PHYSICS-NUCLEAR AND.

THEORETICAL

PHYSICS.
2
musks posstble questicns
Michelson-Movley
the meqctive requt af C2020
ezplain
2019
eaperimet. te
These as mo selcdi ve motion batuweLn
eoth and ether

- Lovente and Frtz gesole rut tos th the suggetien

thexe coas enttachien ef bolies calemg

that ehe.
their moien thvovgh the
the disecien et
concuded th the velocity ef light
Einstein
untversol censtant
bs a
in SpaCe
speciol theosy ef relodiuity
State the poctulateg e (202d)
all Pn
l a s eP phystCs ae the same
The
inestial rames relerence.
Free space is cen&tont.
Cty. The velocity e ght n
the Telotive metion
Tt s indepen dlent f ebsesvera
and the
the Sousca
ef 02
Lovente tsansfoomatien equuotions
wrtte C2028
a d (2o19
Loendz tan& fotmotjor equations
The

X-Vt

ti) y y
Ciid
Ciu)t=t- ca

fsl length centhatien.

Give an example
ahd a cEvcle appeos as Tectangle
A SqLLOe
epse tepeckively to a moving ebses ues
and an
be Sphertcal to a obsesveR
C) A body oppeats to
Lotr appear to b e a h chlote Spheroid to a
ot vest
 obses vel
moving
Gaive tha eq fol
Lohodis pooper lerqth 2
length Comhotien.
Pa the
The
Tme ptper length a
an objec
ohservea of reat
detemlned by an
length
Cot the objeck observex length/veleafivishe

Cength
Lo-propea length

Whadt is Tuotn Paradox ? Explain

The tuwln parodox s a thougt experiment
nvelutmgidentical tuoins,
n Specal delotivtty mokex a jouSney nto Spoe in
ne ef them
and detuana heme to find
Cke
a hloh-Spenc has
hag
coho emainec en eoth
thet
t hat the tuoin
he
aged mie .

Guve an example
& time delcticn
Whod be slotoe
clok appeos to
A movbng
A ebserver.
ebservez.Tnis This is
deuwn to a Stoticnaay
ttme dilaticn
kneuon as
mevingPace-shipS
otl
T e
clock m the cocks o the
The
e
eg
to go
sleveg
thon te

aPpeaa

eaith aa veloity
veloty
ca n s acquire
that a pastice (2018)
Sheu
veloity
to light
equol oith welocty
velouty
Vasiotien e
moR a body
viS qiben by
VC then m -6
1f

the
tha masR eP body tejimite, then
hwhen folca
fole
bedy bY aa
Podiicecd in thabody by
oLccelesalten poHle
tt m e o n , no
be colulatel,
camot
eqval ereade than th Velouly 9 a
can hae beloty
Lwho isvest mas? Shouo thol est o
aphoton i ?eso. 2022
02)
is the actuok 'nas tha oh ( 2.o19)
Re3t as
when
both
both tha shseavea"
ohseavea
uill obcerve
obses ve #same ejererxe
the same
the bedy aRe in
ahd that
&masRless
poAticles that
Photons aRe chaaqelex
tvouel o the perd 3Leght
m-ym- mJi-i m l o
m Mo
J
zeso.
the Photens
haue a est m a f
Hence ConRYsi
Mo-eneqy
examplez fo (2020
Menten any t o o fissien &fuIÁon
sudh a
reations
nuclear nucleaa
n u c l e o l bormbs
bombs
In in
veaiens teuke ploce
These

and veockork
voaisug
elemen
elemenb & baed
based
vodioctuity ep
comveziCn
CT) The theciy
aß- Enggy
the helwm
into helwm
on
f hydaogen n t o
hydaogen
uses
tusi
ioOnN f
SOy
(TT The
to coecot Sunlight
equivaenco
the poinple af
ahd explain the
qtavitotient
Stat &fotes thot
paripla S i m i l a Pn r
naat
taAr
Equivellence simlal fn
forceR a2
metial
and
iquishalsla
ahd qten ndis mos
man he dholge
the chalqe
itational
2xplanodien
okt qod m e r t i o l mas
mas
o
ohhllle nestial
which qavtty cooples, aceedateg
a cdebofeg
to hoL oR a object
measua o
thaSame elce.
poovicn Medhia m e e s
cmcr eoRe im
cte

.k.4 F=m a decreaKer lcelerahi oy

PoCnciple
encePocnciple
thaut the
the
theut

oe knouw 3vem cojuval aL 8ame thg

8ame thNa
inestial 0 n a k
qravit actioma
0m0s &
2olce divecly propelon
Then,
Tnen the qrauitotiona this pepotienclity i
to the
mebhol nas &
 rdependad q the type matlo
2 a (OFf)
Univexolity fre
This mplu e the
all objectg all th
w i t h the
c.e cn a -balu
Bame aCcelera'on i.e, 9.8 ms.
mertion types
the
Ohod ale cosmic ays?
Cosmicc Taus aRe highy pene tratirg
odich e
ToCuci
the easth's
Cohich o2 Ceninually en@atnq
rem 23 Apee
au in diectieng
ctmephete
CPoimaay CoSmic ays
Ci) Secomdeay o s mic vays
t hecr
tha
Geve2
hot ase pocnmady cosmic ays
What
CermpoiHn.
fust entesine
Cohich a i e
The Ceanic roys
3som oudte Apce
Y

eu eath's etmespheve
aays
092 Calecl pimaty c e ß t c
Compo Sihen
atennic nuclei uith 2 epto 40
-positively chosgeo img
pooton3, 9 helevm &Temain
907
nuclei
heavy their
ceßmic aeys? Give
ase secondady 2021)
Ohat
c e m p e i i on.
eba wLth the
uuth the
ceamuc Tays
wheh Pounaay Cemic
ottnesphesrc gaseg secomdoY

Muclel
Oys oia produced

CoompeR1Hon
Comtan neadly
neably Fo7 u-meas
7o7 M-eos
level
level they
o t seat
at
Seat

Pais Cuhd 1 heavy

electen-peitsen
ens 29
pohicles. CeSmic Tays
ceamic Tays
the secomcary,
io
T
T ee
meerng

Cempenenf
electsons
&the electrens,
the hosol
censitute Cen3htut
tha
Set cempereN
poitrons
& photens
Cemic tays.
the ooiqim
T Descoibe
igincle Jrerm eLitsde
ays 6nostly
Cosmic
Semetime
2Uen
U e n the Malky uooy
h e Mlky uouy
the selol system
 Some timeR 3on SuerOva and m the intessfelfo
space thede aa 3tating clowls iena colled
pace
plasonoids, Auima thes Pmation m any
ceSmc dys oo emitte
Merdiom the baic irteracAions in notoa
stroma nedaticn

ct) eleko- mognatic initeroion

C ) weak mtedatioo

(i) Gyravitatiomal inderation

etomple.(2018)
ale antt-patides give a
Oho ag a pootie
avtiposticle delined
may be.
An
mOR spfn, decay ie-time
havingidentical eqval,
hawtn9 althovgh eqval
chorge althovgh
and isoSpin,
buut t
has oppeite siqn
and Posttrc
osttron
Electren
eg Pootonn. and anttproten

clasiiicodions o elemetary
tuo
Mertion any

Poaticles. e g u a l to
to
a maz equal
Bosyons pasticdes houeng a9e Called bayons.
udeeD
q s eeotey
d tha»
0asRe3
m aske
s e a t e than
q'seatel thoy
haue
Tney
Cti) Hypevon
the m i u c i e e n .
that d
photen, neudstno
e, photen, nesdtno
cortoins e,
r)lepteng Tnis eouP
and mLo».
ouaR heze pOAideg voie4
Civ MEBEN3 The deRt
ASOme Qnd o0o
Me
blw obeut
lauUs în
(9Merction any tuoo censer vatdin (2020
elementaay posticle3
Conse vetion of Batyon mber
O
Cre) Conseavodiem of Lepton nlumber
Citt) Conses vod ion ep patty
C) 1cosp?n chaoqe, enesgy, lineas momentomk..
 Test the conseyvation Bayonic numben fn
(2021)

1+1 2
-Baujon numbens: Ge)one
pte 1412

Bonyenn nwmbes1 conserued

numben
the conserv etion g Casy e n
ei)Y the elLoN n9
numben Fon
ancdLepton
) P . nte+ e

numb1S Bejoe t
Basuyon Pt +lt0+0= +|
numbe coms erVed
Boryon
Cit) Bee -1
nunbeN i8 ConservePd

'Ceryen
Ú Bejse
Lepton numbeUS Pten 0-1+I =o
cSnseve
numbe

Lepten
) BehE O

Pten 1-1=o C seved

numbe
Lertn
ns
model
ptoten
and
uo202)
neutre

Wotte euok
Quank model Proton* and
oo p
uP quotks
quastks
is up
made
-Prot on
r e deuwn quotk
Potn =
2ud change, e + e=e
Caryon ro, Bp
StTongenea no, Sp OtOHO=0

uosk model heudsen

V e u en made p oo down quOiks and

Cne up quoak.
weLuhen udd dhange, 9n e 0
 what is Astom Spectooph ? ni ve the
Ccao)
paimcple *
devi te uRed to detesrnine the aornic
Tt is a

maese isotopes.
beam o iong is alloused to
Poimcple A shaap
wnifem electri ield Preduuing
pas th 2ough Veloity o paldiclex
o7t
ons
duispesion af
bield
bield then aprlied pelperdiculoq
The maqneic ionR can
ion can
& low mbvinq
img u h i c h 208
img
be s e p a e d .
Give he
h a t is Dempstes as pectogroph?

poinc'ple 9# ma
I t is the isAt bocussngmagnetic
usel to s e p a t e is otope
Spectoonmete
useol hkeae is to
The bocprmeple
Poncipla 8 such as oToms, melecufg
ofoms, moleculg
onise paakidex3
sepasate in the atios
ditfeentea
& cuusteds by Uing maseg8,
cholqeR to ther especAive
thoi
q
chamber.
State the trciple busble
a liguid boils obove boilimg r n t ,
Supe-heated quid.
the i u d called
bubble
educccd, the
Tf o iqtuid pregUAL tíak tho high enegy
oa 3iomecd along the OCameia

in the
chombea uin
poiide
á photographee
tsacde g paides
tha tha po(nciple 96MCoonte

) 6rive p a thoogh
pas throogh
hen d-ays, p-roys -3 ienised. Lohen
is
agos 1ke rOem as, the gas
locov i's aPalied, g h
Dc oedage o
a high tont
tha teUnA
m a a A g tha
ienizoien
cseotnd By
Tott the TadiatinS
ae
dtata cRect.
Doaw the Volage choaaaishe uove
(2 021)
GM. tube. Conbinous
dischoge
Plateay

Thweskol
voltag woking
voltageL
Applaed vottauge
datecte.20
xplon he povmciple 9 Semicoomdutor
when cha.qed pastides soth as ,p
cah
erted the semiconduto matetial they

ceni z e the atoma. This ionisati en roduceg

Semicendiutot
heles in the
3EC electong anol
coeate a cuLOTetchaqe pulsc
natebral, uwhich
deteckal E measued, By this hoe
thot can be
radiochion & measuse
con identi fy the type
it3 engay th high acubocy

mudeus. 2o18)
Give too poopesties ef
Nucleo 2e nuclews sphesical, in Shape.
cohese T J.3xlo
adius 9 ucleus, R=vo A3
ct) Nuclea choqe Pocten hax +ve chaqe and
n e t On has mo chaiqe
chaiqe nucdeus ze 16x c
CrR) Nuclean rast t tthe Som o the n0R
all pootons & nOLuonr.
me1-66 G6 xio kq n E 67xo
Ciw) Nucdeo denatyt nudea maus
uc ea vouume,
Give any too chaiaterishts udeai foieg
Jucteal ol ce a Oo21)
Shost vonge forceg
cit) Strong fooceg than gsaurtatiomal electrical
) Spim lependent
 Clv) Omly ono U noduno shouLA Sctuadilon

eec tuvo
(v) The interac on blw any nutdeong
chage.
ideperdnt
nauutron ypothesis
(2022)
Pdton-
8 plam naution hypothesig
Accovdin to den-
conAiais o pootom ong.
neutson,.
neuts
the nucleus Ude.
a9ond th2
Tevelve
The electrons
Ze
The nuSeus hare cs+
elecrons s2e
-The change a l l
net chalge
ctom tZe -Ze =o
The
Hence atom noutol.

(32) Explo Yuk a o a ' s theosy each nudeen

ucleen
thot
yukauwa postulated
Centasily
meson 2eld and
e Suoonded by a
Colleed 1 - m e e n s
obsosbs pasticdex
emits Qnd
rest m o R
Cuith a nen 2exo a cenafai
meson leads to
This exchange a n e nucdeen
nudeen
momentum 2TGm ene
tronkes nudea ol ce
the bthe & develops
P- +T
+T
p + T 2o21)
the Targe d-paiticles
dpoaticte
33 Deine cohikh n

oistan ce thvouqh
The to dest
bor ceming
scubstance
toavels in a
oange 9 theo-paaficde

is collec the in a
aiir
-poaticlo
-Poaficke
tvouellocd bby
distane
The ienising poue
their
t hei
Leße
bele they Geiges- Nuttal
Nutfal lao
(ec21)
and exploi Greiger- ond the
C2020)
Stotr on
d-poHcle
Range R
The
Agthe a d i o a c e elee
censtant
disintioretlon
 a follous
velatid
that emits tt ave

og +Blc9k. Law,,
Geiger-Nutlal
igcalled
velation
his
2018)
Eplon , k-elecAron captoe. is a oitibilty
there
Tn an ekuted ucleus,
nautren by absonbing
by absobin
tuoning into a
of a proten T this
a positren.
ineteod g emiting
an lectron, usvally
the PaNent nLlide,
Coe, an ibital elect on q
to the
uhich is desesf
the K-shell
an eleuton in
in ho nudeus,
n ude,
udeus interacks with a protem
,
e, the K-eleckon alls
cenvetinq
into a nots on
the nueus. Ths proR knowm o
nto
K-electen captoe.
Lcleo isomerism Explain. (202
what s hawe the ame
There ae nuclei uhich
differ em cne
mas nuembeTS but
atemic & eneigy toteg &
the in thcir leai
ano
thoid i n t e n a l & t o u t u a L
cogin
h i b it difelan The existence
called udea ilomeg.
These a Lalled udeos Bome31Sm
ruueas
2omet8 s
(2022
itesnal cenvexsi Cn ? Eplain. C2020
hat
Dhat

a udeus paie rem highca excited

when
dliHesenca in encrgy
stote, the
Rtat qsound
to
emiteo ag a-ray
t h e too Stotes
he
nudeuR may detuon
an exibd
Tn Aeme cales,
uP i exutotiar
to cqpound tote by gioin adod H.
ene the oibital electheng
to
ena gy to the Lest uclea
Tha emitted e h a s kE eqval
excatati0n enax9 minms tho binolina engY
bhaing ney o
in tho atom. ThiS Proc293 ig Lalled
he eleron
tntesnal convesion
Lohot massot del? Esplaon (2018)
The nudeus that contouins a
no: protong
 and TEutrone thot
a o00 mutually
to anothe21
hrteochange able shen cempaod
AUcleius ase called mros nucdei.

ie 2 N2 2 N
Z4 N, N,+ 2
misvor nudei. (6t 8 g+6)
e9, 4 C and o ase

Grive the Poinciple cocksot veltoge muultiphn

lnstioment t h o t q
Tho Poiniple this
vetage mutkipl
Cascad vstage recticadien
sutabe nangement high tenien
toatien by Capacte
chaaginq
eckietubes (diodes)
ued to auelesa
acelezati
carmot be
4Dhy cycdotrong D2D)
elacAsoR? Explain
toauel
ok t The time token by the ion to a

Semicirculoa pcth ( cyclotion) ic

m Mo
tTm T mo
Be Be -yc2
As ma the pasticle encreases uuith
the 9,
to covea the
velocty, the tme token by it
becomes moie .

Semicirculas poth the chage

The iom caives ot the 9op ote
a t the odacent
m the polabity vettage
dee takes place
H ull
o t ke Qlcelevtud, t+ gs e k
Henco
uith a (celevating i e LeseR
the phase
enp7 thd Deason,'cyclotion
counot oacceleraa
Fe
elecAren
Qo19)
Guve the
matodicnk
cyclotreo.
canhot a celevote eleckong pasticle
-cyclotio
t is esy difficult to maintai) uniom
magnetic ield
 Whd u Befiom ? t wos king Princpa
42 Guve to
accelevator
ecd
to
a paaticle
B-pediley
accelevatt the elections

Electon ae accelerotud & dela ded

Aimciple The wnaximU
ields.
by oletie &magnakc
Produued 300 MeV.
enos9yY Give an e .
ismudeaa reacien? Give an e
43Lohad
a Proces
in tchkh
A ndeaR Teaction
txtEIna{
o amueleus & an
ttoo uclei
collidleto produuce
Subatemic pastide
udides
mo

N + He o +H
e 2

a veackion.
Deine vala
bsoy bed
e reloosed in
The enD3 CalLed
- v a l u e eq
-Vallue
eation
a nuclea
a ntcleos eaction.
u c l e a reahey
Xta Y+y a

valu
then
(M+ My-my )
bluo exoeTeic & endloedqic reactieng,
202)
AS Distinuiqsh Endoesqic veadiem
Exoesqic eocion

deackion in reation iy
A nucdead seaution în
nucdeas
A A
c u h i c h t h e - v a l u e i3 ehich the value C

called exoesqlc -ve s callecd erdoerqic

v e is
Teach
vecckie
product is qeskr
& le3
Mas
poocuuct
- masg than the n
tran the mas
reactorts.
Teatants

- eg,H+, He" +n+q|

Hee e +17-58 Mev Hese -1189Mev
 46 Deine thveshold enevgy E Griave an equoakion
fi
the mirimuT kineic
tis dogimecd os uhius uu
inidens
paskiide

enabgy the
the
Teaciom.
ic
initiat
an endoeng
4i given by
E Matnmx
mn

cohere E4hthreshold energy

value nuclecs deaien

ma-nmas the projecile.

ma nucleus.
hLdeuLB.
the tasçet
m
-
ma
reations
imdued
imdued by
Metion
the
Ciy Potide. @b20)
Proton (i) deutron
2o18)
C)Poctom (,H)
(Be° H e , He+ Q

L+H > (Be He,He" +

Crü) o-pasticle C2He")

t He (B') Bt +
3
n
nuue
cueg
g
too similaditiees bl
blo
4 watt ary
and iquid drop. liquid
d&Spheoical im shape just as
Nucleus

kvop a nudets &mdependont ik altme

-
Densicty
Liquid olvop
semu-empirical
ma« fponmula.
dewn the 2022)
4 warte
er@ygY
The tedal blndinq
E Ey t E t E + Ea Ep
9A3-o#A'3-Op(A-22)*'+(iao)qA
Eb aA
whee Ev Velume. eNvqy
Eg Sulaco Ero9
E colomb enogy
Ea aymmetry endb9y

Er poising Ca tgy
Gwhedt o maqlc mumbers? (2015)
Nuclei centaininq either proton umbs
neuken wmber equal to 2, 8,0,5o,32
8table
and 126 ae
ound to e hig hy
These ntumbess
empatd to their neighbouas .

umbeJs
ce tand maqic
what aae d e a 3 ission and fusion? (2015
Nuclea issionHi s t h e prowe of breaking
cdom into thoo,
p the nucleus a heay
up uuth the reloore
releore
mei el le equal fraqmerls
amount encigy
a lasge
3S 236
Ba+Ko+3+Q
t is the proas hich
Nuclo fueien
cembima toqether
tuoo ma ighter nuclei
to Rm a stngle hoavy rucdeus
e, H H He+
the nLtas reatien (2015)
Lemplet
Li He
u He
foRmuula te a nuleos
fou-fattor
waite (201s)
the tetms
veate explain
KonEpf eacb
newtrons p r o d u c e d i n
cohere no.of
fiRsien poo9R
 fost fiRsicn fato
E

P DEasonane ACope probobildy.

f= themal utiizakion fotes.

K mulhiplitotion
faso
nuclea reauen) 2022)
thermo
s
Loht Teations he knoLon a s
Nudea fusion
veacion Since uion
u i o n Teations
Teatias
thedmonulea

a g h lempercda
bedy
con
cOn takes plate only ad thexe veay
lo to 10K Only .

the der able tto

a s e able
tempevataes
t h e nudei
high muutuo tolomb epulaion 4
Cveaceme thei
attiackive fiC
attrachie
ucleas
endkey the 20me
9 ane co
c a lllle
edl
hemo
havmo
ase
reathens
these
Hence these
rucleas reachoe
closica
claical
Menion any
two au ures g (2020)
(5
mechanis ?
the phenovmena ke
1gols
to explain
otomic Speckra
black body rodioion

-Photoeleckrrc at6ece,campBon etbct

hoat solids
Speciic o
particde
notusl afe
Loaue C2021)
duol i g k tnatuae
Explain E S . C r i b e that
o ght dRsCTibe
d sthat
The duol
notuae natu
c h a a a t e s i ) posticle
dual
has C) Loawe TOtuse.
lighk

Ifthe Light u mutual2y interadg uwth the

ts censide
matte thonaakce madae 9 Linht
mediom
prepoqating u in the
Cia) 16 Ae ight
thon ooue matiae light ca Censidesea
 matte Looves
&cplam De-Brqlie ancept 2019
a rnoving 2018
Accordirmq to De-Bvoylie
Loowe
i ncttuse, has
pake, ueholever
aouatud uuth it.
Pnopeies uuth tho matKR
asoatd
Thus waves

poailes ae coalled matter ove

H gien by

mactier waves trovel 2asteR than igk)

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