Polycandle: Candles made of Polyethylene Plastic and Paraffin Wax as an

Alternative Funeral Candles

A Research Paper
Presented to
The Faculty of Senior High School Department
Southwestern University PHINMA
Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for Research in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM 009)/Capstone

By:
Berol, Iris D.
Cimafranca, Kyryl B.
Gadapan, Avriel Mae E.
Gultiano, Claire Marie A.
Layese, Charlynne Precy A.
Martinez, Kristelle Mae M.
Po, Lovely Marie
Saberon, Bea Ruswil R.
Servan, Rhaine A.
Tuma-ob, Rashnei Gayle

March 2024
i
 ii

ABSTRACT

To encapsulate the key outcomes, it presents comprehensive data collected

from the testing of the effectiveness of polycandles, a candle made of polyethylene
plastic and paraffin wax, focusing on parameters such as flammability, burn rate,
luminous intensity, and durability across three trials. The results are analyzed through
the calculation of arithmetic means, providing a quantitative assessment of the
polycandle's performance. Observations for the polycandle include a mean flame
length of 10.0267 mm, a luminous intensity mean of 2.3333, a burn rate mean of 263
minutes, and a durability measurement of 5.0167 kN. The results align with the
findings of Diosa et al. (2022), supporting the claim that utilizing plastic waste in
production, as demonstrated in the case of polycandles, yields products with high
added value, offering a sustainable alternative for plastic waste disposal. In contrast,
Table 2.2 details the testing data for commercially produced funeral candles,
showcasing parameters similar to those of polycandles. The arithmetic means for flame
length and luminous intensity are 16.0767 mm, burn rate is 3.6667, duration is
243.3333 minutes, and durability is 2.4000 kN. These results align with the criteria
suggested by Balog et al. (2017) for a well-performing candle. Lastly, a comparison
between the polycandle and commercially produced funeral candles indicates potential
differences in their effectiveness rates. The Polycandle and commercially produced
funeral candle in the length of flame under the flammability has a p value of 0.024
(One-tailed) and 0.049 (two-tailed). On the other hand, luminous intensity has 0.024
(one-tailed) and 0.047 (two-tailed). Burn rate have 0.113 (one-tailed) and 0.227 (two-
tailed), and Durability have 0.016 (one-tailed) and 0.031 (two-tailed). Overall, the
study contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on sustainable alternatives
in candle production, emphasizing the potential of using plastic waste in the production
of Polycandles as a viable and cost-efficient candle.
 iii

APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject RESEARCH IN
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM
009)/CAPSTONE, this research paper entitled "POLYCANLDE: CANDLE MADE
OF POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC AND PARAFFIN WAX AS AN
ALTERNATIVE FUNERAL CANDLE" prepared and submitted by BEROL, IRIS
DOLERA, CIMAFRANCA, KYRYL BAGSILOG, GADAPAN, AVRIEL MAE
ESPINOSA, GULTIANO, CLAIRE MARIE ALEGATA, LAYESE,
CHARLYNNE PRECY ABELLO, MARTINEZ, KRISTELLE MAE
MALAQUE, PO, LOVELY MARIE, SABERON, BEA RUSWIL RABUTAN,
SERVAN, RHAINE AMPIL, TUMA-OB, RASHNEI GAYLE GARCIA is hereby
recommended for PROPOSAL HEARING.
SHIERRA MAE MARTINEZ
Adviser

Approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the subject Practical

Research 2 (APP 006) by the Proposal Hearing Committee.

Panel Panel

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical

Research 2(APP 006)

JERICK DUABAN, LPT

SHS PRINCIPAL

Date of proposal Hearing:

 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers want to offer their thanks to all individuals who took an interest
in this study. This journey has never been easy, but with these people the heavy works
become lighter and bearable.
Southwestern University PHINMA. The researcher would like to thank their
school for letting them conduct this research study, and supporting them all throughout
this study.
Ms. Shierra Mae Oracion Martinez. The researchers would like to thank
their research advisor for her assistance in making this study a reality and until the
completion of this investigational study. Her critics, suggestions, and guidance
certainly played a big part in completing this research.
Mr. Melbin Aragon Ducusin. The researchers would like to thank their
immersion advisor for guiding and evaluating their product. Also, for giving
suggestions for improvement throughout the experiment. The evaluations that he did
to the researchers helped in making this research succesful.
Mr. Joseph Pableo Cariño. The researchers would also express their gratitude
to Sir Yho for suggesting an alternative method for their luminous intensity parameter
when there was no lux meter was available. The knowledge that he shared played a
crucial role in finishing the study.
Cebu Institutional Technology University. The researchers would like to
thank CIT - U for allowing them to use the Universal Testing Machine Compressive
Strength Test to test the durability of their alternative funeral candles.
Friends and Family. The researchers would like to give thanks to their friends
and families, especially their parents. Their support financially, emotionally, and
physically gave the researchers hope and courage to finish this study with flying colors.
Almighty God. The researchers wish to express their gratitude to the Almighty
God for guiding them profoundly and intellectually throughout the limitations,
interaction, and progress of this entire study.
 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………....………………….........i

ABSTRACT............……………………………………………………………….…ii

APPROVAL SHEET...……………………………………………………………....iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.......………………………………………….....………….iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………….……………………………...…….....vi

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………......vii

LIST OF FIGURES..…………………………………………………………….…viii

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale………………………….……………………..……………………........…1

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………....…..5

Hypotheses of the Study………………………………………………………….…..6

Theoretical-Conceptual Framework………………………………………….....……7

Theoretical-Conceptual Background……………………….…………..….………....8

Significance of the Study…….………………………………...…………………......9

Scope and Delimitation………..………………………..………………………….....9

Definition Of Terms………………………............…........……………………........11

Review of Related Literature and Studies…......…………….………..........……….12

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research Method……………...…….……………………………….………….…24

Materials……………….....….………………...........…………......24

Apparatus……………....…………………………………..............24

Procedure………………….………………………………………25

Evaluation of the Product………………………………………….26

Statistical Treatment……………….……………………………...28

CHAPTER 2...…………………...…………...……….………………………….…29

CHAPTER 3...…………………...…………...……….…………………………….33

REFERENCES…………………...…………...……….……………………………27

APPENDICES...…………………...…………...……….………………………..…44
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Materials Used in Preparation of the Study................................................24
Table 1.2 Apparatus Used in Preparation of the Study...............................................25
Table 2.1 Data collected from the testing for the effectiveness of
polycandle...................................................................................................................29
Table 2.2 Data collected from the testing for the effectiveness of commercially-
produced funeral
candles.........................................................................................................................30
Table 2.3 Significant Difference between Polycandle and Commercially-produced
funeral
candle..........................................................................................................................31
 viii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework of Polycandle: Candles made of Polyethylene
Plastic and Paraffin Wax as an Alternative Funeral
Candles……………………………….……….....……………………………………7
Figure 1.2 Flowchart of the Procedure of the Study...................................................25
Figure 1.3 The rating scale used to evaluate the luminous intensity of the
candles…………….............................................................................................…...27
ix
 CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
Plastics are widely used in our daily lives and have been for a while. These plastics
are crucial as they are a necessity for consumers, businesses, and other institutions to make
their lives easier. The worst thing, however, is that people would carelessly toss it away.
Improper disposal would eventually lead to environmental issues, like growing ocean
contamination.
Earth has been polluted by too much plastic, which has already led to global
alterations. Global warming, climate change, excessive typhoons, and flooding are just
some of the effects of plastic on our environment. A lot of ways have actually been issued,
used, and implemented in order to decrease the amount of plastic in our environment, but
still, a lot of plastic is in the environment right now. Studies on plastic having a wax
property when melted exist, and studies on making alternative candles out of other types
of wax also exist.
Statista's industry analysis shows that the worldwide candle market is estimated to
exceed $11 billion by 2024. North America and Europe account for more than half of total
candle sales. However, the Asia-Pacific area rapidly expands and will overtake Europe as
the second-largest market by 2024. Furthermore, small-batch, artisanal candle makers have
had great popularity in recent years due to their unique scents and artistic designs. They
can capitalize on consumer demand for locally manufactured, handcrafted products. For
instance, as do pillar candles and votives/tealights, scented and unscented container candles
remain popular. According to estimates, the whole candle market will grow at a 4% yearly
pace until 2024, potentially creating more jobs and revenue for countless more small candle
craftsmen, fragrance blenders, package designers, and related businesses.
An article of Saludes highlights how a diocese in the Philippines is using candle
recycling to support its social action programs while promoting sustainability. The old
candles collected from churches are reprocessed into new candles which are then sold to
raise funds. Furthermore, this initiative is helping the local community by providing
 2

additional income and also contributing to waste reduction. It's a great example of how
small actions can lead to big changes and shows the importance of promoting sustainability
to support social causes. In summary, the program has significant ecological and social
value, which can be used as an inspiration for other communities and organizations to
follow.
Funeral candles are used as memorial candles to celebrate the life of the deceased
and all that they stand for. The researchers will experiment to create a candle, mainly using
Polyethylene plastics and paraffin wax, that functions like traditional funeral candles. Since
purchasing funeral candles from a store may not be cost-efficient, a funeral candle made
of polyethylene and paraffin wax may be far more effective, affordable, and long-lasting.
The Philippines generates roughly 10 million tons of solid waste annually,
translating to a daily per capita trash output of between 0.3 and 0.7 kg for each Filipino.
According to the World Bank, this figure will rise by 40% by the end of the decade
(Philippine Environment Monitor 2004, World Bank). Up to 44% of this waste is
recyclable, and the majority of it is concentrated in cities. As a result, recycling is one of
the most practical strategies for reducing the amount of garbage produced (Antonio, 2010).
Meanwhile, plastics like Polyethylene have been considered the third-largest contributor
 3

to plastic waste in the Philippines worldwide, with an estimated 0.75 million metric tons
of plastics in the ocean every year.
According to Audy et al. (2022), up until 2018, the vast majority of Australia's
plastic trash was dealt with overseas in China and India, where up to 180,000 tons of plastic
waste was exported each year, accounting for 5.12% of Australia's average annual plastic
consumption. 90.6% of plastic waste was either dumped or exported locally, with up to
9.4% of it being recycled. Since China established strict limits on the exportation of waste
materials in 2018, refusing more than 619,000 tons of recycled waste from Australia,
Australia is now confronting a glut of plastic waste. Australia was compelled to reconsider,
create, and invest in regional recycling programs like Victoria's Transforming Recycling.
It is said that the Philippines are irresponsible in their trash haulers and open dump
sites that lead the plastics to be thrown into the seas (Guevarra, 2022). Ziggie Gonzales,
co-founder of Circle Hostel, launched The Plastic Solution, an environmental movement
that promotes responsible trash disposal. They promote putting plastic in a bottle and using
it as bricks in construction. They used eco-bricks in their Zambales hostel chain, La Union
Baler. Eco-bricks are now being used to construct schools, churches, and a variety of other
structures (PRIMER, 2020).
Paraffin Wax held the largest market share among all raw materials in the
Philippines for candles in the previous few years, primarily because it was simple to mold
into various shapes and sizes, affordable, and suitable for making floating candles due to
its water resistance. Additionally, the rapidly growing tourism and hospitality industries in
both nations are fueling demand for these candles for home decor and in turn, propelling
the market (MarkNtel, 2022). Regardless of its report, it doesn't include its effectiveness if
mixed with other substances specifically, the flammability, burn rate, tenacity of the
candle, and. People look for affordable candles, but if the standards are not met, there is a
chance that people will not buy them.
Aiming to combat the plastic waste problem, an Israeli firm called "Clariter"
developed plastic candles that are of excellent quality, clear, non-toxic, and odorless (Ran,
2020). The company offers an industrial technique that converts spent plastics into fresh
resources for other producers. It is thermally fractured to create a liquid, which is
 4

subsequently refined to create two hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are then distilled, blended,
or separated to provide the desired output, such as oil, wax, and solvents. In contrast to
traditional candles or other alternatives, the article discusses the unique qualities and
conversion processes that help prevent waste, but it doesn't explain how the industrial
approach used to turn used plastics into new resources truly functions. Despite the great
efforts and great achievements of the Government, Companies, and Organizations in
decreasing the number of plastics on Earth, a lot can still be found floating in the water or
in the surroundings.
There is an existing study on utilizing low-density polyethylene plastics with
paraffin wax to create candles. However, this concept needs more evidence to be supported,
as the existing study only focuses on how long people can use the candle. This research
aims to provide more data that can support this concept and, at the same time, prove another
way of reducing plastic in the environment. Using polyethylene plastics to make alternative
funeral candles can help reduce the amount of plastic in the environment. Along with the
views and observations above, the researcher wishes to create alternative funeral candles
made of polyethylene and paraffin wax that are more effective.
 5

THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
The study focuses on the innovative capability of making candles out of Polyethylene
and paraffin wax. It will be conducted to assess whether this type of plastic, together with
the paraffin wax, can be turned into an alternative funeral candle. In particular, this study
sought to answer the following:
1. What is the effectiveness rate of Polyethylene and paraffin wax as an alternative
Funeral Candle in terms of:
1.1 Flammability
1.1.1 Length of flame
1.1.2 Luminous intensity
1.2 Burn rate
1.3 Durability
2. What is the effectiveness rate of the commercially-produced Funeral Candles in
terms of:
2.1 Flammability
2.1.1 Length of flame
2.1.2 Luminous intensity
2.3 Burn rate
2.3 Durability

3. Is there a significant difference in the effectiveness rate between the Polycandle and
commercially-produced Funeral candles?
 6

Hypotheses of the Study

1. Ho: The Polycandle does not exhibit effectiveness in terms of flammability,

specifically the length of flame and luminous intensity, burn rate, and durability.

Ha: The Polycandle do exhibit effectiveness in terms of their flammability,

specifically the length of flame and luminous intensity, burn rate and durability.

2. Ho: The commercially-produced funeral candles do not exhibit effectiveness in

terms of flammability, specifically the length of flame and luminous intensity, burn
rate, and durability.

Ha: The commercially-produced funeral candles do exhibit effectiveness in terms

of their flammability, specifically the length of flame and luminous intensity, burn
rate and durability.

3. Ho: There is no significant difference in the effectiveness rate between the

Polycandle and commercially-produced Funeral candles.

Ha: There is a significant difference in the effectiveness rate between the

Polycandle and commercially-produced Funeral candles.
 7

Theoretical - Conceptual Framework

This part of the research paper provides the theoretical-conceptual framework of

the study, showing the relationship between variables that plays a significant role in the
study.

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework of Polycandle: Candles made of Polyethylene Plastic

and Paraffin Wax as an Alternative Funeral Candles
 8

Theoretical - Conceptual Background

The Flory-Huggins theory is a theoretical model that explains the thermodynamics
of mixing in polymer blends or solutions. Understanding how polymer chains behave when
dissolved in solvents or when various polymers are combined is made easier with the help
of this theory (Wolf, 2010). The Flory-Huggins theory is relevant in this study because it
provides insights into the thermodynamics of mixing polyethylene plastic (considered a
polymer in this context) with paraffin wax (considered a solvent or another polymer) to
create the candle material. Furthermore, it aids in determining the compatibility and
miscibility of polyethylene plastic and paraffin wax, anticipating how well these
components would mix at the molecular level and so influence the phase behavior of the
resulting blend. Understanding these interactions is critical for predicting the overall
features of the candle material, including its stability, appearance, and performance as a
candle in terms of flammability, specifically its length of light and luminous intensity, burn
rate, and tenacity. In conclusion, the Flory-Huggins theory is directly relevant to the study
since it gives a theoretical framework for understanding the thermodynamics of combining
polyethylene plastic and paraffin wax, which influences the phase behavior and features of
alternative funeral candles

In this study, the concept of making an effective candle using Polyethylene and
paraffin wax will be explored. Paraffin wax is widely used in making candles, however the
effect of Polyethylene plastic added in the candles is not common. Polyethylene and
paraffin wax will be used in making an alternative funeral candle, the Polycandle.
Polycandle will be observed for its effectivity rate according to its flammability,
specifically its length of light and luminous intensity, its burn rate, and its tenacity. The
commercially-produced funeral candles will also be observed for their flammability,
specifically their length of light and luminous intensity, their burn rate, and their tenacity.
The effectivity rates of two candles, the Polycandle and the commercially-produced
candles, will be statistically compared to ascertain whether there is a significant difference.
The output of the study would be the conclusion of this study and the recommendations
the researchers can give after finishing the study.
 9

Significance of the Study

The purpose of the study titled “Polycandle: Candle made of Polyethylene and
Paraffin Wax as an Alternative Funeral Candle” is to determine the effectivity rate of using
a type of plastic and wax in making an alternative funeral candle. The study would be
beneficial to the following:
Candle Manufacturers. This study will give life to a new way of making a more
sustainable candle, which can help the candle industry and its producers.
People. This study can provide a more effective and a more sustainable candle that
the people can use during ceremonies.
Environment. This study will help in reducing the plastic waste within the natural
resources.
Future researchers. The report includes information that will be gathered through
research and observations of the Polycandle, an alternative to traditional funeral candles
made of polyethylene and paraffin wax. As a result, future researchers who wish to carry
out this kind of study will profit from the specifics of this publication for their subsequent
research and data collection.
Government. The city's major sectors would profit from the study. The study is
beneficial to the government since it provides another solution that can help their policies
or other systems against plastic pollution.

Scope and Delimitations

The study is going to focus on making alternative funeral candles out of
polyethylene plastic and paraffin wax. The researchers will only assess the effectivity rate
with the parameters flammability, specifically the length of light and luminous intensity,
burn rate, and tenacity of the Polycandle. Commercially produced funeral candles will also
be assessed for its effectivity rate, with the parameters flammability, specifically the length
of light and luminous intensity, burn rate, and tenacity. The data will then be evaluated
statistically to determine if the effectivity rate of Polycandle is statistically significant
compared to the effectivity rate of commercially produced funeral candles.
 10

The study will limit to the use of polyethylene plastics and paraffin wax in making
alternative funeral candles and the assessment and comparison to commercially produced
funeral candles. The findings of this research will also limit to its flammability, length of
light, luminous intensity, burn rate, and tenacity. The researchers chose to assess its
effectivity rate rather than its aesthetic and physical characteristics in order to ascertain
how effectively the polycandle performs and functions. The researchers therefore intend to
evaluate the effectiveness rate of Polycandles and commercially produced funeral candles
in terms of their flammability, specifically length of light and luminous intensity, burn rate,
and tenacity. The researchers also intend to compare the effectiveness rates of the two to
determine if the effectivity rate of the two is the same or not.
 11

DEFINITION OF TERMS
In this portion, the researchers present the conceptual and operational definitions of
concepts that are essential to their research. These definitions act as a reference for the
particular terms of the paper, ensuring that the terminology is clear and easily understood
by the readers.
Operational Definition
Burn rate. In this study, it refers to how long can the candle last after producing a flame.
Flammability. In this study, it refers to the ability to produce a strong flame as a source of
light. It will be based on the length of the light and the luminous intensity.
Funeral Candles. In this study, it refers to the type of candle that has to be made.
Length of light. In this study, it refers to the height of the flame produced.
Luminous intensity. In this study, it refers to the amount of visible light emitted from the
light source.
Paraffin wax. In this study paraffin wax is one of the materials needed that will be used in
making the Polycandle.
Polyethylene. In this study, it refers to a type of plastic that will be used in making
Polycandle.
Tenacity. In this study, it refers to the ability of the candle to not be broken easily.
 12

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter provides an essential basis for the study; this part provides the existing
studies, literature, and laws that are related to and support the study. The objective is to
provide the readers with a thorough understanding of the conceptual context that is
connected to the researcher's goal through the assessment of relevant academic papers. This
is crucial to improving readers comprehension of the study.
Related Literature
In an article published by LinkedIn stated that the global funeral homes market was
worth more than $20 billion in 2019. The market is estimated to continue increasing at a
moderate rate of 3-4% each year until 2023. North America now has the largest regional
market due to reasons such as aging populations and cultural customs around burial rituals.
However, the Asia Pacific area is expected to experience the most rapid development in
demand. Moreover, funeral services are becoming increasingly customizable, with
alternatives for eco-friendly burials and individualized memorial rituals. Technological
improvements also enable funeral houses to better manage operations and provide online
tributes. The growing global old population, cultural preferences for formal send-offs, and
the unavoidable nature of death all contribute to the continued demand for funeral homes
throughout regions.
Candles have been used as a light source for over five millennia, and the ancient
Romans are frequently attributed with the invention of the dipped candle. The word
"candle" has its roots in the Latin term "candela," which signifies a torch. In their early
forms, candles were crafted from tallow wax, obtained from animal fats, and were
composed of a rolled papyrus sheet with a twine wick. The early Christian Church
acknowledged both the significance and aesthetic appeal of candles, and they integrated
them into their religious ceremonies (The Worthington Collection, 2021).
Johnson and Wijdicks (2018) highlighted that since its creation as a source of
burning wax around 3000 BC, the candle has developed into a symbol of light in the dark,
a remembrance, a prayer for the dead, and a celebration of significant religious holidays.
The candle is frequently used in vigils and encourages reflection and tribute during times
of loss. People frequently ephemerally light candles in front of the homes of recently
 13

deceased public figures or to remember fatalities brought on by terrorism or natural

disasters.
Candle wax composition has evolved over centuries, with contemporary candles
often using blends of materials for durability and higher melting points. In the United
States, standard commercial candles typically consist of 60% paraffin, 35% stearic acid,
and 5% beeswax, sometimes with small amounts of candelilla or carnauba waxes for
melting point adjustment. Beeswax candles include pure insect wax and paraffin, along
with some stiffening wax. Wicks are made of high-grade cotton or linen, often woven to
ensure consistent, intense burning. Decorative candles may use different waxes, such as
bayberry wax for its aroma. Non-burning wax is utilized in decorative candle parts that
aren't meant to burn (How Products Are Made, 2023).
Funeral candle wax possesses its own symbolic significance. The symbolism of the
immaculate wax pertains to the representation of Christ's unblemished physical form, while
the enclosed wick signifies his soul, and the radiant flame embodies the amalgamation of
the Divine Nature and the human essence inside a singular Divine Being. The use of a
memorial candle presents a commendable approach to commemorate the existence of a
deceased individual, while concurrently providing solace and contentment to their family
and close acquaintances (Sara, 2023).
A funeral candle is lit as a memorial to a life that has passed away. The burning
flame represents reflection and remembrance and stands in for the enduring memories.
Light has long been associated with purity throughout history, even in the early years of
Christianity. Darkness is banished, life is sustained, and everything it touches is
illuminated. The life of a loved one who has passed away can be honored with a memorial
candle or funeral candle. Additionally, it provides consolation and comfort to the grieving
family by enabling them to keep up the daily candle-lighting ritual of remembrance, which
lessens the pain of their loss (Marsden-Ille, 2023).
In addition, Micheal (2018) stated that funeral candles often use fire as a symbol
of commemoration and life. Ancient cultures used fires to keep away evil spirits, while
early stories introduced the idea of candles as emblems of purity and heaven. Flames
 14

symbolize life and hope, and funeral candles are lit on gravestones to pay tribute.
Ceremonial use of fire is found in many religions.
Furthermore, according to Lorenciana (2014), cemeteries are evolving not just as
burial grounds but also as thriving hubs for small-scale vendors. The observance of All
Saints' Day and All Souls' Day transforms cemeteries into both a celebration and an
economic opportunity for traders, notably candle makers like Cepin Rama. Rama's family,
residing near Calamba cemetery in Cebu City, has been engaged in year-round candle
making, capitalizing on the heightened demand during holy days. The profitability of the
candle business, attributed to the consumable nature of candles during these occasions,
surpasses that of other small enterprises, as noted by vendors from Cebu. Beyond candle
trading, entrepreneurial activities flourish around cemeteries, with individuals seizing busy
periods to earn extra income. Some gather melted wax, selling it to candle makers at
discounted rates, emphasizing the innovative business opportunities that arise during these
times. The days leading up to and during the holy observances become opportunities for
enterprising individuals to offer painting and cleaning services at burial grounds,
showcasing a dynamic adaptation to the bustling cemetery setting. Overall, this study
underscores the resilient and entrepreneurial spirit of local communities in intertwining
cultural practices with economic endeavors.
Funeral ceremonies have been a part of Filipino culture tradition. In every funeral
ceremony the lighting of candles is very important for it symbolizes the life of the person
who passed away. It also gives reassurance and comfort to the grieving family that the
candles are guiding the souls their way towards heaven. In addition to that the making of
funeral candles or candles in general can provide a profitable source of income to people.
Furthermore, the increase in demand for candles has been observed due to the growth of
its market.

Polyethylene plastic

Common plastics like polyethylene are widely used in all of their different forms.
Common products that use it include plastic bags, food and drink containers, as well as
knee joints in the medical field. Ethylene is used in the production of polyethylene; it is
 15

produced as a byproduct from the processing of crude oil or natural gas. A suitable catalyst,
such as metallocene or catalysts of the Ziegler-Natta type, must be present to convert
ethylene into polyethylene (Team Xometry, 2022).

The article by Polykemi (2018) stated that plastic is a universal material in our daily
lives, is highly versatile and easily adaptable to various applications. Comprising
polymers—long chains of chemical compounds—and monomers, plastic raw materials
undergo modifications to enhance their properties. Through processes like dyeing,
reinforcement with materials like glass fiber, or the addition of plasticizers, plastics can
exhibit diverse characteristics. Furthermore, additives allow for further customization, such
as increasing resistance to heat, UV rays, or water absorption. Mixing different plastics is
also common, maximizing the advantageous traits of each material.

Polyethylene is widely utilized as a cost-effective plastic material in various

applications. Polyethylene (PE) has favorable processability, allowing for facile
transformation into a wide range of shapes and configurations. Polyethylene (PE) exhibits
a notable capacity for facile modification throughout the processing stage, resulting in the
formation of longer polymer chains, increased density, and enhanced crystallinity. These
characteristics enable PE-based products to possess customized features that are well-
suited for a diverse range of applications (Ronca, 2017).

Polyethylene has a lot of excellent mechanical properties, processing properties and

chemical stability that it has become the most important polyolefin plastic. It is used in
various things like production of film, packaging and pipe. However, it does have its
limited application in certain fields like the non-polar property and low rigidity. The most
recent developments in polyethylene's chemical and physical modification are examined.
The former includes plasma modification, crosslinking modification, chlorosulfonation
modification, copolymerization modification, and graft modification. There are several
ways to produce polyethylene, including high-, medium-, and low-pressure polyethylene.
Each of the three approaches had advantages and drawbacks that coexisted in the field
(Zhong et al., 2018).
 16

Gajendiran, Krishnamoorthy, and Abraham (2016) stated that over the past ten
years, polyethylene materials have become widely used and indispensable in a variety of
agricultural purposes. They are appropriate for a variety of applications and have a number
of advantages over other materials, including versatility, lightweight, low cost, strength,
and the potential for transparency. Although plastic materials have some drawbacks, their
resistance to degradation and long-term survival in the environment are the most significant
ones.

Correspondingly, Gajendiran, Krishnamoorthy, and Abraham, Kumar et al. (2007)

stated, the annual global production of plastic garbage is estimated to be around 57 million
tons. One of the most prevalent synthetic polymers created for commerce is polyethylene.
60% of all plastics produced, including plastic bags and the majority of solid garbage, are
made of LDPE.

Plastic recycling is an environmentally friendly method that eases the demand for
fresh plastic materials in product manufacturing. This practice preserves resources and
transforms plastic waste into products that appear and perform like new. Furthermore,
recycling plastic offers an eco-conscious solution, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
lowering the risk of water and soil pollution from plastic waste. Manufacturers employ
recycled plastic to create a wide array of appealing and practical items, spanning from
clothing and beverage containers to accessories for vehicles. Ultimately, recycling plays a
pivotal role in preventing the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills, benefiting both the
environment and society (PSADMIN, 2022).

Section 2 of Republic Act No. 9003, declared the policy of the State to adopt a
systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall
Institutionalize the extended producer responsibility mechanism as a practical approach to
efficient waste management, focusing on waste reduction, recovery and recycling, and the
development of environment-friendly products that advocate the internationally accepted
principles on sustainable consumption and production, circular economy, and producers'
full responsibility throughout the life cycle of their product.
 17

Plastic has resulted in lots of environmental problems. Polyethylene plastic is a type

of plastic that is most used today. It is a plastic that you can see every day and everywhere.
Polyethylene plastic can easily be modified physically, allowing it to be presented in a wide
range of shapes and forms.

Paraffin wax

Paraffin wax, a soft and colorless substance made of saturated hydrocarbons, has
diverse applications. It is commonly used in spa treatments for skin softening, particularly
on the hands, cuticles, and feet. Additionally, it can offer relief for sore muscles and joints.
Beyond skincare, paraffin wax is utilized as a lubricant, electrical insulator, and is a
fundamental component in the production of candles and crayons (Gillespie, 2018).

Orlando Fewell (2022) asserts that paraffin wax candles are among the most widely
used candles nowadays. Paraffin wax candles are secure, they create a lovely flame, and
the paraffin wax is explosive enough to burn for many hours. When it comes to advantages,
paraffin wax candles are difficult to top. Paraffin wax may be used alone as a candle fuel
or paraffin wax candles can be manufactured utilizing wicks and various fragrances and
colors. Negative ions, which are produced by paraffin wax candles and may even be healthy
for you, clean the air. Paraffin wax candles made with wicks burn more brilliantly and for
a longer period of time than the majority of other candle fuels. They are sufficiently
combustible to burn for several hours without needing to be relit or put out, unlike certain
votive candles.
Paraffin wax is a byproduct of the processing of crude oil. It is a white, odorless
substance that typically comes in slabs of 10 pounds to make handling easier. Paraffin wax
is the most popular type of candle wax currently available. There are many resources for
learning how to make paraffin-based candles. Since the vast majority of fragrances and
colorants for candles were developed especially for paraffin, they perform with a very high
degree of consistency. Paraffin wax emits odors and colors that are bold. Paraffin candles
do not frost, in contrast to candles made of natural wax. Paraffin wax is a pleasure to work
with because of its dependability, appealing appearance, and consistency (Candle science,
2023).
 18

Republic Act No. 9711, the "Food and Drug Administration (FDA)," details the
safety precautions to be observed when burning candles in order to safeguard public health
and the environment. The law upholds the safety of the wicks, wax, scents, and colors used
in candles while also eventually obtaining a license for all candle manufacturers.
Furthermore, beeswax, palm, other vegetable waxes, and paraffin are thought to be safe
candle materials.

This particular type of wax holds the distinction of being the most extensively
employed substance in candle production, and it currently dominates the market.
Characterized by its colorless and odorless properties, this wax variety finds widespread
application not only in the candle industry but also in various other sectors. Beyond candle-
making, it has gained significant traction in industries like skincare. Its versatility and
absence of color or scent make it a popular choice for an array of applications, contributing
to its prevalence in the market today.

Review of Related Studies

This review of related studies serves as a critical exploration of the existing studies
related to this study. This review endeavors to weave together the threads of knowledge
that will shape the understanding to this study. Furthermore, this review acknowledges the
nature of knowledge creation.
According to Ademoluyi et al. (2013), waste sachets with a yield of above 75%, a
good melting point, and a penetration degree that satisfies industry standards are converted
into high-quality polyethylene wax (paraffin and microcrystalline wax) by pyrolyzing
them. Although polyethylene is a macromolecular hydrocarbon that may be processed into
valuable products like oil and waxes, its -CH2-based molecular chain results in
exceptionally high freezing points for the resulting diesel and extremely low research
octane numbers for gasoline, approaching 88. Thus, turning polyethylene into oil is not a
practical method. However, according to Jixing et al. (2003), it is a profitable method of
turning waste polyethylene into polyethylene wax. In essence, paraffinic and
microcrystalline waxes are petroleum-derived waxes. The production of rust inhibitors,
crayons, rubber antioxidants, electrical insulators, paper coatings, printing inks, textile
 19

finishes, and leather dressings are other common uses for waxes. Etc. (Owolabi and Amosa,
2010), and the kind of application needed dictates the choice and manufacturing of wax.

In addition, AlMaadeed et al. (2012) specified that the structure and degree of
branching of the polymer affect the characteristics of polymer-additive blends, while
Molefi et al. (2010) found that adding paraffin wax to polyethylene has a significant impact
on crystallinity. The authors discussed how the wax changed the crystallization behavior
of PE in terms of crystallinity and morphology without discussing how structure and
branching affected the new material's properties. They also explained the wax's plasticizing
effect on the PE matrix. All of the mixes' mechanical performance and thermal stability are
decreased by the addition of wax to the polymer matrix. Because LDPE has a random
distribution of branching density and a very long chain branching structure, the polymer
experiences less phase separation when combined with the waste wax. As wax
concentration is increased, the tensile strength of the various blends typically declines. Due
to their uneven branching densities, which enable a localized interaction with the wax
structure, LLDPE and HDPE display greater amounts of plasticization when combined
with the wax (at concentrations of 30% and 40%). These results are crucial for
comprehending the variables affecting the thermal stability, mechanical integrity, and
general effectiveness of polyethylene wax blends in a variety of applications.
Pyrolysis provides useful products that are rich in hydrocarbons (liquid and wax—
mostly made of alkanes and alkenes), as mentioned by Beghetto et al. (2021), and
according to Czajczynska et al. (2017), it is interesting for waste management and
treatment activities. Additionally, it may be used to reprocess polymers such as
combinations of polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP), which are difficult to recycle or
even non-recyclable. As a result, various waxes that can be blended with bituminous
binders are available, including those made from used plastic bags, PEX waste, HDPE, or
low-density polyethylene (LDPE), as well as Fischer-Tropsch wax (FTW) (currently with
some restrictions as this process is primarily carried out using coal). In order to prevent the
filters from clogging, several writers also emphasized the necessity of lowering the
proportion of waxes in biodiesel. Therefore, its availability may increase as a result of its
removal.
 20

“Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.” Recycling is the process of

treating waste or used materials to make them suitable for other uses and beneficial uses.
It also includes any process that turns solid waste materials into new products that can be
used as raw materials to produce other goods or services. However, under this Act,
recycling is defined as the collection, segregation, and reuse of packaging material that has
been used previously.
Plastic has been used for packaging and many others, after use some are hard to be
recycled. However, the studies above showed how Polyethylene can be used in making
other products. Polyethylene bathroom tiles are made, processing plastic also very helpful
to the industry.
Paraffin wax as a raw material
The study conducted by Sanchez et. al. (2010) Tiny capsules made of polystyrene
containing paraffin wax were produced using a specific method. These capsules were
designed to be used in textiles to make them more comfortable in terms of temperature.
The study looked at different materials to coat the capsules onto the fabric and how much
of these capsules should be used. They managed to add these capsules to the fabric without
changing how the fabric feels. Out of the various combinations they tested, the fabric
coated with 35% capsules compared to the coating material was found to store heat well,
was durable, and still worked after being washed, rubbed, and ironed. This study above
shows that the paraffin wax has been used in many industries and shows great results.
Comparative studies
Dean conducted a study that tested salt and vegetable oil as a candle-making
ingredient. The following items were used: 500 ml of used cooking oil, 100 g of salt, 1 kg
of paraffin wax, strings cut into 2.5-inch lengths that serve as wicks, a Bunsen burner, a
beaker, a stirring rod, and a mold. The experiment was run by the researcher. It was
determined that adding salt and vegetable oil to alternative candle production has little to
no significant impact on the outcomes of applying the samples to the candles. Vegetable
oil and salt didn't do anything but make the samples moister, which makes the wax less
effective.
 21

Furthermore, in order to combat the harmful effects of plastics, which frequently

result in flooding and to offer illumination in the event of a brownout or a blackout, Cayago,
Uyanguren, and Engoc (2016) conducted a study. To further strengthen the candles and
offer a long-term pollution solution, the researchers combined waste plastics, more
especially low-density polyethylene waste plastics, with the candles. Small bits of low-
density polyethylene were cut out of it. In a beaker with boiling water, place the paraffin
wax. They added the small-pieced waste plastics after the paraffin wax had melted in the
beaker. They put the melted wax and used plastic garbage into a container with the candle
wick and let it dry. According to the researcher's investigation of the final product, waste
plastics can actually be included while producing candles, which revealed that the plastics
melt when combined with wax. Furthermore, when comparing the product to the
commercial product, the T-test was utilized, which demonstrated that there was a
significant difference between the experimental candle and the commercial candle. The
experiment candle developed by the researchers is therefore able to last longer than a
standard candle.

Ezeugo, Onukwuli, & Ubaezuonu (2018) conducted a study that recycled non-
biodegradable wastes like wasted polyethylene are turned into super wax, which is then
utilized to make biodegradable products like candles. The simple unifactor approach was
applied to eight distinct formulations of stearic acid (SA) and polyethylene to achieve this.
(PE). The efficiency of the candle was enhanced by the dual function of the SA blend which
acted as solvent dissolving the wax and additive promoting the hardness of the wax samples
showed loss in height and in weight respectively. The candles produced were analyzed
using a standard method. The several types of candles that were made had solidification
times of (30–40 min) at temperatures between (30–400C) and (150–2000C), melting times
of (PE) of (1-4 min), and SA of (3-5 min). The differences in the investigated parameters
are comparable to the various candle wax production formulas.
The mentioned studies above show that studies about candles have been made in
the past. Additives that were hoped to show an effect on the effectiveness of the candle
have also been studied. However, only a few to none did research on making candles from
 22

polyethylene and paraffin wax. Research has been conducted, but only focused on the
burning rate; the study failed to determine flammability and tenacity.
A study conducted by Hossain et. al. (2010) where they did a comparative pathway
analysis of paraffin wax and beeswax. The scientific analysis between the two was carried
out with structure, manufacturing, and processing as bases. The sustainability was
evaluated using the proposed sustainability model by Khan. Meanwhile, the strength
(durability) of the waxes was obtained or investigated using a compressive testing machine.
Another study conducted by Muhammad et. al. (2022) where they made an
aromatherapy candle with natural ingredients from essential oils and soybean oil. The said
study investigated the preference for the smell of candles before and after burning, burn
time, overall appearance of the candle, visual test color preferences and therapeutic effect.
Aside from the burn rate, the data of the other parameters were obtained by opting the use
of respondents. As for the burn rate the test was done by observing the length of time
burning on the sample candles when they are initially burned out until they extinguished.
It was also highlighted that the difference of the burn time could be caused by the difference
in the wicks, therefore the longer the wick the burning time will be faster.
Sunderland et. al. (2011) conducted a study focusing on the analysis and
measurement of candle flame shapes. In this study the measurements were made of laminar
steady flames from photographs of straight wick candles. When the candle flame was
steady the researchers started recording by taking a high-resolution photograph. The study
used a conversion factor of 1 mm per 34 pixels. It was highlighted that the photographic
measurement technique has several benefits. It was also stated that the use of ruler in
measuring the width and height of a flame will be difficult as it may affect the gas flow or
introduce cooling effects. On the other hand, Furlong et. al. (2023) investigated the impact
of candle wicks and fuels on the burning rate, flame shape, and melt pool diameter. In this
study a total of 60 candles with different wicks. The candles were burned in a polycarbonate
chamber with an open bottom. A ruler was place vertically in the box for periodic
calibration and to convert videos from pixel to standard dimension. In this study it also
recorded the flames with a resolution of 1440 x 1440 using a low-exposure camera setting
with focus on the flame. The video was then processed using MATLAB R2020b. It was
 23

also stated by the researchers that they measured the flames by taking pixel counts for the
frame of each flame, and comparing it to videos taken under high-light settings where there
was a ruler next to the candles for real dimension conversions. They manually measured
the distance between points on the ruler in video frames and used the conversion to get real
dimensions.

The studies above are related to the present study as it provides support to the tools
and way of measuring that the researchers used in measurement of the parameters.
Moreover, according to Republic Act No. 1606, "An Act to Promote Scientific,
Engineering and Technological Research, Invention and Development," all aspiring,
recognized, and authorized scientists or researchers can acquire any necessary scientific,
engineering, or technical equipment and supplies they may require for conducting their
research or for additional research aids. In particular, the law makes it possible to conduct
the experiment, which involves creating a different type of funeral using LDPE plastic
waste in combination with paraffin wax to stabilize the mixture, with access to the
necessary resources and guidance.
 24

Materials and Methods

This chapter tackles the procedure involved in the study titled, "Polycandle:
Candles Made of Polyethylene Plastics and Paraffin Wax as an Alternative Funeral
Candle”. This section tackles the steps in producing an alternative funeral candle made of
polyethylene plastic and paraffin wax as well as its research method, materials, apparatus,
evaluation of product, and statistical treatment.
Research Method
The researchers used an experimental research design. The researchers conducted
tests and observations under controlled conditions on both the Polycandle and
commercially available funeral candles. Data was collected to evaluate the difference
between the Polycandle and the commercially produced funeral candle, as well as to assess
the effectivity rate of the Polycandle and measure its flammability, specifically length of
light and luminous intensity, burn rate, and tenacity.

Materials
The materials needed in producing the alternative candles was polyethylene
plastic, paraffin wax, and wicks only. The commercially-produced candles were
purchased on a candle store. The supplies needed are shown in table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Materials Used in Preparations of the Study
Materials Quantity
Commercially-produced funeral candles 9 Pieces
Polyethylene plastic 2 Kg
Paraffin Wax 2 Kg
Wick 12 Pieces

Apparatus
The equipment that was used in making the products needed for this study is
scissors, weighing scale, stove, non-stick pot, and molding jar. Table 1.2 shows the
equipment used in making the candle.
 25

Table 1.2 Apparatus Used in Preparation of the Study

Apparatus Quantity
Weighing Scale 1 Piece
Stove 1 Piece
Non-stick Pot 1 Piece
Molding Jar 12 Pieces
Scissors 1 Piece

Procedure
Gathering of Materials and Apparatuses
The researchers purchased the paraffin wax, wicks, commercially-produced funeral
candles, and molding jars. The other materials and apparatuses like the polyethylene
plastics, weighing scale, stove, non-stick pan was provided by the researchers. For the
shredding of plastics, the researchers used scissors to manually cut the plastic into small
pieces.
Preparations of Materials and Apparatuses
Commercially-produced candles was prepared for melting. Meanwhile, the paraffin
waxes were cut into little pieces to make melting easier. The plastic, molding jars, and non-
stick pan was cleaned thoroughly to make sure that mixing of unwanted organisms or
chemicals will be avoided. After cleaning, the plastic, molding jars and non-stock pan was
dried. When the plastic was already dry the researchers manually cut the plastics into small
pieces using scissors.
Candle Making
The commercially-produced candles were melted in a pot with the help of a stove
on low heat. After melting, it was molded into a molding jar with wick inside. Then the
researchers left the candles for it to solidify.

Two kilograms paraffin wax that was cut into little pieces was placed in a non-stick
pot that was cleaned and dried. A stove was used to heat the pot on low heat until the wax
melts. Once the wax was completely melted two kilograms of polyethylene plastics were
mixed together. Once the mixture of paraffin wax and polyethylene plastic was complete
 26

the mixture was place in a molding jar with a wick inside. The Polycandle and the
commercially-produced funeral candles were both prepared with a diameter of 57mm and
a height of 60mm. The candles were then placed in a place for it to solidify.

When solidified, the candle made of polyethylene plastic and paraffin wax was
observed together with the commercially produced candle for comparison.

Figure 1.2 Flowchart of the Procedure of the Study

Gathering of Materials and Preparations of Materials and

Apparatuses Apparatuses

Molding of Commercially- Melting of Commercially-

produced Candles produced Candles

Melting of Paraffin wax and Molding of Paraffin wax and

Polyethylene Plastics Polyethylene Plastic

Evaluation of the Products

Evaluation of the Product

The researchers utilized a ratio scale to measure the actual amount of the product
attributes during the testing of the effectiveness of the alternative funeral candle, while also
using scientific instruments and equipment to measure the parameters – flammability,
length of flame, luminous intensity, burn rate, and durability of the alternative funeral
candle and commercially-produced candles to avoid bias and to compare the differences
between the two.
 27

I. Flammability
For flammability, there is two parameters under flammability which are length of
flame and luminous intensity. For the length of flame, the researchers trimmed the wick
of the candle to 15 mm for an even and controlled burn. The length of the flames was
measured using a photography. In recording iPhone 11 Pro Max was used with 4,000
x 30 frames per second.
For the luminous intensity, the method presented by Sir Joseph Cariño, a General
Chemistry II adviser at Southwestern University PHINMA SHS Department was used.
An illustration board formed into a box and a cellphone was employed to record the
luminous intensity. The researchers set up the testing environment in a darkened room
to minimize external light interference, the candle was placed on the center of the box,
the cellphone was turned on and the camera was opened. Using a rating scale, the
researchers determined the intensity of the light immitted by the candle.
Figure 1.3 The rating scale used to evaluate the luminous intensity of the candles
1 2 3 4
(Very Dark) (Slightly Dark) (Slightly (Very Bright)
Bright)
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3

II. Burn Rate

For the second parameter, burn rate, researchers used a timer to measure to measure
the time it took from the initial lighting of the candle until it extinguished.
III. Durability
The third parameter, durability, was assessed using a Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) at Cebu Institute of Technology – University Civil Engineering Laboratory to
evaluate the structural integrity of the alternative candle. The researchers used the UTM
to determine the durability of the candle and how much load in kilonewton (kN) can it
handle until it breaks. The candle was placed at the plate at the bottom of the UTM.
 28

UTM was turned on and slowly pressed the candle adding force to it until the candle
breaks.
All candle testing was repeated three time to ensure precision of the data. The
arithmetic mean of each parameter was obtained for data analysis.
Statistical Treatment
In order to analyze and determine the data gathered in this study, the researchers
used a relevant statistical method. In analyzing the effectivity rate of Polycandle and the
effectivity rate of commercially-produced funeral candles Arithmetic Means was used.
Arithmetic Mean =Σ𝑥/𝑁
where,
𝜮𝒙 is the sum of the data
N total number of cases.
In determining the significant difference between the effectivity rate of Polycandle
and commercially-produced funeral candles, the data collected was analyzed using
Independent T-Test. The researchers used IMB SPSS statistics and a 5% level of
significance to determine the significance of the data collected. A thorough interpretation
of the data happened to ensure reliable and true results.
 29

CHAPTER 2

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter shows the results obtained by the researchers while conducting the
study that answers the questions found in Chapter 1. The results are presented in textual,
tabular, and graphical form.

Effectiveness rate of Polycandle

Table 2.1 Data collected from the testing for the effectiveness of polycandle

Parameters Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Arithmetic

Mean
FLAMMABILITY
Length of Flame 9.94 mm 11.82 mm 8.32 mm 10.0267 mm

Luminous Intensity 2 3 2 2.3333

BURN RATE 255 mins 250 mins 284 mins 263 mins

DURABILITY 4.400 kN 6.600 kN 4.050 kN 5.0167 kN

Table 2.1 displays the data gathered from testing criteria such flammability, burn
rate, and durability throughout three trials, along with the corresponding arithmetic means
derived. In Trial 1, 11.82 mm in Trial 2, and 8.32 mm in Trial 3, the length of the flame
during the flammability test was measured. The mathematical average is 10.0267 mm.
Trials 1 through 3 recorded 2, 3, and 2 for luminous intensity, respectively. As a result,
2.3333 was the arithmetic mean. The burn rate was measured in trials 1 through 3 (255
minutes, 250 minutes, and 284 minutes, respectively), with an arithmetic mean of 263
minutes. An arithmetic mean of 5.0167 kN was obtained for the durability after 4.400 kN,
6.600 kN, and 4.050 kN were collected for trials 1, 2, and 3.
 30

Based on the analysis of these data, it has been concluded that the Polycandle is
effective in terms of flammability, including flame length and intensity, burn rate, and
durability. These findings provide more proof and validation for the findings in Diosa et .
al. (2022), who claim that utilizing plastic waste in manufacturing enables the creation of
goods with significant added value and offers a sustainable substitute for the ultimate
disposal of plastic trash.

Effectiveness rate of Commercially-produced Funeral Candle

Table 2.2 Data collected from the testing for the effectiveness of commercially-produced
funeral candles

Parameters Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Arithmetic

Mean
FLAMMABILITY
Length of Flame 19.47 mm 15.88 mm 12.88 mm 16.0767 mm

Luminous Intensity 3 4 4 3.6667

BURN RATE 230 mins 240 mins 260 mins 243.3333 mins

DURABILITY 2.550 kN 2.250 kN 2.400 kN 2.4000 kN

Table 2.2 displays the data gathered from testing parameters like flammability,
burn rate, and durability across three trials, along with the corresponding arithmetic means
calculated. An arithmetic mean of 16.0767 mm was obtained from the flammability trials
1 and 2, where the length of flame measured was 19.47 mm, 15.88 mm, and 12.88 mm,
respectively. Next came luminous intensity, which produced an arithmetic mean of 3.6667
along with trial 1's score of 3. trial 2's score of 4. trial 3's score of 4. With an arithmetic
mean of 243, the burn rate was measured in 230 minutes for trial 1, 240 minutes for trial
2, and 260 minutes for trial 3. 33363. An arithmetic mean of 2.4000 kN was obtained by
using the durability recorder, which recorded 2.550 kN for trial 1, 2.250 kN for trial 2, and
2.400 kN for trial 3.
 31

The efficiency of the commercially-produced funeral candle is seen in this data. It

demonstrates that a funeral candle have good flammability, particularly in terms of flame
length, brightness, burn rate, and longevity. The Balog et al. investigation supports this. al.
(2017), according to which a candle should have a decent flame length, luminous intensity,
and a host of other qualities.
Significant Difference in the Effectiveness Rate Between the Polycandle and
Commercially-produced Funeral candles

Table 2.3 Significant Difference between Polycandle and Commercially-produced funeral

candle.

Parameters Polycandle Commercially- T- One-sided Two-sided Interpretation

produced Value Significant Significant
Funeral P-value P-value
Candle (a = 0.05) (a = 0.05)
FLAMMABILITY
Length of Flame 10.0267 16.0767 mm -2.805 0.024 0.049 Reject Ho
mm

Luminous Intensity 2.3333 3.6667 -2.828 0.024 0.047 Reject Ho

BURN RATE 263 mins 243.3333 mins 1.426 0.113 0.227 Accept Ho

DURABILITY 5.0167 kN 2.4000 kN 3.260 0.016 0.031 Reject Ho

Table 2.3 displays the results of the comparative study of the three parameters—
flammability, burn rate, and durability—between the commercially produced funeral
candles and Polycandles, along with the corresponding significant value and arithmetic
mean. Regarding the Polycandle, its flammability is measured by the length of the flame
(10.0267 mm), luminous intensity is measured at 2.3333 mm, burn rate is measured at 263
minutes, and durability is measured at 5.0167 kN. In terms of flammability, a
professionally-produced funeral candle has a flame length of 16.0767 mm, a luminous
intensity of 3.6667 mm, a burn rate of 243.3333 minutes, and a durability of 2.4000 kN.
 32

The length of flame under the flammability of the polycandle and commercially
produced funeral candle has a p-value of 0.024 (one-tailed) and 0.049 (two-tailed) with an
alpha (a) value of 0.05. On the other hand, the luminous intensity is 0.024 (one-tailed) and
0.047 (two-tailed). The burn rate has one-tailed values of 0.113 and two-tailed values of
0.227, while the durability values are 0.016 and 0.031, respectively.
According to the data, the alternative hypothesis is true for both durability and
flammability, which includes flame length and intensity, and the null hypothesis is rejected
when the p-value is less than 0.05. However, for the burn rate, the alternative hypothesis is
rejected because the p-value is greater than 0.05, supporting the null hypothesis. Overall,
it has been determined that there is a significant difference between Polycandle and the
commercially-produced candle. The research conducted by Klovas et al. (2015) claims
that using plastic shavings as a supplementary raw material will allow for the modification
of certain concrete qualities as well as a decrease in the quantity of plastic waste generated.
 33

CHAPTER 3

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

The arithmetic mean was computed after three repetitions of measurements of

Polycandle's effectiveness, including flammability, burn rate, and durability. An arithmetic
mean of 10.0267 mm is found for the length of the flame under flammability. An arithmetic
mean of 2.3333 is found for luminous intensity. An arithmetic mean of 263 minutes is
found for the burn rate. A 5.0167 kN arithmetic mean was obtained for the durability. In
terms of the three parameters—flammability, flame duration and intensity, burn rate, and
durability—this indicates that the Polycandle actually demonstrates effectiveness.
The performance of commercially-produced funeral candles is determined by
measuring the data gathered from testing them to assess their effectiveness in terms of three
parameters, such as flammability, burning rate, and durability, in three trials and their
corresponding arithmetic averages. The entire arithmetic mean for flammability is 16.0767
mm. Conversely, the arithmetic mean of luminous intensity is 3.6667 overall. The
arithmetic mean of the burn rate is 243. 33363. The arithmetic mean of the durability was
2.4000 kN. These found that commercially produced candles demonstrated effectiveness
in terms of the three factors, such as flammability, burning rate, and durability, based on
the overall arithmetic mean of the three parameters.
The information gathered from comparing the performance of commercially-
produced funeral candles and Polycandles was tested for three parameters: durability, burn
rate, and flammability, each with an associated significant value and arithmetic mean.
Regarding flammability, the Polycandle demonstrated a shorter flame length and luminous
intensity compared to commercially-produced funeral candles. In terms of burn rate, the
Polycandle burned longer than the commercially-produced funeral candles. Comparably,
the Polycandle held up better under strain in terms of durability than commercially-
produced funeral candles. These results corroborate those of a prior study conducted by
Klovas et al. (2015), which proposed that concrete characteristics might be altered and
plastic waste could be decreased by using plastic shavings as a secondary raw material. In
summary, the flammability of the Polycandle is not as good as that of commercially-
 34

produced funeral candles; however, it performs better in terms of durability and burn rate.
Overall, there is a significant difference between Polycandle and the commercially-
produced candle.
 35

Conclusion

This study started due to a very well-known issue, the increasing number of plastics
in the environment. Thus, the researchers found interest in adding plastic as a raw material
to a funeral candle, which holds a part in Filipino culture. With that the researchers aimed
to provide a candle that can be far more effective, affordable, and long-lasting than the
commercially-produced funeral candles.

Using the data gathered it has been found that the utilization of polyethylene plastic
and paraffin wax makes a functional candle. The Polycandle showed effectiveness in terms
of flammability, specifically the length of flame and luminous intensity, burn rate and
durability.

Meanwhile, the commercially-produced candles also showed effectiveness in terms

of flammability, specifically the length of flame and luminous intensity, burn rate and
durability. Reaffirming its suitability as the standard for this research.

The commercially-produced funeral candle demonstrated noteworthy results in

terms of flammability, notably flame height and luminous intensity, according to a
comparison of the data collected. The polycandle produced a longer burn period and a
heavier load that it could handle for durability in terms of burn rate and durability. There
is a noticeable difference between the polycandle and the commercially-produced funeral
candles, according to a comparison of their means. Use commercially-produced funeral
candles if you're looking for one with a lengthy and bright flame. However, Polycandle can
be utilized to create funeral candles that are more durable and long-lasting. To sum up, the
polycandle is flammable, but not as much as the typical commercially made candles.
However, when compared to funeral candles made commercially, the burn rate is
encouraging.
 36

Recommendations

The list that follows is a compilation of recommendations derived from the

conclusions reached.

• This study showed that the Polycandle exhibit a good effectiveness rate making
them a good business product for candle manufacturers. Candle manufacturers
should integrate polyethylene plastic into their candles to meet consumer demand
for a more sustainable candle. This can be crucial to the candle industry.

• The Polycandle exhibits an excellent performance in terms of burn rate and

durability. It is recommended to people to use it when they perform ceremonies,
especially ceremonies that would require a longer time duration.

• It is recommended that the findings of this study be included in government policies

and initiatives aimed at combating plastic pollution since the usage of polycandles
offers another practical option to reduce plastic waste. By fostering the use of
polycandles, governments can promote eco-friendly practices and contribute to the
preservation of natural resources. The study is a helpful resource for decision-
makers searching for sustainable solutions because of its emphasis on reducing
plastic waste, which also aligns with bigger environmental preservation objectives.

• This research plays a significant role to the embarkation of utilizing plastic as raw
materials to candles. The researchers recommend that future researchers would use
another type of plastic when doing the research. It is also recommended to use lux
meter in the next studies to obtain more reliable results in luminous intensity. It is
also recommended by the researchers to conduct a deep or detailed analysis of the
Polycandles effect on the environment and to the health of the consumers.
 37

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 44

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Statistical Treatment

 45

Appendix B:Research Local Map

The making of the research paper

The making and testing of the candles

 46

Appendix C: Research Tool

Tool for burning rate Tool for durability

Tool for luminous Tool for length of

intensity flame
 47

Rate Scale for luminous intensity

 48

Appendix D:656 Consent Letter

49
50
 51

Appendix E: Documentation

Collecting of Polyethylene Plastics Cleaning of Polyethylene Plastics.

Drying of Polyethylene Plastics Shredding of Polyethylene Plastics

 52

Weighing the Polyethylene Plastics Weighing the Paraffin Wax

Melting the Paraffin wax together with the Polyethylene Plastic 6

Transferring the Polycandle to the Glass Final Product

 53

Testing of length of flame of Polycandle Length of Flame (commercially

produced)

Testing of Luminous Intensity of Polycandle

Testing Luminous Intensity of Commercially - Produced Funeral Candle

 54

Testing the Burn rate of Polycandle Testing the Burn rate of Commercially

Produced Funeral Candle

Testing the Durability of Polycandle

Testing the Durability of Commercially-Produced Funeral Candle