser is
constructed such
that, its inlet section
has minimum cross-sectional area, which increasing gradually up to its
outlet. Therefore, we find, gradual decrease in velocity of air, while passing
through diffuser.
✓ This happens due to conversion of kinetic energy of incoming air into
pressure energy. This process is called as ram effect or ram compression.

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2. Compressor (Rotary):

✓ The air is then compressed to a pressure of 3 to 4 bar in a rotary compressor.

3. Combustion Chamber:

✓ The compressed air enters into the combustion chamber, where the liquid
fuel is injected under pressure in the form of sprays by means of a pump.
✓ Combustion of fuel takes place at constant pressure releasing large amount
of heat of combustion along with rapid increase in temperature of gas
produced.
✓ Thus, hot gases having high pressure and high temperature are ready to enter
the gas turbine.

4. Gas Turbine:
✓ As soon as high pressure and high temperature gases enter the turbine, they
undergo partial expansion, i.e. some part of pressure energy is utilized or
consumed.
✓ In simple words, the hot gases expand to an intermediate pressure, such that,
produced power output of turbine is just sufficient to run compressor, fuel
pump etc.
5. Nozzle:

✓ From the gas turbine, the exhaust gases having intermediate pressure (but
more than atmospheric pressure), are made to pass through nozzle.
✓ When the hot gases flow through the nozzle having gradually decreasing
area of flow from inlet to outlet, further expansion of gases take place.

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 ✓ Thus, pressure energy (remaining) of hot gases is further converted into
kinetic energy to give very high velocity gas jets at the outlet of nozzle.
These high velocity jets of gases give forward motion to the aircraft by the
jet reaction.
Advantages of Turbojet Engines:
❖ Construction much simpler (as compared to multi-cylinder piston engine of
comparable power).Engine vibrations absent.
❖ Much higher speeds possible (more than 3000 km/h achieved).
❖ Power supply is uninterrupted and smooth.
❖ Weight to power ratios superior (as compared to that of reciprocating type of
aero-engine).
❖ Rate of climb higher. Requirement of major overhauls less frequent. Radio
interference much less.
❖ Maximum altitude ceiling as compared to turbo-prop and conventional
piston type engines. Frontal area smaller.
❖ Fuel can be burnt over a large range of mixture strength.
Disadvantages of turbo-jet engines:
❖ Less efficient.
❖ Life of the unit comparatively shorter.
❖ The turbo-jet becomes rapidly inefficient below 550 km/h.
❖ More noisy (than a reciprocating engine).
❖ Materials required are quite expensive.
❖ Require longer strip since length of take-off is too much.
❖ At take-off the thrust is low, this effect is overcome by boosting.

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Turbo-prop Engine:
• Turbo jet engine is inefficient at lower speeds (below 600 km/hr). Therefore,
to overcome this difficulty, Turbo Prop engines are developed.
• The turbo prop system is used in aircrafts.
• The overall efficiency of turbo prop is improved by providing diffuser
before
compr
essor.
Turbo prop
combines the
merits of:

(a) Turbojet
(i.e. low
specific
weight and
simplicity in
design) and

(b) Propeller
(i.e. high power for take-off and high propulsion efficiency at speeds below 600
km/hr).

Propeller is capable to handle large mass of air. At low speeds, the propeller
accelerates the air rearwards.

In simple words, propeller increases the acceleration of air coming towards frontal
side and sends it towards back-side (rear side) of aircrafts. Due to change in rate of
momentum of air, a reaction (thrust) is produced, which propels the aircraft.

At the same time, combustion of fuel takes place in combustion chamber due to
burning of fuel injected in the combustion chamber, where high pressure, high
temperature compressed air is taken from compressor outlet producing hot gases.
These high pressure and high temperature hot gases undergo partial expansion in
turbine to produce mechanical work. The exhaust gases (having intermediate
pressure) leaving the turbine undergo further expansion to produce high velocity

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jet of gases, while passing through the nozzle. These jets provide some amount of
forward thrust or motion to the aircraft by jet reaction.

Thus, in turbo prop engines, total propulsive force or thrust produced is equal to
sum of two thrusts,

(i) Thrust produced by the action of propeller (80%) and

(ii) Small forward thrust produced by the reaction of high velocity exhaust gases
(jets) issuing from nozzle (20%).

Therefore, we say that, the turbine not only drives the compressor, but also imparts
a rotary motion to the propeller, increasing its capacity as compared to other
propulsion systems.

Construction of Turbo Prop Engine:

Turbo prop consists of a propeller, diffuser, rotary compressor, combustion
chamber, gas turbine, jet nozzle etc.

1. Diffuser:

✓ Diffuser works in opposite manner of nozzle. The atmospheric (ambient) air

enters the unit with a velocity equal to velocity of air-craft.
✓ During the flow of air through a diffuser, where its pressure increases above
atmospheric pressure.
✓ Diffuser is constructed such that, its inlet section has minimum cross-
sectional area, which goes on increasing gradually upto its outlet.
✓ We find, gradual decrease in velocity of air, while passing through diffuser.
✓ This happens due to conversion of kinetic energy of incoming air into
pressure energy. This process is called as ram effect or ram compression.
2. Compressor (Rotary):

The air is then compressed to a pressure of 3 to 4 bar in a rotary compressor.

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3. Combustion Chamber:

✓ The compressed air enters into the combustion chamber, where the liquid
fuel is injected under pressure in the form of sprays by means of a pump.
✓ Combustion of fuel takes place at constant pressure and there is rapid
increase in temperature of gas produced.
✓ Thus, hot gases having high pressure and temperature are ready to enter the
gas turbine.
4. Gas Turbine:

✓ The turbine of turboprop engines is bigger than that of turbojet engine,

because it has to drive both compressor and propeller. The hot gases then

enter the gas turbine and undergo partial expansion.

✓ It means that, the gases expand to an intermediate pressure, such that,
power developed will be at least sufficient to run propeller and
compressor.
5. Jet nozzle:

✓ The Exhaust gases (having intermediate pressure) leaving the gas turbine
undergo further while flowing through the nozzle to produce very high
velocity jets of gases, expansion, while flowing through the n which give
forward motion to the aircraft by the jet reaction.

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Advantages of Turbo Prop:
1) Turbo prop combines the advantages of,
a) Turbojet i.e. low specific weight and simplicity in design.
b) Propeller i.e. high powers for quick take off and high
propulsion efficiency at speeds below 600 km/hr.
2) Simple in design and construction.
3) Produces high power required for easy and quick take off.
4) High propulsion efficiency at a speed below 600km/hr.
5) Low specific fuel combustion.
6) High flexibility of operation at reasonable high speed.
Disadvantages of Turbo Prop:
1) Heavier and bulky in construction.
2) Weight to power ratio is more.
3) At higher speeds, the propulsion efficiency decreases drastically.
4) Unsuitable for high speed, so less frequently used.

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Applications of Turbojet and Turboprop Engine:
1) Applications of Turbo Jet
Engine:
✓ High speed fighters
✓ Bombers
✓ Pilot passengers
✓ Cargo long distance aircrafts
✓ Military aircrafts
✓ Guided missiles
2) Applications of Turboprop
Jet Engine:

✓ Helicopters
✓ Marine applications
✓ Air crafts

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 CONCLUSION

. Normal type of jet engine is used to domestic purpose i.e. Traveling ,

carrying good etc.

. Ram and scram type of jet engine used in only in defence sector . Because it
travels at supersonic speed and generally high level of training is required

. Since it travels at such a speed it is can not used for travelling .

. So that common type of jet engines are very common in use .

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