Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course Ethics
Sem/AY Second Semester/2023-2024
Module No. 4
Lesson Title Chapter IV: GLOBALIZATION AND ITS CRITICAL CHALLENGES
Week
14-17
Duration
Date April 29-May 24, 2024
This module is devoted to a discussion on the meaning of globalization, the moral challenges
Description that globalization brings, global ethics and environmental ethics. Chracteristic traits of
of the Lesson millennials and fillennials also will be discussed to be able to know if it is inimical to their
development and the relationship of ethics to religious aspect of an economy.

Learning Outcomes

Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning 1. Explain the role of religion in Ethics
Outcomes 2. Point out traits of the millennials and fillennials that are inimical to their moral
development as human persons
3. Differentiate ethics from religion

Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Objectives • Identify moral challenges that globalization brings
• Describe millennials and Fillennials
• Explain the role of religion in Ethics

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a 1-hour class discussion. To have Access to the
Asynchronous) online discussion, refer to this link: _______________

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What are the moral challenges we are facing today?
2. How do millennials deal with globalization?
3. How religion important to ethics?

ETHICS – J.UNIFORME
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Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management System (LMS) will
receive additional scores in class participation.

Lecture Guide

I. Globalization and Pluralism : New Challenges in Ethics

Globalization Defined
Globalization means "the erosion of national boundaries and the reduced
significance of national governments." Suter, K., 2006). It is "moving from a world
with borders to a world without." Nation states will remain in existence but they have
to work together with other centers of power such as 1) transnational corporations, 2)
intergovernment organizations like the United Nations and 3) non-governmental
organizations (NGO) such as environment movements.

As the song goes, it is a "small world after all" where "there's so much to share"
since it has become borderless. We cannot escape from globalization. It is now
happening. It is like a "tsunami" engulfing us.

Jan Scholte (2005), an expert in globalization, gave five different

Offline Activities interpretations of globalization, namely: 1) internationalization, 2) liberalization, 3)
(e-Learning/Self- univerzalization, 4) modernization or Westernization and 5) deterritorialization.
Paced)
Internationalization refers to 'cross-border relations between and peoples.
countries. These relations include trade, finance, communication which create
international interdependence among nations. Liberalization focuses on "open,
borderless world economy." Trade and foreign exchange as well as travel barriers are
abolished or reduced, making it possible to participate in the world as a whole.
Universalization refers to the "various ways in which a synthesis of cultures has
taken place, etc. such as having a common calendar, shared common technology.
Modernization or westernization refers to the ways that 'social structures of
modernity' capitalism, science, movies, music have spread throughout the world.
Deterritorialization means that in a highly globalized world "social space" is no
longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places ... and borders. Corporations and
non-government organizations transcend local geographic constraints.

In other words, globalization is the worldwide movement toward economic,

financial, trade, and communications, interconnection, interdependence, interaction
and integration. It is the integration of national economies through trade, investment,
capital flow, labor migration, and technology, removal of barriers between national
economies to encourage the flow of goods, services, capital, and labor.

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Laguna State Polytechnic University
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ISO 9001:2015 Certified
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Moral Challenges of Globalization

Along with globalization comes ethical or moral issues. If the values of people,
particularly moral values, are influenced by culture, then globalization where people
are exposed to new ways of doing things further enhances moral development,
particularly global moral consciousness. The challenge lies in the willingness of
people used to thinking and assessing things within their smaller context to
adjust to a wider world view; particularly to develop a global consciousness. For
instance, the Filipino "kami" or "tayo" mentality which implies groupings within the
confines of family, barangay, municipality will become a global "kami" or "tayo".
Global ethics implies growth, from local or national to global moral consciousness,
"a perspective that takes all human beings and their habitats as its subject," with the
purpose to lay bare "the ethical propositions that underpin injustice and inequality in
a globalized world and to devise ideal distributions of resources and responsibilities
that would make our world fairer." The greatest good of the greatest number is no
longer the greatest good of the greatest number within their localities but the greatest
good of the greatest number of the citizens of the world.

Global Ethics

Globalization includes the observance of global ethics (with an "s"). Global

ethics is concerned with the critical ethical inquiry into the nature and justification of
values and norms that are global in kind and into the various issues that arise such as
world poverty and international aid, environmental problems, peace and security,
intervention, human rights, gender equality, child labour, torture, scarce resources,
trafficking, migration, climate change, global trade, medical tourism, ... (Source:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/global-ethics/what-is-global-ethics/074D6573
9F9BE0F79ECA1150BE21FEB7

There are global problems or issues that require corresponding ethical

considerations.

1. Global Poverty

Is there a moral duty to help the global poor? Should wealthy nations share
their wealth to the poor nations? A quotation traced by St. Thomas to its author, St.
Ambrose states: "It is the hungry man's bread that you withhold" or hoard. Fr. Gerry
Orbos, SVD said: "If only we learned to share, no one will have so little, and no one
will have too much." Of course, the basis of the moral obligation is the principle of
love. Some countries cannot help being poor, due lack of resources, or technical
knowhow to develop and manage their resources. Wealthy nations are lucky they have
both in place, resources and skills of management, compounded by a culture of
honesty and discipline. Poor nations are unlucky they are governed by dictators who
are also corrupt. Because from the very start, they are already on the disadvantage or
losing end, the Vatican adopted the policy of preferential option for the poor.

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There is a moral obligation of wealthy nations to help the global poor. But it is
not as simple as giving dole outs or donations. For instance, if the wealthy farmers of
USA have bumper crop, their moral obligation to help the global poor is not as simple
as merely delivering their excess production to the latter. The economists have to
consider how to maintain prices of the products that will make the farmers survive.
Those who have none or less in products are best helped by assisting them in
production.

2. Migration

People living in poor places, or being ruled by oppressive, dictatorial or

tyrannic regimes long to migrate to places where they believe life is better. The moral
or ethical issue is whether or not the receiving countries, in a Christian spirit, will
simply open their doors without considering the negative impact of the migrants on
their own citizens. There is a limit to the absorptive capacity of the receiving
countries; they may even end up regretting why they open their doors in the first place,
especially when some of the migrants manage to enter to enforce their mission to
inflict harm.

3. Environmental Ethics

Is it possible to derive an "ought" with regard to the environment? Why should

I not throw my garbage of plastic into the river? Why should my car pass the anti-
smoke belching test? Why should I not dump my garbage to another country? Why
should nations stop emitting pollutants into the atmosphere, particularly carbon
dioxide? What is the basis of the obligation? It may be stated as one's obligation not
to tamper with the environment which boomerangs as harm to humans. One should
not do things that will ultimately cause harm to others. The biblical mandate to "have
dominion" over the environment means responsible dominion, stewardship. In
contrast, we have "raped" our environment.

Environmental ethics states that there is a moral duty of moral agents "to protect
or at least refrain from damaging" the environment. The basis of the duty lies in the
environment's "intrinsic value", its goodness in itself. Its use and development should
be sustainable, that is, its use and development to "meet the needs of the present"
should not compromise its ability to meet the needs of future generations. "Whatever
the future holds, many thinkers now believe that solving the problems of climate
change is an essential ingredient in any credible form of sustainable development and
that the alternative to decisive action may result in the diminution not only of nature
and natural systems, but also of human dignity itself." (From "Environmental Ethics,"
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Plato.stanford.edu/ 06/21/2019)

4. Pluralism vs. Fundamentalism

As a political philosophy, pluralism is the recognition and affirmation of
diversity within a political body, which permits the peaceful coexistence of different

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interests, convictions and lifestyles. Pluralism as to content refers to diversity, to
differences in values and beliefs, and to notions of "otherness." Pluralism about
morality "may be understood as a form of relativism which holds that there is no
single objective or universal standard." The challenge is to find common grounds and
build up from there. The question to ask in all meetings is, what is morally best for
all parties and not what is legal or lawful.

Despite pluralism as an offshoot of globalization, there are sectors who refuse to

get out from where they are used to. Their movement is called fundamentalism. This
refers to any sect or movement within a religion that emphasizes a rigid adherence to
what it conceives of as the fundamental principles of its faith, usually resulting in a
denouncement of alternative practices and interpretations. Whoever is not with them
is "against" them, and therefore an enemy who should be "piously" killed, that is,
killed in the name of God.

What is needed is a training or education on how to live together. "Living

together" is the affirmation or acceptance of the other inspite of who or what he or
she is, caring, forgiving. It is the global "oughtness."

Citizens of the world ought to face the world and learn how to live in it. In fact,
"learning to live together" is one of the four pillars of learning to given by the
International Commission on Education for the 21st Century headed by Jacques
Delors.

II. Millennials and Fillenials : Ethical Challenges and

Responses

Values and Characteristics of the Millennial Generation

Who are Millennials? Those who were born from 1981 to 1996. They are also
known as Generation Y. They were preceded by Generation X (1965 to 1980) and
were followed by Generation: Z who were born from 1997 to 2012. (Dimock, M.
Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins)
https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&as_vis-1&gsp=2&q=millennials+generations&qst-
i.Accessed 6-22-2019)

Neil Howe and William Strauss, authors of Generations: The History of

America's Future, 1584 to 2069, are often credited with coining the term. Authors and
researchers don't have a common agreement as to dates of beginning and end of each
generation group.

What characterizes millennials?

One reported result of millennial optimism is entering into adulthood with unrealistic
expectations which sometimes leads to disillusionment, Their expectations may have

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resulted from the very encouraging, involved and almost ever-present group of
parents that became known as helicopter parents.

Millennials are a generation that is dependent on technology to improve their job

performance and intends on a flexible schedule and strives for a better work-life
(Choong, Keh, Tan, Lim & Tho, 2013). Moreover, millennials were targeted due to
their highly opinionated demeanor that is often viewed as troubling, overly
demanding, and uncommitted to the common workplace (Smith & Nichols, 2015).
Being in their demanding youth, they have relatively fewer familial/ marital
commitments, hence endowing them with freedom to initiate their entrepreneurial
prowess in the real world (Lee, Lee, Chua & Han, 2017)....
. . . As Smith and Nichols (2015) put it, millennials yearn work that encompasses
meaning, enjoyment, and work-life-balance. ...

Other research findings on millenials are given below:

More than anything, millennials are confident. This confidence comes from
their trust and optimism (Guha, 2010; Kowske, Rasch, & Wiley, 2010). Kaifi et al.
(2012) felt that a generation's confidence was fostered and molded by previous
generations. Research shows that millennials rank higher in self-esteem and
assertiveness when compared to previous generations at that same age (Deal, Altman,
& Rogelberg, 2010).

Millennials are known to be achievement-focused. They have a need not only

to do well, but to excel and surpass all goals and aspirations (Kaifi et al., 2012;
Kowske et al., 2010). This leads them to seek out new learning opportunities.

Millennials are more willing to put forth extra effort to help an organization
succeed. They are more willing to go without social time, such as coffee breaks, and
work extra hours in order to help an organization. Hauw and Vos (2010)

Not only are millennials achievement-focused, but they feel accountable for
their actions. Kowske et al. (2010) explained that our education systems have instilled
a sense of accountability and have caused the Millennial generation to focus on
achieving goals.

Millennials enjoy working in teams and are more tolerant than prior generations.
Millennials have been raised on sports teams, standardized testing, and group
learning, so it is not surprising that this would transfer into the workplace (Kowske et
al., 2010).

The value of team work has also created tolerance to subjects of which older
generations would not approve. An example of this is demonstrated in a study
conducted by Deal et al. (2010) where they found that, on average, millennials object
less to tattoos than the older generations, especially tattoos on women. This growth

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in tolerance can be connected to growing up in a more diverse world and working in
teams to gain new perspectives in getting a project complete (Andert, 2011; Kaifi et
al., 2012).

Millennials are family-focused and thus need to have a better work/ life balance.
This generation grew up with an emphasis on family which has created a shift in the
workplace (Andert, 2011).
Due to seeing their parents go through economic layoffs and divorces, Ng,
Schweitzer, & Lyons (2010) found that millennials prefer focusing on their private
lives as opposed to their careers. They stated that events like he September 11th
terrorist attacks have helped cause this new shift toward more work/life balance.

Millennials enjoy utilizing technology. The Millennial generation became

dependent on technology at an earlier age than other generations. Deal et al. (2010)
found, much like learning a new language, people who utilize technology at an earlier
age become more proficient than people who learn later in their life. (Kaifi et al.,
2012). They are tech-savvy. (Source: Journal of Business Diversity Vol. 15(1) 2015)

Common complaints from baby boomers are that millennials can be difficult to
interact with, are entitled, and overly service-focused (Deal et al., 2010). This comes
from millennials expressing opinions and making greater demands than their elder
and more "experienced" counterparts (Levenson, 2010).

Millennials are also known as the "Look at Me" generation because they are
thought to be too confident and concerned with their own interests. They also found
that the younger generations were perceived to be impatient, lacking in work ethic,
self-important and disloyal. (Myers and Sadaghiani (2010)

Millennials may attempt to gain important positions in large projects soon after
being hired (Myers & Sadaghiani, 2010). Coworkers can be taken aback by this,
believing it to be arrogance driving the new generation and not their need to
overachieve.

Millennials' expectancy to work/life balance has, at times, created conflict with

baby boomer coworkers (Myers & Sadaghiani, 2010). This conflict could be the
background mentality that millennials are selfish and lazy. Myers and Sadaghiani
(2010) wrote that the need for work/life balance makes older generations doubt
millennials concerning organizational commitment and dedication. They also found
that as millennials place more focus on their outside lives, baby boomers may begin
to question the sacrifices they made for their career. Older employees may begin
taking a greater interest in their own private lives, or additional conflicts may arise
from these differing personal values.

While ambition is found to be the most valued quality for baby boomers and
Gen X, millennials prefer a boss who cares more than any other quality (Andert,

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2011). They also prefer their managers to be inspiring and imaginative. Overall,
millennials prefer a more interpersonal relationship with their management and to
know that their manager cares (Andert, 2011).

Millennials prefer a flexible work environment. Kaifi et al. (2012) found that
millennials prefer an organizational culture with few rules and regulations. With a
high confidence level, millennials feel they need less regulation to guide their
decisions.

For the millennial generation, confidence is expressed not only in how they
perform, but in how they view themselves. When compared to older generations,
millennials are less likely to identify themselves as overweight even though they have
a much higher rate of obesity and less overall fitness (Deal et al., 2010).

Millennials also have higher expectations for advancement opportunities within

their careers. Hauw and Vos (2010) found that due to millennials' confidence and
need to over achieve, they are more likely to seek out career enhancing opportunities
in an organization.

One thing that truly sets this newer generation apart is their preference for
meaningful work over well-paid work. While salary is still important in determining
success, work that has meaning and enjoyment in what one does rated higher in
importance than financial gains (Hauw & Vos, 2010).

This is passion for meaning. Millennials rank social awareness high on

organizational responsibility and prefer work that is socially responsible. (Source:
Journal of Business Diversity Vol. 15(1) 2015 41)

Based on research from Business Ethics, Professor Dr. James Weber, executive
director of the Institute for Ethics in Business at Duquesne University reports that
"(w)hen compared to past generations, millennials exhibit lower levels of cognitive
moral reasoning." But millennials do have ethics. According to the research work of
Patricia A. Curtin, "contrary to popular opinion, millennials don't lack ethics. It might
be better said that they may have different values than older generations, but many
also demonstrate a strong belief in ethical decision-making processes that align with
those of older practitioners. In fact, our findings suggest they might hold a greater
allegiance to deontological thinking and to the principles underlying Republic
relations society of America's (PRSA) Code of Ethics."

Fillennials

Filipino millennials have their own unique characteristics, and thus are
specifically called fillennials.

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Fillennials are rising up to the dare. Gae Martinez shared how Filipino
millennials are different. (https://business.inquirer.net/257324/millenials working)

"In our studies of the Filipino millennials, although they are generally considered
as the type who have a YOLO-mind-set (You Only Live Once), fillennials live at the
moment and adventurous. We found out that our culture and values make them
different," Martinez explained. She, herefore, tagged this market segment as
"Fillennials," who are very assionate because they want to be better than their parents.
"That is why hey try to achieve more, pursue higher studies. They recognize that
living the life and being able to live the life you deserve should enable one to live
with its benefits," she added."

Fillennials are described as social-media dependent and also the "selfie-

generation." They are usually spendthrifts who usually spend for luxury goods and so
are also described as "broke." They are also described as narcissist, the "Me, Me, Me
Generation." They are fun-loving, self expressive and liberal. However, they also
possess positive traits like "politically and socially-engaged." According to an article
from the Philippine Star, they do not usually read newspapers but get information
from Google or Waze for road directions. They have short attention span. (Valeriano,
Justine. Millennial Marketing: Accessed 7-7-19)

An article of Nathan A. Heflick, Ph.D., The Psychology of "YOLO" discusses

the characteristic of millennials and fillennials:

The catchphrase "YOLO" (you only live once) has become a cultural sensation.
It is not new. The Latin poet Horace coined the phrase "Carpe Diem" in 23 BC.

The Benefits of YOLO

Based on research, the catchphrase YOLO has some positive effects. Research
on "post-traumatic growth" started by Ronnie-Janoff Bulman of the University of
Massachusetts has explored how terminal illness diagnoses and near-fatal
experiences influence people. After a period of initial shock, many people, perhaps
even most, experience profound shifts in terms of how they spend their time, their
appreciation of life, and their general sense of happiness. They report devoting more
time to what they most truly enjoy, and not worrying nearly as much about much of
what had previously stressed them.

Research on "socioemotional selectivity theory" (Laura Carstensen, Stanford

University) explores the way that people devote their time as something such as life
becomes more scarce. This research shows that as people age (as life becomes more
scarce), they tend to devote more time to activities and relationships that promote
positivity and feeling good. They, conversely, spend less time on things that will cause
them to feel negatively... Older people, when looking at a visual scene, tend to focus
more on pleasant aspects of the image than unpleasant ones (relative to younger

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people). Further research headed by Nathan De Wall, University of Kentucky show
that when college students are reminded of death in experiments, compared to a
variety of control topics, they then spend more time looking at positive words than
negative words when shown both. In short, when people are aware that life is more
scarce, they focus more on positive things, and less on negative things. After all
YOLO.

Research, headed by Laura King, University of Missouri shows that when

reminded of death, people become more aware that life is scarce. In turn, this causes
people to believe that life is more meaningful.

The Downside of YOLO

Some unruly behaviors are associated with YOLO. Here are publicized cases of
"YOLO" being associated with some rather unruly behavior. These include a person
tweeting "YOLO" before crashing their car while driving drunk, and a young woman
storming the field of a college football game intoxicated, and after being arrested and
released, tweeting "YOLO" in reference to the incident. YOLO makes the millennial
more daring. The research of professors Jeff Greenberg, Tom Pyszczynski, Sheldon
Solomon indicates that people respond to mortality thoughts in ways that bolster and
enhance their self-esteem and belief systems. In the case of men, mortality reminders
cause them to drive more recklessly. In other words, reminders of death, of the
scarcity of life, often, ironically, promote reckless behavior.
(Source: https://www.psychologytodaycom/it//blog/the-big-questions, accessed 7-4-19)

III. The Religious Response : The Role of Religion in Ethcis

Ethics is concerned with what is good and moral based on reason. This is what
religion is also concerned about, what is moral based on God's revelation. So religion
is not contrary to ethics. Religion is in support of ethics.

To an Asian author Sim Kwang Yang, the question is, "Is ethics possible without
religion?." If the question is one on a matter of fact, his answer is a resounding "yes."
According to him, two great philosophers, namely Socrates and Confucius,
"expounded their ethics without recourse to any supernatural being." Likewise, Yang
cites two modern period philosophers, the utilitarianists Jeremy Bentham and John
Stuart Mill, who also dealt with their ethical theories without appealing to the
existence of God.

Thus, as a matter of fact, there can be, as there has been such a thing which may
be termed as "religionless" ethics or morality.

However, the same author clarifies that if the question is, "can ethics without
religion be justified, ultimately?" then the answer is no. It is good to quote Dostoevsky
again, "If God does not exist, then everything is permissible." If we continue with the
syllogism it will go as follows: "But not everything is permitted. Therefore, God

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exists." There is moral restraint among individuals and there is moral restraint among
people in society, because there is in them a voice telling them to behave.

Charles Taliaferro, echoes in his Philosophy of Religion Dostoevsky's moral

argument for theism:

...certain features of human moral experience are best accommodated on a theistic

world view. In particular, the common claim is that moral realism...calls for theistic
metaphysical or epistemological underpinnings. Immanuel Kant reasoned, for
instance, that if there is no God then there are objective moral requirements that are
not possibly met, namely, that the moral good of virtue and the natural good of
happiness embrace and become perfect in a "highest good." The early 20th-century
idealist philosophers Hastings Rashdall and W.R. Sorley argued that an objective
moral law requires an infinite Mind in which to reside if it is to have full ontological
status. C.S. Lewis offered a popularized version of such an argument in a series of
talks for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) during WW II. These were later
published in his Mere Christianity. Lewis argued that conscience reveals to us a moral
law whose source cannot be found in the natural world, thus pointing to a supernatural
Lawgiver. Philosopher Robert Adams has argued that moral obligation is best
explained by appeal to the commands of a loving God, and moral values in general
may be thought to reflect God's nature. [3] (emphasis in bold letters supplied)

It may be said that this life of "not permitting oneself to do anything", that is
living a moral or ethical life, is attributed not only to him/her who openly professes
his/her faith in God. It can also be attributed even to those who claim to deny the
existence of God but actually affirm Him in their actual life. A person's life can be an
implicit affirmation of God. You may be reminded of a poem you came across in your
literature classes entitled Ahnu Ben Adhem.

Abou Ben Adhem

By Leigh Hunt

Abou Ben Adhem (may his tribe increase!)

Awoke one night from a deep dream of peace,
And saw, within the moonlight in his room,
Making it rich, and like a lily in bloom,
An angel writing in a book of gold:
Exceeding peace had made Ben Adhem bold,
And to the presence in the room he said,
"What writest thou?"-The vision raised its head,
And with a look made of all sweet accord,
Answered, "The names of those who love the Lord."
"And is mine one?" said Abou. "Nay, not so,"
Replied the angel. Abou spoke more low,
But cheerly still; and said, "I pray thee, then,

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Write me as one that loves his fellow men."

The angel wrote, and vanished. The next night

It came again with a great wakening light,
And showed the names whom love of God had blest,
And lo! Ben Adhem's name led all the rest.

Hence, one should not feel so much sorry for people whom we think live a
religionless or atheistic life. The ultimate assessment of one's life should be based on
what one does, his/her love for his/her fellowman. The poem's message is actually
found in the Gospel where Jesus said, "whatsoever you do to the least of my bretheren,
that you do unto me."

Ethics and Religion

Both ethics and religion are concerned with the most fundamental questions of
human existence. Religion draws answers to what is moral and ethical from revelation
as written in Scriptures and as "lived by their prophets and Jesus Christ (for
Christians). Ethics gets its answers to what is moral and ethical from reason and
experience. It doesn't mean that theists don't use reason when they determine what is
right and In fact, even those for whom morality is religiously based may want to
examine their views based on reason. They may want to examine various
interpretations of their religious principles for internal consistency or coherence."
(MacKinnon, B., et al, 2015)

It is not true that ethics is atheistic or opposed to religious belief. The role of
religion in ethics is this: religion is the foundation of ethics, for theists. Religion
makes clear and concrete what is ethical through revelation. Theists draw their ethical
views from their religion.

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Engaging Activity 1

Give and explain 3 ethical challenges of globalization. Discuss how each challenge
should be resolved.

Engaging Activity 2

State one of your experiences in your life that makes you prove that once in
alifetime, we have this YOLO mindset.

Performance Tasks

Performance Task

Make a 2 minute video of yourself promoting Morality as a student and millennial that is concern with
the different problems that the world is facing today.

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Understanding Directed Assess

Learning Resources

Part 5. References

a. Ruben A. Corpuz, Brenda b. Corpuz (2020), ETHICS, Lorimar Publishing Inc.

b. Bulaong, Oscar. B., M.J. T. Calano, A.M. Lagliva, M. N.E. Mariano, J.D. Z. Principe (2018).
Ethics: Foundations of Moral Valuation. REX Book Store, Quezon City, Philippines
c. Mackinnon, Barabara & Andrew Fiala. (2015). Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues,
Concise. Eight Edition, Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning
d. Reyes, Ramon C. (2003). The Relation between Ethics and Religious Belief: The Moral
Dimension: Essays in Honor Ramon Castillo Reyes: Office of Research & Publications,
Ateneo De Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines

e. Singer, Peter. (2016). One World Now: The Ethics of Globalization. New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press

ETHICS – J.UNIFORME