Urban Hydrology-Hydraulic

Philippe Séchet

[email protected]
 INTRODUCTION :
Some history and context
Brief historical review
the different concept behind sewage network (europeen view)

-2500/-1500 : Indus Valley

Harappa/Mohenjo Daro
System for the waste water evacuation , Latrines Cholera Epidemia :
Bathrooms, retention system and rain water management - 1854 (Londres. John Snow : fist notion
of microbiolgy)
- 1 er sewer network
(Hambourg,Londres,…)
-1500/300 Palenque. Waste water + gutters for the management of - Begining of « modern » sewage systems
rainfall event
« Tout à la rue » .
Surface run-off as evacuating system
-600 : Rome. Cloaca Maxima
Water is progressively buried underground
(Renaissance)

Modern
Prehistory Antiquity Middle-Age XIXe XXe XX1e
Times

-3000 : 476 : 1492 : 1789 :

Invention of Roman Empire Fall America discovery French
writing Revolution
- 650 :Fosta (Egypt), Constantinople :
cessppit, latrines 1914 : 1er Biologial treatment systems
 Brief historical review :
the different concept behind sewage network (europeen view)

Hygienist

Objective = Public Health

Collecting waste water that convey

disease in a network toward a waste
water treatment plant
 Brief historical review :
the different concept behind sewage network (europeen view)

Hygienist Hydraulic

As population increase, as well

as imperviousness increase :
- Runoff increase
- Less possibility of infiltration
- Increase of pollutant flux or
discharge, can be problematic for
the WWTP

Separate network
Rain water
Waste water
Combined (mixed) Separate
network network Combined network
Mixed water
 Brief historical review :
the different concept behind sewage network (europeen view)

Hygienist Hydraulic

Increase of imperviousness
and runoff from storm-event :
- Overflow and urban flood

Storm weir to control overflow

at location less dementrial for
the urban sector and population
downsteam

Storm weir : Mixed water

Or stormwater realease in
the natutal environment
 Brief historical review :
the different concept behind sewage network (europeen view)

Hygienist Hydraulic Environmentalist

Retention tanks
Mixed water from storm weir
as well direct release from
storm event dementrial for the
natural environment

Retention tank :
- Storage of excess water (avoid urban flood
from mixed or storm water)
- Regulation of discharge toward the WWTP
(avoid release of mixed water in the
receiving environment)
- Simple treatment of storm water and
protection of the receiving environment
 To summarize
• Complex network (result of the history) :

- Interconnexion between waste water and storm water in some part of the network
- Network still in evolution (urban development)

• Deal with this complexity to operate the sewer and drainage network in order that all or the main functions are
ensured depending on the weather conditions (Modularité en fonction du niveau de service)

1) Population safety 2) Buildings and other structures safety 3) Environment protection

Example of modular management of the sewer network (France)

Source : Memento technique 2017 Astee
 The Modern view : An integratred management of waste and stormwater
Water & urbanisms

Hygienist Hydraulic Environmentalist Water & Urbanism

New approaches for the sewage network.

Design the network

- in order that it can evolves taking into account all this

complexity (alternative solutions)
- in order that it can be maintened easily
- in order that it can be monitored easily (data,
knowledge, diagnostic)

Key Words

- Disconnect storm water from the network (alternate technics)

- Gives to water its proper place in the city (dont bury water
underground in hidden network of pipes)
- Quality of life : « natural » cities compared to « concrete » cities
- Modularity for the storm water management
Course outline

Session I - Sewage network and Waste Water

Session II - Rainfall modelling:
Statistical representation of rainfall event. Synthetic hyetograph
Session III - Rain to run-off computation (effective rainfall)
Session IV - Hydrograph Computation
Session V - Retention tank design
Session VI - Pipe design
Session VII - Alternate technics
Session 1 : Sewage Network & Waste Water

Outline :

1.1 – Pollutions sources (DBO5, N et P) & impact on the receiving environment

1.2 - Waste Water Biologicial Treatment and Main Treatment Systems
1.3 – Quantification of Waste Water Flux (Flow rate, pollution flux)
1.4 - Causes of Dysfunctionning
1.1 – Pollutions sources (MES, DBO5 , N et P) & impact on the receiving environment

• Suspended Solids : SS (TSS and VSS)

• Biodegradable organic matter : DBO5

- Primary impact: dissolved O2 consumption during natural degradation
• Nitrogen: N
- Organic form (N), reduced form (NH4+, NH3) ou oxydized form (NO2- , NO3-)
- Primary Impact
(i) Ammonia/ammonium disrupts aquatic systems (pH)and maybe even toxic to fish
(ii)Nitrites maybe toxic
(iii) Non-direct consumption of O2 (Nitrification process)
- Non-Direct Impact :
(iv) promotes eutrophication→ defered DBO5
(v) hampers drinking water production (chlorination pertubation for instance)

• Phosphorus : P
- Released mainly in the form of phosphates
(at least in Western Countries : detergents)
- Mobilization far from emission points in favorable areas
(low water discharge, high temperature, environment already degraded)
- Strong non-direct impact : hyper eutrophication/algual bloom
I.2 – Biological treatment of waste water (focus on activated sludge)

I.2.1 Principle

DBO5 Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) : Biodegradable

• If flux are not important : self-epuration of the receiving environment

• If flux are too important : self-epuration will have a excessive impact

on the receiving environment (expecially the dissolved oxygen)

Simple model to represent the self-epuration process (Streeter & Phelbs)

𝑑𝐶𝐵𝑂𝐷5 𝑑𝐷𝑂
= −𝐾1 𝐶𝐵𝑂𝐷5 = −𝐾1 𝐶𝐵𝑂𝐷5 + 𝐾2 𝐷𝑂
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝐵𝑂𝐷5 BOD5 concentration at time t (mgO2/l) Oxygen concentration at time t (mg O2/l)
𝑂2𝑠𝑎𝑡 Oxygen at saturation 𝐷𝑂 = 𝑂2𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑂2 Oxygen deficit
𝐾1 Organic matter degradation constant (t-1) 𝐾2 Re-oxgenation constant (t-1)

Assumption :
- fluid volume considerered along its path in the river (Lagrangien view)
- only exchange due to BOD5 degradation and water re-oxygenation are considered
I.2 – Biological treatment of waste water (focus on activated sludge)

I.2.1 Principle
Solution

𝐶𝐵𝑂𝐷5 𝑡 = 𝐶𝐵𝑂𝐷5 (0)𝑒 −𝐾1 𝑡

−𝐾2 𝑡 𝑒 −𝐾1 𝑡 −𝑒 −𝐾2 𝑡
𝐷𝑂 𝑡 = 𝐷𝑂(0)𝑒 + 𝐾1 𝐶𝐵𝑂𝐷5 (0) ×
𝐾2 −𝐾1

Time convert into distance through the simple consideration :

𝑥 = 𝑈 × 𝑡 With U : average velocity of the river stream

𝐾1 𝑇 = 𝐾1 𝑇 = 20°𝐶 𝜃1𝑇−20 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜃1 = 1.047

𝐾2 𝑇 = 𝐾2 𝑇 = 20°𝐶 𝜃2𝑇−20 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜃2 = 1.024

𝑂2𝑠𝑎𝑡 (T, Salinity, … ) (given by tables) Typical value : 10 mg/ at 10°C

I.2 – Biological treatment of waste water (focus on activated sludge)

I.2.1 Principle
Courbe en sac pour l'oxygene dissous
T=20°C
Qrejet=70 l/s (40000 EH) DBO5=280 mg/l Oxygene dissous amont = 8
mg/l
10
9
8
7
6
5
Qriv=0.7 m3/s V=0.1
4
m/s
3
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Distance au rejet (km)
Example of the impact of the release of waste water on the dissolved oxygen concentration in river.
City of 40 000 inhabitants. Qrelease=70 l/s Crelease_DBO5 = 280 mg/l Q river=0.7 and 2 m3/s
Streeter & Phelbs Model

WWTP objective : to reproduce ex-situ the self-epuration process in an

intensive and controled way before the waste water release in the natural
environment
I.2 – Biological treatment of waste water (focus on activated sludge)

I.2.2 Sketch of typical Activated Sludge Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)
I.2 – Biological treatment of waste water (focus on activated sludge  case
individual decentralized waste water treatement)

I.2.3 Main controling parameter : the Organic Load

• Organic load definition

(∗) 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑃 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑘𝑔𝐷𝐵𝑂5 Τ𝑗

𝐶𝑚 𝑜𝑢 𝐹 Τ𝑀 =
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑖 𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑉𝑆
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 × 𝐶𝐷𝐵𝑂5_𝑊𝑊
=
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛_𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 × 𝐶𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎

(*) English acronyms F/M= Food/Micro-organism

I.2 – Biological treatment of waste water (focus on activated sludge)

I.2.3 Main controling parameter : the Organic Load

(∗) 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 × 𝐶𝐷𝐵𝑂5_𝑊𝑊
𝐶𝑚 𝑜𝑢 𝐹 Τ𝑀 =
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛_𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 × 𝐶𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎

For a fixed pollution flux :

• Low organic load (typically : 0.07 < Cm <0.2 kg BOD5/kg VSS/day )

• High volume of the aeration tank

• Higher residence time → better efficiency on the BOD5 removal
• Deficiency of “food” for a large majority of bacteria:
some of the oxygen is not used for biodegradation (oxidation)
pollution but for keeping bacteria “alive” (endogeneous respiration)
• Extracted sludge mor mineral and less active (fewer problems in management
of the excess sludges)
• Physiology of bacteria: form flocs. Better for the decantation and therefore t
the quality of the final release at the WWTP outlet
• Sludge residence time before extraction long enough to allow the appareance
of bacterias that treat nitrogen (nitrification) and phosphorus

→ Best typical operating conditions for an urban WWTP :

low (0.07-0.2) to moderate (0.2-0.5) organic load
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.1 : WWTP operating stability in regards of the water quality at the outlet

Cf preceeding paragraph :
• Quality of the treatment (efficency on DBO5 removal, possibility to treat N&P,
water clarification at the secondary clarifier) = function of the organic load
• WWTP are biological system : organic load = functionning point.

The deviation from the planned organic load disrupts the biological system which
switches to another state
 I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.1 : WWTP operating stability in regards of the water quality at the outlet

Parameter that modifies the organic loading : Change in the pollution flux and/or the
discharge

Via : • Population increase : long term or ponctual (tourism)

• Dilution (PPCW : Permanent Parasitic Clear Water, others (sea water… ))
• Dilution or flux increase (Rain water)

The organic load change has an effect on :

• Bacteria growth kinetics & degradation kinetics

• Water residence time in the WWTP
• Perturbates sludge settling (bacteria physiology + superficial velocity in the settling tank)
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.1 : WWTP operating stability in regards of the water quality at the outlet

This resulting change :

• Decrease the water quality at the outlet of the WWTP

• In the worst case, during strong rain-event, the WWTP can be « washed out » that
is to say, all the biomass is lost : very costly (and long) to restart the WWTP

→ One objective of a sewage network :

Try to stay as close as possible, on the average (on a daily basis), around the
designed organic load
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.2: Quantification of the waste water and pollution flux (dry period)

• Through direct measurement

• Notion of Equivalent per Capita :

- average daily pollution released by an inhabitant during the dry period (no
influence of storm events)
- multiplication by the number of actual or projected number of inhabitants
industrial release given in term of equivalent per capita

• Evaluation of a typical drinking water consumption curve and multiplication by the

waste water pollution typical concentration
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.2: Quantification of the waste water and pollution flux (dry period)

Example of data : HUE city

Source : Characterization of domestic wastewater discharge and its impact on material flows in
urban Hue, Vietnam, PhD dissertation, Tran Nguyen Quyn Anh (2016)

Studied area : residential drainage area in Thuan Thanh ward, Hue Citadel, Hue city

• area covered 11.2 ha, of which 70% had impervious surface

• population of the drainage area was 1,452, distributed in 363 households in 2015 (People’s
Committee of Thuan Thanh ward, 2015)

• Average water consumption was estimated as 134 L/cap/day in 2013

• Domestic wastewater collected by a combined sewer system or discharged directly to

ground surface or water bodies
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.2: Quantification of the WW and pollution flux (dry period)

Typical drink water consumption curves

Spain (2004) : 350 l/d/capita

Hanoi (2004) : 140 l/d/capita

HUE (2013) : 134 l/d/capita

France (2021) : 150 l/d/capita

Source : Characterization of domestic wastewater discharge and its impact on material flows in
urban Hue, Vietnam, PhD dissertation, Tran Nguyen Quyn Anh (2016)
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.2: Quantification of the WW and pollution flux (dry period)

(a) Hourly discharge flow rates at sewer outlet on drays in dry season (2015)
(b) Average hourly water consumption

Daily average : 3 m3/h (roughly) Average (134/24)l/h/capita x 1452 = 8,1 m3/h

Ratio = 37% (France : 70-90%)

State of the network itself + amount of water effectively collected in the sewer
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.2: Quantification of the WW and pollution flux (dry period)

Difficult to have data (high variabilty due to behavior, lifestyle, standard of living and
Structures of the network)

Hue Hue France

Dry period Rainy period 2
2015 015
Flowrate (l/cap/day) 150

SS (g/cap/day) 1.64 2.34 60

VSS (g/cap/day) 1.40 2.07
COD (g/cap/day) 6.99 8.18 140
DBOD5 (g/cap/day) 4.11 3.02 60

TN (g/cap/day) 2.11 1.81 15

NH4+ (g/cap/day) 1.44 1.38
TP (g/cap/Day) 0.16 0.16 4
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.2: Quantification of the WW and pollution flux (dry period)

I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.3: Quantification of the parasitic water (groundwater intrusion, sea water

Intrusion)

a) Empirical method based on the nocturnal flowrate measurement only

• Assumption the WWP is negligible compared to parasitic water (dangerous)

𝑄𝑃𝑃𝐶𝑊 = 𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑛

• Assume a ratio (empirical) between the nocturnal flowrate and the measured flowrate :

𝑄𝑃𝑃𝐶𝑊 = 𝛼𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑛
(typically a range from 70% to 90% in France)

• Make two measurement campaign :

One when we are sure there are no parasitic water : 𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑤𝑤
One when they are supposedly parasitic water :
𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑤𝑤 + 𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑤 → 𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑤 = 𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑤𝑤

(for instance : aquifer close to the surface and aquifer deep in the ground with no possible interaction
with the pipe network)
 I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources

I.4.3: Quantification of the parasitic water (groundwater intrusion, sea water

Intrusion)

b) Method based on the BOD5 flux measurement

H1 : The concentration of strict waste water, without stray water, is the same during the day and night -
H2 : The flow of stray water is constant along the day during a dry weather period

In this case, the comparison of the flow rates and the measured concentrations of a given pollutant (for
example the BOD5 for WW ) makes it possible to determine the fraction of the parasitic water flow which
passes through the network on the day of the measurement.

Two measurement : one during the night, one during the day
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources
I.4.3: Quantification of the parasitic water (groundwater intrusion, sea water
Intrusion)

paramètres définition calcul

Qmeas_d Ponctual discharge measured at a given during the day Correspond to the sum of QWW_d, (WW
flowrate) at the measurment time during
the day and Qppcw, the stray water
dischage.

Qmeas_n Ponctual discharge measured at a given time during the night Correspond to the sum of QWW_n, (WW
flowrate) at the measurment time during
the night and Qppcw, the stray water
dischage.

Qppcw is constant during night and dat

(aussumption H2)

Cmeas_d Ponctual pollutant concentration (BOD5 for instance) at the

time of the day when the discharge measurment Qmes_d is
carried out

Cmeas_n Ponctual pollutant concentration (BOD5 for instance) at the

time of the night when the discharge measurement Qmes_n is
carried out

Cww CWW = Pollutant concentration in the WW without stray water. Cww is constant with time (assumption
H1)
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources
I.4.3: Quantification of the parasitic water (groundwater intrusion, sea water
Intrusion)

Qmeas_n is taken as a reference when the flowrate reach a minimum during the night

𝐶𝑤𝑤_𝑑 × 𝑄𝑤𝑤_𝑑 𝐶𝑤𝑤_𝑛 × 𝑄𝑤𝑤_𝑛

Mass balance : 𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑑 = 𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑛 = with Cww_d = Cww_n
𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑑 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑛

𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑗
One can measure 𝐾=
𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑛

One have :
𝑄𝑤𝑤_𝑑 × 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑛 (𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑑 − 𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑤 ) × 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑛
𝐾= =
𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑑 × 𝑄𝑤𝑤_𝑛 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑑 × (𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑛 − 𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑤 )

(𝐾 − 1) × 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑑 × 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑛
𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑤 =
𝐾 × (𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑑 − 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑛 )
I.4 : Integration of the WWTP on the sewage network. Dysfunctionning sources
I.4.3: Quantification of the parasitic water (groundwater intrusion, sea water
Intrusion)

In fact, to better appreciate the parasitic water flow rate and to get rid of measurement errors , it is
better to work on average flow rates and average concentrations (per 8-hour period: a daytime
period and a nighttime period). We will then have:

(𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 1) × 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑑_𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑛_𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑤 =
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 × (𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑑_𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠−𝑛_𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 )

𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 : Averaged concentration during the day and night period

𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑑_𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 : Average flowrate during the day
𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠_𝑛_𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 : Average flowrate during the night