ORAL COMMUNICATION

Communication
• Is a process of sharing and conveying messages (any information, ideas, thoughts, feeling)from one
person to another within and across channels, context, media, and cultures (Mc Cornack, 2014)
• Communication can be manifested through face-to-face interaction(),phone conversation, group
discussion, letter correspondence, class recitation, online(video call, through messenger, SMS, IG,
YouTube, and many others.

Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process
• The speaker generates an idea
• The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or action
• The speaker transmits/sends out a message.
• The receiver gets the message.
• The receiver decodes(interprets) the message based on context
• The receiver sends or provides feedback.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker/sender and the listener/receiver)
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or both spoken
and nonverbal actions at the same time.

Elements of Communication
1. Speaker- source of information/message
2. Message- information, ideas, thought, feelings conveyed by the speaker in words or in action.
3. Encoding- the process of converting the message into words, actions or other forms that the speaker
understands.
4. Channel- the medium or means, such as personal, non-personal, verbal or nonverbal in which the
encoded message is conveyed
5. Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver.
6. Receiver/listener- the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message.
7. Feedback- the reactions/responses provided by the receiver
8. Context- the environment where communication takes place
9. Barrier- the factors that influence/affects the flow of communication

Model of Communication
MODEL- representation, pattern, imitation or design of something.
  Shannon-Weaver Model (1949) Known as the mother of all communication models, depicts
communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of 5 elements; (source, transmitter (encoder
of the message), channel, receiver, destination.
 Transaction Model- 2-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one of the elements. It is more
interactive. There is a collaborative exchange of message between communicators with the aim of
understanding each other.
 Schramm Model (1954)-Wilbur Schramm cyclical communication model containing all basic principles
of communication. The Schramm Communication Model offers a classic approach to and explanation of
communication. It can be used to determine how communication between two people works when
they’re exchanging information, ideas, or attitudes.
 Lasswell’s Model- Lasswell’s model is a basic framework for analyzing one-way communication by
asking five questions: Who, said what, through which channel, to whom, with what effects?
 Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model- explains communication in four steps: Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver.

Features of an Effective Communication- 7 C’s of Effective Communication

1. Completeness- includes everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, react, and
evaluate properly.
2. Conciseness- direct and straight to the point. Insignificant and redundant info should be eliminated.
3. Consideration- always consider relevant information about the receiver (mood, background, race,
preference, education, status, needs)- to easily build rapport with the audience.
4. Concreteness- supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples.
5. Courtesy- respecting culture, values, and beliefs of his/her receiver.
6. Clearness- use simple and specific words to express ideas.
7. Correctness- correctness in grammar and eliminate negative impacts.

Barrier to Communication (why there is a communication breakdown)

• Obstacles that one may face when attempting to communicate with other person
• There are instances when miscommunication and misunderstanding occur because of certain barriers.

Barriers Example
Emotional Barrier You are having a bad day or you feel frustrated
Language Barrier (slang, colloquial words, technical You are a scientist discussing weather phenomenon
terms) to your neighbor who doesn’t know the topic

Physical Barrier Noisy environment

Attitudinal barrier/
Faking Attention Nodding to the speaker as if you understand the
topic
Physiological barrier Nearsighted

1. Why do we need to recognize the different barriers that hinder the communication process?
• To become an effective communicator
 • To avoid misunderstanding
• To attain harmony
2. What are the different strategies to use/apply to avoid communication breakdown?
• gender-fair language, avoid stereotyping
• Avoid physical distraction
• Be sensitive
• Be polite

DEFINITION AND NATURE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

- Happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings while bringing in their varied cultural
backgrounds (Ting-Toomey, 1999)
- Communication among people from different nationalities (Gudykunst, 2003)
-Intercultural communication takes place when people draw from their culture identity to understand values,
prejudices, language, attitudes, and relationships (Gudykunst and Kim, 2003)
-Sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures
THE DEVELOPMENTAL MODE OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY- Cultural awareness, knowledge and
acceptance of other culture
• DMIS by BENNETT AND BENNETT (2004)- offers a structure that explores how people experience
cultural differences.
6 Stages
1. Denial- the individual do not recognize cultural differences. (all cities are the same, they have tall
buildings, fast food chains)
2. Defense- individual starts to recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by them, resulting in
either a superior view on own culture or an unjustified high regard for the new one. (This culture does
not view life the way we do, our culture is certainly way better or their ways are better that my own, I
wish I were one of them)
3. Minimization-individuals see cultural differences yet they bank more on the universality of ideas rather
than on cultural differences.(Once we see through the cultural differences, we really are just the same!)
4. Acceptance- individual begins to appreciate the important cultural differences in behaviors and
eventually in values. (These people and I have different values and experiences, and I think we can
learn from one another)
5. Adaptation- individual is very open to world views when accepting new perspective. (to address the our
issue, I have to adjust my approach)
6. Integration- individuals start to go beyond their cultures and see themselves and their actions based on
(diverse) cultural viewpoints.
Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicators
1. Flexible- capable to adapt to changes
2. Mindful- awareness of one’s thought, nonjudgemental
3. Open-minded- willing to consider different ideas/opinion
4. Sensitive-aware & understand the feelings of others
5. Adaptable- able to change in order to fit
6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking
7. Polite- showing good manners
8. Gender- avoid stereotyping, challenge gender norms; avoid using he and man- refer to a general group
of people
9. Age- do not talk down on younger people and elderly
10. Social status-be polite, do not belittle people you perceive to be on lower social class than you
11. Religion- be sensitive to the religious practices of other
12. Culture- respect customary beliefs

VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal Communication-refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message.
When engaging in verbal communication, the following needs to consider:
1. Appropriateness- language use should be appropriate to the environment/occasion (formal or informal)
2. Brevity- brief, precise and simple (avoid filler and insubstantial expressions like uhh, umm, you know, I
guess)
3. Clarity-clearly state your message.
4. Ethics- chose words to utter carefully, be sensitive- consider gender, roles, ethnicity, status, preference
5. Vividness-use vivid words (strong impression on the senses)
Nonverbal Communication - Interaction where behavior is uses to convey and represent meanings.
• Example: stares, smiles, tone of voice, movements, manners in walking, standing or sitting, appearance,
style of attire, attitude towards time and space, gestures
• Mastery of non-verbal communication is important for several reasons:
1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus making it more meaningful, truthful, and
relevant.
2. It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and perceptions without you saying a word.
 3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech.
4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of speaker you are.
5. It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in your delivery
6. It serves as channel to release tension and nervousness
7. It helps make your speech more dramatic/effective
8. It can build connection with listeners
9. It makes you a credible speaker
10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid monotonous delivery

Functions of Communications
Communication functions refer to how people use language for different purposes.

In other words, these are the REASONS why people communicate.

1. Regulation/Control- communication functions to control, regulate or manage behavior.

Ex. Job description (teacher facilitates learning, obey his/her superior), policies, rules and regulations

2. Social Interaction- communication allows individuals to interact with others.

Ex. Talking with friends

Any communicative situations in which your goal is to establish relationship

3. Motivation- communication motivates or encourages people to live better.

Motivation is either internal or external

 Internal Motivation comes from within. It is something personal.

Ex. A student is motivated to study hard because of his desires to graduate with honors.

 External Motivation emanates from the outside or from people surrounding him.

Ex. A student is motivated to study hard because of his father's promise to give him an expensive car once he graduates
with honors.

4. Emotional Expression- communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions.

I love you!

I’m glad that you came into my life.

I am really struggling.

I don’t like how you talk to me.

I hate this feeling.

When expressing your feelings/emotions, your tone (tone of voice)/facial expression/gestures add emphases to your
message.

5. Information Dissemination- communication functions to convey information (correct information)

Ex. A teacher discussing a lesson.

Types of Speech Act

• SPEECH ACT- is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Some of the functions which are
carried out using speech acts are offering an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment,
refusal, disagreement. A speech act might contain just one word or several words or sentences.

• For example, “thanks” and thank you for always being there for me, “I really appreciate it” both show
appreciation regardless of the length of the statement.

THREE TYPES OF SPEECH ACT by: JL Austin (1962), a philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory

1. Locutionary Act- actual act of uttering/saying the words (the message)

2. Illocutionary Act- is the social function of what is said (intention)
3. Perlocutionary Act- is the resulting act of what is said. The effect is based on the particular context in which the
speech act was mentioned (communicative effect of an utterance)

Searle’s classification of speech act

As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory, John Searle (1970, a Professor from the University of California, Berkeley,
classified illocutionary acts into five distinctive categories.)

1. Assertive- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition.

Examples: Suggesting, boasting, SWEARING

No one makes better pancakes than I do.

I swear! I didn’t do it!

2. Directive- the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action.

Examples: asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.

Please close the door.

Close the door.

3. Commissive- commits the speaker to doing something in the future.

Example: promising, planning, vowing, and betting

I promise to love you for the rest of our lives.

4. Expressive- the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions.

Example: thanking, apologizing, welcoming, complaining

Thank you for loving me.

 5. Declaration- brings a change in the external situation

Example: blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding (auction),

You are fired!

Speech Context
 The environment and the number of people involved in the conversation/communication.
Types of Speech Context
Intrapersonal communication- communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both the sender
and the receiver of message. The message is made up of your thoughts and feelings. brain- channel (it process what you
are thinking and feeling). There is feedback in the sense that as you talk to yourself, you discard certain ideas and replace
them with others. (Hybels & weaver, 2012, p.16)

Interpersonal communication- communication between and among people and establishes personal relationship
between and among them.

 2 Types of Interpersonal Communication

A. Dyad communication- communication occurs between two people.

B. Small group- involves at least 3 but not more than 12 people engaging in a face to face interaction to achieve a desired
goal.

Public communication- requires you to deliver a message before or in front of a group. The channels are more
exaggerated. The voice is louder, gestures are more expansive because of the bigger audience. The speaker might use
additional visual channels such as power point presentation. The distance from the audience is quite far.

(proximics-distance from the audience)

Mass communication- communication takes place through television, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards,
internet, and other types of media.

Types of Speech Style

 Speech Style – in other terms, it is your style of talking to someone depending on the type of person and the
place where communication takes place.

• Intimate- private, occurs between or among close family member or individuals. The language used in this style
may not be shared in public (confidential)
• Casual- this style is common among friends/peers. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used.
• Consultative- this style is standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must.
Examples of situations are common between teachers and students, employer-employee, doctor-patient

• Formal- this style is used in formal settings, unlike the consultative style, this is one-way.
Examples: sermons by priest/pastors, SONA of the president

• Frozen- this style is frozen in time and remains unchanged. Mostly occurs in ceremonies.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
Communicative Strategy- These are plans, means or ways of sharing information which are adopted to achieve a
particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose.

Types of communicative strategies:

1. Nomination is usually used at the beginning of the interaction to set the purpose of the conversation, The
speaker tries to open a topic with the people he is talking to.
2. Restriction is used I constraining the reaction or response within a define set of categories. This is useful
when narrowing down a listener’s response to an expected set of answers.
3. Turn-taking is used to establish and sustain a productive conversation. Turn taking is recognizing when and
how to speak when it is one’s turn.
4. Topic Control is a communicative strategy used in keeping the conversation going on by asking questions that
requires a response from the listener.
5. Topic Shifting is defined as introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic.
6. Repair refers to overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages.
7. Termination refers to the use of verbal and nonverbal signals to end the conversation.