Comparative study of boost, interleaved and double

dual boost converter topologies

G.TRAIKI1*, H.OUAJJI1*, A.BIFADENE1*, O.BOUATTANE1*
1Laboratory Signals, Distributed Systems and Intelligence

Artificial, ENSET MOHAMMEDIA

Hassan 2University, CASABLANCA
* [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract— Photovoltaic cell produces weak voltage

II. BOOST CONVERTER
which should be increased. In fact, the DC / DC converters
managed the energy flow between the photovoltaic generator
and the battery module which impose the DC bus voltage, with A. Principle
a great flexibility in order to achieve the appropriate voltage The boost converters use one or more controlled
level. In this work, we illustrate the functioning principle of switches and they make it possible to increase the voltage
three converters as well as the mathematical model and also of a continuous source. These converters are used for any
we make comparison between these topologies. A simulation of charges.
topologies in MATLAB will also be realized. Indeed, the best
choice of topology allows increasing the photovoltaic A boost converter (step-up converter) converter with an
installation efficiency whatever the meteorological conditions output voltage greater than its input voltage. It is a class of
and the system eminent effect. switched-mode power supply containing two
semiconductors and one energy storage element, a
capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. Filters made
Keywords— Boost, DC-DC converter, double dual, interleaved, of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are
topology normally added to the output of the converter to reduce
output voltage ripple [2].
I. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic renewable energy sources require an energy
conditioning system and a high level of reliability. The
voltage produced by the photovoltaic cells is quite low and
must be increased to a high voltage level [1], here comes the
importance of DC- DC converters. In the recent years, the
step up dc-dc converters have a crucial role in DC-back up
energy system for grid system.
In the field of power electronics, interleaving technique
is used particularly in high power applications, which the Fig1. Boost converter
voltage and current stress can easily go beyond the range
that one power device can handle.
Two distinct phases the boost operation according to the
The interleaved boost converters realized by placing in switch state:
parallel N elevator converters and shifting their commands,
From 0 to αT : Phase of energy accumulation.
in order to increase the current ripple frequency at the
converter input to limit the conduction losses. This structure When the switch is closed, the current in the inductor is
has been the subject of several studies as power assisted increased, which causes the energy quantity storage in the
applications and fuel cell applications. form of magnetic energy. During this phase the diode D is
blocked and the load is disconnected from the power
Indeed, several topologies of converters have been
supply.[3]
proposed to achieve this required voltage level. This work
focuses on the DC / DC boost and interleaved converters From αT to T: freewheel phase.
that ensure the normal operation of the system. Therefore,
the reliability of the converters is crucial, since a fault in The switch is open, the inductor is then in series with the
these circuits could cause a failure or malfunction on the generator. Its electomotive force adds to that of the
entire system. The comparison between boost and generator (booster effect). The current flows through the
interleaved converter is based on different parameters like inductance as well as the diode D, the capacitor C and the
input current ripple, output voltage ripple and duty cycle. load R. During this phase, there will be a transfer of the
The main aim is to obtain a suitable yield with reduced input energy accumulated in the inductor to the capacitance,
current ripple and reduced output voltage ripple. which will fix the output voltage [4].
The study of the two phases of operation of the boost
converter makes it possible to obtain the following dynamic
equations [5]:

978-1-5386-4225-2/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

 C. Simulation
 diL 1 The boost converter mathematical model is developed
 = ( vi ) on MATLAB / SIMULINK using above equations. With a
dt L , 0 < t < α Ts ,
 S : ON
duty cycle of α=0.5 and switching frequency fs = 10 kHz,
 d vc = 1 ( − vo )
 d t C R
the designed component value is R = 100.
The figures below show the output current and
 diL 1 semiconductors current waveform obtained from the
 dt = L (vi − vo )
 , αTs < t < Ts , S : OFF schematic circuit simulation
 dvc = 1 (i − vo )
 dt C L R

The boost converter duty : α = 1 −

vi 39.25

vo 39.2

I L (A)
39.15
B. Constraints on the components [6] 39.1

0.0499 0.0499 0.0499 0.05 0.05 0.05

a) Semiconductors time (s)

The boost converter state characteristics are shown in Fig2. The inductor current wave form
the following equation:
Vsmoy = (1 − α )Vo
1

Where α is the duty cycle and Vo is the output voltage.

I (A) 0.5
D

b) Input inductance 0

The boost converter input current is permanently equal

-0.5
to the inductor current. If the inductance has a high enough 0.0599 0.0599 0.0599 0.0599 0.0599 0.06
time (s)
0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

value, it can therefore act as an input current smoothing

element, it is not essential to have a capacitor in parallel on Fig3. The diode current wave form
the input, even in the case of a system (PV). Current
flowing through the inductor is affected by ΔIL ripple. 1.8
If this current ripple decreases the optimum value from 1.6
the point of view of the power supplied by the generator
1.4
(PV). To avoid oversizing the inductance, a capacitor must
I (A)
c

be used and to limit the value of C, we have to decrease the 1.2

value of ΔIL [7]. 1

• Ripple current in the inductor : 0.8

0.0553 0.0553 0.0553 0.0553 0.0553 0.0554 0.0554 0.0554 0.0554 0.0554 0.0554
time (s)
αVi
ΔI L = Fig4. The output current wave form
Lf
40
• Average current: 30
(V)

Io 20

I Lmoy =
GS
V

1−α
10

c) Output voltage filter capacitor 0.0794 0.0794 0.0794 0.0794 0.0794 0.0795 0.0795 0.0795 0.0795 0.0795 0.0795
time (s)
Fig5. The gating pulses of the MOSFET switch S1
The output current of the boost converter is
discontinuous, so energetic filtering of the output will be
necessary. The capacity must indeed provide all the current
consumed by the load during the 1st time. It can recover the III. INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER
electric charge lost during these times only during the 2nd
time. A. Principle
• Voltage ripple : The second topology is an interlaced DC / DC boost
converter (IBC), consisting of connecting parallel boost
α Io converters sharing a common DC bus [1]. The transistors
ΔV0 =
Cf controls being shifted by (T/2), the semiconductors voltage
decreases by 2 with respect to the output voltage and is
• Sizing tension : imposed by the filtering capacitor voltage.[8]
V C = V0 The interleaved boost converter (IBC) is widely
employed for the front-end applications. It is charactezed by
high voltage, reduced voltage ripple at the output, low
switching loss, reduced electromagnetic interference and Ii
faster transient response. Also, the steady-state voltage I Dmoy = (1− α )
ripples at the output capacitor are reduced. Even if the IBC 2
topology has more inductors which increasing the b) Input inductance
complexity of the converter compared to the conventional
boost converter, it preferred because the IBC reduce of the Ripple current in the inductor:
ripple content in the input and output sides [9]. αVi
ΔI L1 = ΔI L 2 =
Lf
Average current :
Io
I L1moy = I L 2 moy = (1 − α )
2
c) Output voltage filtering capacitor
Voltage ripple:
Fig6. A two-phase interleaved boost converter (0.5 − α ) I 0
ΔV0 =
Cf
The following cases distinct the interleaved boost Sizing voltage:
converter operation according to the switch state:
V C = V0
 diL1 1 Capacitor:
 dt = L ( vi )
 1
The frequency of the output current ripple is doubled
 diL 2 1
 = (vi − vo ) , S1 : ON , S 2 : OFF , D1 : OFF , D2 : ON , so that the output capacity can be divided by two, in
 dt L2 respect to the case of the converter with one branch [10]:
 dv 1 v
 c = ( iL 2 − o ) αV0
 dt C R C=
2 Rf ΔV0
 diL1 1
 dt = L (vi − vo )
 1
C. Simulation
 diL 2 1
 = (vi ) , S1 : OFF , S 2 : ON , D1 : ON , D2 : OFF ,
 dt L2 The IBC duty ratio is 0.5, since it gives the maximum
 dv 1 v efficiency. The ripple reduction is a function of duty
 c = ( iL1 − o ) cycle. Because the two phases are combined at the output
 dt C R
capacitor, the ripple frequency is doubled, which reduce
 di L 1 1 the ripples.
 dt = L ( v i )
 1 1.8
 di L 2 1
 = ( vi − vo ) , S 1 : O N , S 2 : O F F , D1 : O F F , D 2 : O N , 1.6
 dt L2
 dv
I L1 (A)

1.4
1 v
 c = ( iL 2 − o )
 dt C R 1.2

1
B. Constraints on the components 2.7156 2.7156 2.7156 2.7156 2.7156 2.7157 2.7157 2.7157 2.7157 2.7157 2.7157
time (s)
a) Semiconductors
Fig7. The inductor current iL1 wave form
The interleaved boost converter (IBC) comes from the
boost converter, which suggested that the steady state
1
characteristics of the IBC are the same, the IBC
characteristic is represented in the following equations 0.5

V0 1
(A)

=
0
D1

Vi 1 − α
I

-0.5

Where α is the duty cycle, Vo is the output voltage and -1

2.2563 2.2563 2.2564
time (s)
2.2565 2.2565

Vi is the input voltage

Current: Fig8. The diode current iD1 wave form

The transistors conduct during αT and the diodes

conduct during (1-α) T, then:
α Ii
I smoy =
2
 2
V0 + Vi V
VCa = VCb = = i
(V) 1.5
2 1−α
1
The duty cycle is described as:
GS
V

0.5
V0 − Vi
0 α=
2.1535 2.1535 2.1536 2.1536 2.1536 2.1536 2.1536 2.1537 2.1537 2.1537
time (s) V0 + Vi
Fig9. The gating pulses of the MOSFET switch S1
a) Semiconductors
In figures above, the inductor currents are operating at Average current:
180° out of phase; while one is charging, the other begins to Ii
discharge. Both the inductor currents IL1 and IL2 are not I L1 =
reaching zero which means that the converter is in CCM. 1+ α
The average value of each of the inductor currents is 0.9 A. The transistor T1 (S1) conducts during T, the diode D1
conducts during (1- α) T, therefore:
IV. DOUBLE DUAL BOOST CONVERTER
I1 = α I L1
A. Principle I D1 = (1 − α ) I L1
Structure named double dual boost (fig.10) was
designed by Schneider to improve system performance b) Inductances
[12], it is composed of two boosts whose inputs are Average current:
common but the outputs are separated by the load. The
T I0
transistors commands are delayed by . The I L1 = I L 2 =
2 1− α
semiconductors voltage resistance decreases by a ratio 2 Ripple current in the inductor:
relative to the output voltage Vo and is imposed by the filter
capacitors voltage Ca. and Cb [13] . From 0 to αT, the transistor is closed; the source
voltage Vi charges the inductance. The ripple is:
αVi
ΔI L1 = ΔI L 2 =
Lf
c) Output voltage filtering capacitor
Sizing tension:
V0 + Vi
VCa = VCb =
2
Capacitor:
The diode D1 is blocked, the current in the capacitor Csa
is equal to the charging current Io, the output capacitor is
calculated by:
αV0
Fig10. Double dual boost converter
C=
2 Rf ΔV0

B. Constraints on the components C. Simulation

8.5
When the two identical converters work in continuous
conduction mode, the voltage gain is written as:
IL1 (A)

7.5
VCa VCb 1
= =
Vi Vi 1 − α 7
4.4441 4.4441 4.4441 4.4441 4.4441 4.4441 4.4442 4.4442 4.4442 4.4442 4.4442
time (s)
Fig11. The inductor current iL1 wave form

Where α represents the duty cycle. 8

The output voltage of each BOOST can be determined 6

I (A)

conventionally:
D

2
2.2171 2.2171 2.2171 2.2171 2.2171 2.2172 2.2172 2.2172 2.2172 2.2172 2.2172
time (s)
Fig12. The diode current ID wave form
 TABLE III. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS COMPARISON OF THE
BOOST, INTERLEAVED BOOST AND DOUBLE DUAL BOOST CONVERTERS
0.4
Boost Interleaved Double dual
0.35
boost boost
(V)

0.3 Duty cycle 0.34 0.4 0.68

GS
V

0.25 Ripple current 2.93 1.76 0.78

0.2 in inductance
2.1054 2.1054 2.1055 2.1056
time (s)
2.1056 2.1057 2.1057 (%)
Voltage gain 1.51 1.63 3.05
Fig13. The gating pulses of the MOSFET switch S1 Efficiency 90% 97% 97.6%
Voltage 0.082 0.096 0.162
ripple(%)
V. THE THREE TOPOLOGIES COMPARISON

A. Electrical characteristic The comparison of the converters mentioned above is

given in the below Table 3. The electrical characteristics of
each converter are calculated based on the values mentioned
TABLE I. THE BOOST, INTERLEAVED BOOST AND DOUBLE DUAL BOOST
CONVERTERS STATE CHARACTERISTICS
in Table 2. The input voltage of the converters is considered
as 12 V, the number of multiplier stages in the converters
Boost Interleaved Double dual (N) is considered as 2. On the based on these output voltage
converter boost converter boost converter
values obtained in the converters, the IBC converter gives a
very high efficiency. The double dual boost converter have a
Vi Vi 2Vi higher duty cycle, the higher value can reduce the efficiency.
α = 1− α = 1− α = 1−
Duty
Vo Vo Vo + Vi
cycle The boost converter current ripple is higher than the
interlaced boost converter current ripple. On the other hand,
the double dual boost converter is higher than the others
α Ii α Io α Ii topologies.
I = I = I =
Current smoy smoy smoy
2 1−α 1+α
TABLE IV. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF THE BOOST, INTERLEAVED
BOOST AND DOUBLE DUAL BOOST CONVERTERS

Boost Interleaved Double

αVi ΔI L1 = ΔI L1 =
Ripple
ΔI L = boost dual boost
Lf α Vi α Vi Overload Important Weak Weak
current ΔI L 2 = ΔI L 2 =
in the losses High Reduced Reduced
Lf Lf
inductor Cost Weak weak weak
Complexity Low Average Average

α Io (0.5 − α ) I 0 αV If a fault appears on the switch, the DC/DC boost

Voltage
ΔV0 = ΔV0 = ΔV0 = 0 converter operation is not assured, but if a fault occurs on
Cf Cf 2Cf one phase of the interleaved boost converter, the other
ripple
phases can be used as a compensation system, avoiding an
interruption in the energy supply [11] [6].

VI. DISCUSSION
The boost converter is characterized by its simple
TABLE II. THE BOOST, INTERLEAVED BOOST AND DOUBLE DUAL BOOST
CONVERTERS PARAMETER [15] [14]
structure and simple control. It has the advantage of a ripple
of the input current limited by the inductance. Therefore, it
Boost Interleaved boost Double has several disadvantages such as:
dual boost
Vi(v) 12 12 24 1) The design voltage is equal to the entire voltage. The
V0(v) 18.2 19.52 130 characteristics of the components are less good which
I0(A) 1.973 1.95 2.8 causes more losses and a bigger bulk
L(µH) 139 272 840
C(µf) 810 810 470 2) The rapid increase of the duty cycle as a function of
F(khz) 10 10 25 the output voltage degrades the efficiency of the system.
This is aggravated by poor on-resistance of components due
to high design voltage.
3) The sensitivity to faults (shutdown). The interlaced
boost converter has several advantages compared to the
previous topology, this topology makes it possible to reach
high powers with standard components of lower caliber and
therefore more efficient and to improve the waveforms at
the input and at the same time.
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The main objective of this article is to compare three
topologies of DC / DC converters which have important
advantages.
The interleaved boost converter has been successfully
designed and simulated to verify the design. The two-phase
approach uses significantly less inductance than does the
boost converter and each inductor carries half the current.
The main advantage of the interleaved boost converter is
reduced ripple of input and output currents.
It can operate with a low input voltage; this allows
recovering the little energy available during periods of low
illumination of PV installations.