EUROPEANHI

STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
PEACETREATI
ESSI
GNEDWI
THDEFEATEDPOWERS
Count
ry Tr
eat
y

Ger
many Tr
eat
yofVer
sai
l
les

Aust
ri
a Tr
eat
yofStGer
mai
n

Hungar
y Tr
eat
yofTr
ianon

Bul
gar
ia Tr
eat
yofNeui
l
ly

Tur
key Tr
eat
yofSev
res

Tr
eat
yofLausanne

Ger
manyagr
eedt
opeacebasedonWoodr
owWi
l
son’
sfour
teenpoi
nts.

Woodr
owWi
l
son’
sFour
teenPoi
nts
­ Anendt
osecr
etdi
plomacyi
.e.nosecr
ett
reat
ies.

­ Fr
eedom ofnav
igat
ionont
heseas.
¬

­ Fr
eet
radebet
weencount
ri
es.

­ Di
sar
mament
s(r
educi
ngar
mament
stot
hel
evel
ofdef
enceonl
y).

­ Col
oni
est
ohav
easayi
nthei
rownf
utur
e.

­ Ger
manyt
roopst
oleav
eRussi
a.

­ I
ndependencef
orBel
gium.

­ Ret
urnofAl
saceandLor
rai
net
oFr
ance.

­ I
tal
ytor
ecei
veherpr
operf
ront
ier
s/boar
der
s.

­ I
ndependencef
ort
hepeopl
eofAust
ri
a-Hungar
y.

­ Rest
orat
ionofSer
bia,
Romani
aandMont
enegr
o.Ser
biat
ohav
eaccesst
othe
sea.

­ I
ndependencef
ort
hepeopl
eint
heTur
kishEmpi
re.

­ Pol
andt
obecomeani
ndependentst
atewi
thaccesst
othesea.

­ LeagueofNat
ionst
obesetupt
oguar
ant
eet
hei
ndependenceofal
lst
ates

1
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
bot
hgr
eatandsmal
l
.

Par
isPeaceSet
tl
ement
/Conf
erence1919
­ Att
endedbyWoodr owWilson(USA),Ll
oydGeorge(
Bri
tai
n),Geor
ges
Cl
emenceau(France),
Vit
tori
oOrlando(I
tal
y),
JanSmuts(SouthAfr
ica)and
Veni
zelos(
Greece).

­ Russi
awasnotrepr
esent
edatt
heconf
erencebecauseshehadbecomea
communi
ststat
e.

­ Thedef
eatedpower
sGermany,Hungar
y,Aust
ri
a,Bul
gar
iaandTur
keywer
e
noti
nvi
tedtot
heconfer
ence.

­ Theconferencewasdominat
edbyt
he‘Bi
gThr
ee’namel
yGeor
ges
Clemenceau,Ll
oydGeor
geandWoodrowWil
son.

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbySt
atesmeni
nPeace-
maki
ng
- Compet
ingv
iewsoft
hest
atesman.

- Pressur
efrom peopl
eathome(e.
g.Bri
ti
shexpect
edtomakeGer manypay,
to
hangtheKaiserandSqueezet
heGermansunti
lpi
pssquash.TheFrench
wantedrev
enge).

- Thev
enuewasnotsui
tabl
eforf
airpeace.

- Theat
ti
tudeofAmeri
canpeopl
e.TheAmer
icansdi
dnotwantUSAt
obe
i
nvol
vedinEur
opeanaff
air
s.

- Chaot
icsi
tuat
ioni
nEur
ope.

- Fearofcommuni
sm byst
atesmen.

- Spani
shf
lupandemi
c.

- Newl
ycr
eat
edst
atesandpr
obl
emsassoci
atedwi
tht
hem.

- Rei
ntegr
ati
ngsol
dier
sret
urni
nghome.

2
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
- Massst
arv
ati
oni
nEur
ope.

Vi
ewsofLl
oydGeor
ge
­ Toendt
heGer
manyt
hreatt
otheBr
it
ishnav
yandEmpi
re.

­ Ger
manyt
olosei
tsnav
yandcol
oni
eswhi
cht
hreat
enedt
heBr
it
ishEmpi
re.

­ TomakeGer
manynonaggr
essi
ve.

­ Tomakepeacewi
thj
ust
ice(
Ger
manyt
obej
ust
lypuni
shedbutnothar
shl
y).

­ Cr
eat
eanoppor
tuni
tyf
orGer
manyt
obecomear
eal
democr
acy
.

­ Tosecur
esomemeasur
eofcompr
omi
sebet
weenWi
l
sonandCl
emenceau.

­ Topr
eventGer
manybecomi
ngeconomi
cal
l
yweak.

­ Topr
eventGer
manyf
rom becomi
ngsopoorsucht
hatshet
urnst
o
communism.

­ Creat
eabalanceofpowersot
hatnooneEur
opeanpowerorcount
rycan
thr
eatenot
hers.

­ TokeepinmindBri
ti
shi
nterest
sandv i
ews.Hi
spr
omiset
otheBr
it
ishpubl
i
c
wasthathewoul
d“hangtheKaiserandmakeGer
manypay.
”

­ Toavoi
dhumi
l
iat
ingGer
manysot
hatshewoul
dhav
enor
easont
oseek
rev
enge.

­ Tofacil
it
atequi
ckr
ecov
eryofGer
manysot
hatt
radewi
thBr
it
aincanbe
rest
ored.

Geor
gesCl
emenceau’
sVi
ews
­ Hi
spol
i
tical
nicknamewast
he‘
Tiger
’.

­ Hisatti
tudeofmindisshownbyhi
scyni
cal
commentonWi
l
son’
sfour
teen
point
s, “ TheGoodLordhi
msel
fhadonl
y10.”

­ Hechai
redt
heconf
erence.

­ Mainlyconcer
nedwit
hthesecur
it
yofFr
ance.Al
lot
hermat
ter
swer
eof
secondaryconcer
n.

­ Topuni
shGer
manyf
ort
hehumi
l
iat
ioncausedonFr
ancei
ntheFr
anco-
Pr
ussi
anwar.

­ Tohav
erev
engeonGer
manyf
orFr
ance’
ssuf
fer
ing.

3
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
­ TomakeGermanypayfort
hedamagesi
.e.compensat
ethedamagesshe
was“
all
eged”t
ohavecaused.

­ Opponentofev
eryt
hingGer
manandaf
anat
ical
uphol
deroft
hei
deaofFr
ench
gl
oryandpower.

­ Toensur
eGer
manywoul
dnev
erbeabl
etoat
tackFr
anceagai
n.

­ ToweakenGer
manymi
l
itar
il
yandeconomi
cal
l
y.

­ Toannext
heRhi
nel
and.

­ Want
edGer
manyt
oloseUpperSi
l
esi
a,Danzi
gandEastPr
ussi
a.

Vi
ewsofWoodr
owWi
l
son
­ Ani
deal
i
stwhobel
i
evedt
hati
twasanoppor
tuni
tyt
omakeabet
terwor
ld

­ Aut
horoft
he14poi
ntswhi
chf
ormedt
hebaseoft
heconf
erence

­ Tohav
eaf
airset
tl
ement

­ Want
edt
oseej
ust
icedoneatVer
sai
l
les

­ Opposedt
oapol
i
cyofr
evengeagai
nstGer
manydemandedbyBr
it
ainand
Fr
ance

­ Vi
ewedr
evengeasseedsf
oraf
utur
ewar

­ Noti
nter
est
edi
nvengeanceormor
eter
ri
tor
y

­ Want
edpeacewi
thoutv
ict
ory

­ WantedtheUSAt
oguar
ant
eet
hepeaceset
tl
ementandsuppor
ttheLeague
ofNati
ons

­ Want
edGer
manyt
obeabuf
fer
/bar
ri
eragai
nstBol
shev
ism/
Communi
sm.

­ Puni
shGermanyf
orheraggr
essi
onbutav
oidf
orci
nghert
opayv
eryheav
y
damages.

­ Sel
fdet
ermi
nat
iont
omi
nor
it
ies.

­ Tocr
eat
eawor
ldsaf
efordemocr
acy

Combi
nedv
iewsoft
heBi
gThr
ee
- Tobr
ingpol
i
tical
orderi
nEur
ope.

4
 EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
- Topr
omot
eev
erl
ast
ingpeaceandst
abi
l
ityt
hroughoutt
hewor
ld.

- Topr
eventt
heoccur
renceofanot
herwaroft
hisnat
ure.

- Topuni
sht
hegui
l
ty.

- Todr
aftt
reat
ieswi
thCent
ral
Power
sendi
ngt
hewar
.

- ToredrawthemapofCent
ral
andEast
ernEur
opei
naccor
dancewi
tht
henew
pol
i
ticalsi
tuat
ion.

Cr
it
ici
sm oft
heBi
gThr
ee
-I
gnor
edt
hei
deasofot
her
s.

- TheI
tal
i
andel
egat
ionunderOr
landowasi
gnor
ed.Or
landowant
edt
hepor
tof
Fi
umef
orI
tal
ybuti
twasgi
vent
oYugosl
avi
a.

- Japan’
svi
ewofequal
treat
mentf
oral
lther
aceswasi
gnor
ed.

- Thecal
lbyt
hePan-
Afr
icanMov
ementt
oaddr
esst
hecol
oni
alpr
obl
emsof
Af
ri
canswasi
gnor
ed.

- Germancol
oni
esi
nAf
ri
cawer
egi
vent
ovi
ctor
iouspower
sasmandat
es.

- Di
ctat
edt
ermst
othedef
eat
edpower
s.

- Di
sar
mamentwasdi
rect
edt
othedef
eat
edpower
sal
one.

- Sel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ionhadmanypr
obl
ems.

Pr
obl
emsofsel
fdet
ermi
nat
ion
­ Mi
nor
it
yel
ement
sandf
orei
gngr
oupsr
emai
nedi
nthenewl
yfor
medcount
ri
es.

­ Languagewasusedt
odeter
mineaseparateraceornati
onbutt
hepr
obl
em was
thatmanysubj
ect
susedt
helanguageofthei
rconqueror
s.

5
 EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
­ I
ntheBal
kans,
racesweretoomi
xedupt
obedi
vi
dedwi
thoutl
argescal
e
movement
sofpopulat
ion.

­ Ger
manspeakingpopul
ati
onofAust
ri
awant
edunionwithGermany
.TheVer
sai
l
les
Tr
eatyf
orbadeuni
onbetweenGer
manyandAust
ri
a( Anschl
uss)
.

­ Real
count
ri
escannotbecr
eat
edbydr
awi
ngl
i
nesbet
weenr
aci
algr
oups.

NBAcountryneedsindust
ries,rai
l
ways,ports,agr
icult
urall
andandfront
ier
sthat
ar
eprotect
edbyseas,ri
versormai nt
ains.Czechoslovakiaf
orinst
ance,i
tsi
ndust
ry
wasstr
engthenedbySudetenlandwhichwasi nhabitedby3mi l
li
onGermans.

Ver
sai
l
lesandWi
l
son’
s14poi
nts
14Poi
nts Out
come

1.Nosecr
ett
reat
ies -adopt
edatt
heconf
erence.

-
Howev
eral
l
iedl
eader
smeti
nsecr
et.

2.Fr
eedom ofnav
igat
iononseas Br
it
ainobj
ect
edandi
twasdr
opped.

3.Di
sar
mament
s -onlydef
eatedpower
swer
e
disarmed.

-
vict
ori
ouspower
sdi
dnotdi
sar
m.

4.Fr
eet
radebet
weencount
ri
es -
tr
adebar
ri
ersi
ncr
eased.

-
newnat
ionscr
eat
edbyt
het
reat
ies

6
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
putuphuget ar
if
fbar
ri
erst
opr
otect
thei
rindust
ri
es.

5.Col
oni
est
ohav
easayi
nthei
rown -
coloniesweregov
ernedpurel
yint
he
fut
ure i
nterestsoft
hecol
onialpower
.

-Br
it
ainandFr ancei
ncr
easedt
hei
r
col
onialhol
dings.

6.Ger
manyt
roopst
oleav
eRussi
a -
Ger
manyt
roopsl
eftRussi
a.

-ButAl
l
iedPowerssentt
roopst
o
att
ackt
heBolshev
iks.

-Thi
sdeniedRussi
athefreedom t
o
choosehergov
ernment.

7.I
ndependencef
orBel
gium -
AcceptedandBel
giani
ndependence
wasrestor
ed

8.Retur
nforAl
sace-
Lor
rai
net
o -
adopt
ed
France

9.I
tal
ytor
ecei
veherpr
operf
ront
ier
s -
boundar
yofI
tal
ywasnotset
tl
ed

10.i
ndependencef
ort
hepeopl
eof -adopt
ed.
Aust
ri
a-Hungary
-Austr
ia,
Hungary,Yugoslavi
aand
Czechosl
ovaki
awer ecreatedoutof
HapsburgEmpire

11.Rest
orati
onofSerbi
a,Romani
a -
adopt
ed
andMontenegro.Ser
biat
ohave
accesst
ot hesea

12.independencef
ort
hepeopl
eof -
adopt
ed
TurkishEmpire

13.Pol
andt
obecomeanindependent -
PostwarPol
andcont
ainedmi
l
li
ons
stat
ewit
haccesst
othesea ofGer
mans

14.For
mat
ionoft
heLeagueof -
adopt
ed.
Nati
ons
-
butt
heLeagueofNati
onsnever
wor
kedasWilsonhadhopedand
wi
shed.

7
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
N.
BWi
l
son’
spol
i
cyofsel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ionwasr
eal
i
sedi
nanumberofnewl
ycr
eat
ed
st
ates.Thesest
atesi
ncludedYugosl
avi
a,Czechosl
ovaki
a,Hungar
y,Aust
ri
a,Pol
and,
Fi
nland,Est
oni
a,Lat
viaandLit
huani
a.

Ter
msofVer
sai
l
lesSet
tl
ement
Non-
ter
ri
tor
ial
ter
ms
a)R
( epar
ati
onCl
ause
 Ger
manywast opayr
epar
ationtot
heal
l
iedpower
sincashandki
nd(
coal
,shi
ps,
cat
tl
e,chemi
cal
sanddyestuff
s)

 Shewasaskedtopaythesum of6.6mil
l
ionpoundsf
orr
est
orat
ionofdev
ast
ated
regi
onsanddamagedciv
il
ianproper
ty

 Bui
l
dshi
psf
ort
heAl
l
iesf
or5y
ear
s

 Topayannual
tri
but
eofcoal
toFr
ance,
Bel
gium andI
tal
yfor10y
ear
s

 t
opayt
hecostofwarpensi
onsi
nAl
l
iedcount
ri
es

(
b)WarGui
l
tyCl
ause
 Cl
ause231gav
eGer
manyandheral
l
iest
heent
ir
ebl
amef
orcausi
ngt
hewar

c)Di
( sar
mamentcl
ause
 Ger
manyt
oreduceherar
medf
orcest
o100000men

 Ger
manGener
alSt
affwasdi
sbandedandnott
ober
efor
med

 not
anksf
orGer
many

 Pr
oduct
ionofheav
yar
ti
ll
erywasf
orbi
dden

 Noai
rfor
ce(
Luf
twaf
fewasbanned)
.

 Compul
sor
yconscr
ipt
ionwasbanned,
sol
dier
stobev
olunt
eer
s

 Sol
dier
stoser
vef
or12y
ear
s

 Nosubmar
inef
orGer
many

8
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
 Navytober
educedto6batt
leshi
ps,6cr
uiser
s,12dest
roy
ersand12t
orpedo
boat
s.Ther
estofhernav
alweaponsweretobehandedovert
otheAl
l
iedpower
s

 Nav
ywasr
educedt
o15000men

 Nav
albaseatHel
i
gol
andwasdemol
i
shed

 Rhi
nel
andwasdemi
l
itar
ised

(
d)Frenchf
lagscapt
uredi
ntheFr
anco-
Prussi
anwarof1870-
71wer
etober
etur
ned
t
oFrance.

(
e)Est
abl
i
shmentofanewl
i
ber
alconst
it
uti
on.

Ter
ri
tor
ial
Ter
ms

 Al
saceandLor
rai
newasr
etur
nedt
oFr
ance

 TheSaarwasputunderi
nter
nat
ional
cont
rol
(LeagueofNat
ionsCommi
ssi
on)
f
or15y
ear
sandaf
tert
hatapl
ebi
sci
tewoul
ddet
ermi
nei
tsf
ate

 Francewast
oadmi
nist
ert
heSaarbasi
nonbehal
foft
heLeagueofNat
ions
unt
il1935

 Germanyl
osthercol
oni
esi
nAf
ri
ca(
Nami
bia,
Tanzani
a,Togo,
Rwanda,
Burundi
,Camer
oonandGer
manNewGui
nea)
.Theybecamemandat
esoft
he
League.

 Eupen,MoresnetandMal
medywer
esur
render
edt
oBel
gium

 Nor
thSchl
eswi
gwentt
oDenmar
k

 Newl
ycr
eat
edPol
andwasgi
venPosen,
UpperSi
l
esi
aandWestPr
ussi
a

 Rhi
nel
andwasdemi
l
itar
isedandi
nter
nat
ional
i
sed.

 Memelwentt
oLi
thuani
a.

 ThePol
i
shCor
ri
dordi
vi
dedEastPr
ussi
afr
om t
her
estofGer
many

 Danzi
gwasdecl
aredaf
reeci
tyundert
heLeagueofNat
ions

 Germanr i
ver
sliket
heRhine,
theEl
be,
theOderandt
heMemel
wer
epl
aced
underi
nter
nati
onalcont
rol

9
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
 Anschl
uss(
Ger
manyuni
onwi
thAust
ri
a)wasf
orbi
dden

 Germanygaveupt
err
it
ori
est
akenf
rom Russi
a(Est
oni
a,Lat
via,
Lit
huani
a,and
Fi
nland)
.Thesewer
egi
veni
ndependence.

Ter
ri
tor
iesl
ostbyGer
many

Ter
ri
tor
ies Benef
it
ing
Count
ries

I
nEur
ope
Al
sace,
Lor
rai
ne Fr
ance

SaarCoal
Basi
n Int
ernati
onal
control

Eupen,
Mal
medy
,Mor
esnet Bel
gium

Nor
thSchl
eswi
g Denmar
k

Posen,UpperSi
l
esi
a,West Pol
and
Prussi
a,

Pol
i
shcor
ri
dor

Memel Li
thuani
a

Danzi
g Fr
eeci
ty

Rhi
nel
and I
nter
nat
ional
i
sed

I
nAf
ri
ca
Germansout
hwest Sout
hAf
ri
ca
Afr
ica(
Namibi
a)

GermanEastAfri
ca Br
it
ain
(Tangany
ika/
Tanzani
a)

Bur
undi
,Rwanda Bel
gium

Camer
oon,
Togo Fr
ance

Ger
manNewGui
nea Aust
ral
i
a

10
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS

Fai
rnessofVer
sai
l
lesTr
eat
y
- Germanymi
l
itar
ism neededt
obechecked,
hencedi
sar
mament
.

- Al
thoughshewasdepr
ivedofherar
mament
s,sher
emai
nedwi
thmuch
capaci
tyt
opr
oduceandr
epl
acet
hem i
nfut
ure.

- Fr
anceandBel
gium neededcompensat
ionf
ordest
ruct
ion.

- Demi
l
itar
isat
ionoft
heRhi
nel
andwasmeantt
ogi
veFr
ancesecur
it
y

- Germanyfol
l
owedanaggr
essi
vef
orei
gnpol
i
cy.

- Germanygaveabl
ankchequet
oAust
ri
a-Hungar
y.Thi
sunl
i
mit
edsuppor
t
madecausedAust
ri
atoactcar
elessl
y.

- Germanyhadpreparedt
heSchl
i
eff
enpl
anwaybackbef
ore1914.Ther
efor
e
shehadawarmonger
ingat
ti
tudepr
iort
o1914.

- Germanyi
mposedhar
shert
ermsonRussi
aunderBr
estLi
tov
sky
.Hadshe
wont
heGr
eatWar
,shewoul
dhav
eimposedhar
shert
ermsonAl
l
iedpower
s.

- Theal
l
iancesy
stem wasi
nit
iat
edbyGer
many
.

- Ger
many
’sWor
ldPol
i
cycl
ashedwi
thot
herpower
s.

- Germanywast
heaggr
essori
.e.i
nvadedBel
gium anddecl
aredwaronFr
ance
andRussi
a.

- Germanychal
l
engedBr
it
ain’
snav
alsupr
emacy
.

Unf
air
nessofVer
sai
l
lesTr
eat
y
- Germanywasnoti
nvi
tedt
othedel
i
ber
ati
ons.Thet
reat
ywast
her
efor
ea
di
ktat
.

- Reparat
ionswer
eunr
eal
i
sti
c,t
oohi
ghf
orGer
many
’sabi
l
ityt
opay
.

- Germany’
ster
ri
tor
ywasdest
roy
eddur
ingt
hewar
.Whowasgoi
ngt
o

11
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
r
est
oreherr
uinedt
err
it
ori
es?

- Wargui
l
tcl
auseputgr
eat
err
esponsi
bil
i
tyonGer
manyal
one.

- Thet
reat
ywascr
aft
edt
osecur
eBr
it
ishandFr
enchi
nter
est
s.

- TheGermansi
nAust
ri
awant
eduni
onwi
thGer
many
.

- Di
sar
mamentl
eftGer
manywi
thanar
myi
ncapabl
eofmai
ntai
ningi
nter
nal
pr
obl
ems.

- Theal
l
iedpower
sdi
dnotdi
sar
m.

- Demobi
l
isat
ioncr
eat
edunempl
oymentandpol
i
tical
inst
abi
l
ity
.

- Germanycol
oni
eswer
etakenandbenef
it
edt
heal
l
iedpower
s.

Responsi
bil
i
tyofOt
herCount
ri
esf
ort
heOut
breakoft
heWar

Count
ri
es Bl
ame

Ger
many ­ Pr
epar
edSchl
i
eff
enpl
an

­ Gaveunl
imi
tedsuppor
ttoAust
ri
a-
Hungar
y

­ I
nit
iat
edal
l
iancesy
stem

­ WorldPol
i
cyt
hreat
enedot
her
st
ates

­ Chal
lengedBr
it
ain’
snav
al
supr
emacy

­ Shedecl
aredwaronRussi
a,
Bel
gium andFr
ance

12
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
Aust
ri
a-Hungar
y - AnnexedBosni
aand
Herzegov
inawhi
changer
ed
Ser
biaandRussia

­ Eagertodest
roySer
biaonceand
foral
l

­ Shetr
iedt
ogainIt
ali
ansuppor
tin
1913toat
tackSer
bia

­ Shefrustr
atedSer bi
anambi ti
ons
i
n1912atLondonConf erenceby
i
nsist
ingont heformati
onofa
newst at
eofAl baniawhich
bl
ockedSer bianaccesstot hesea

­ Sentanal
mosti
mpossi
ble
ul
ti
matum t
oSer
bia

­ Play
edther
oleofanaggr
essorby
decl
ari
ngwaronSerbi
a

Ser
bia ­ Act
edasachampi
onofSl
av
nat
ional
i
sm

­ Sponsoredant
i-
Aust
ri
an
propaganda

­ Sponsor
edt
err
ori
stact
ivi
ti
esi
n
Bosni
a

­ Fol
lowedapol
i
cyofpr
ovoki
ng
Austr
ia

Russi
a ­ Act
edasabi
gbr
othert
oSer
bia

­ BackedSer
biawhi
chmadeher
becometoobigf
orhershoes

Br
it
ain ­ Fel
tthr
eat
enedbyGer
many

­ Jeal
ousofGer
many

­ Neededtomai
ntai
nnav
al
super
ior
it
y

­ Herspl
endidi
solat
ionwas
mist
akenforcowardi
ce

13
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
Fr
ance ­ HatedGer
manyfort
hedef
eati
n
Fr
anco-Pr
ussi
anwar

­ Wantedt
oregai
nAl
saceand
Lor
rai
ne

­ Soughtr
evengeagai
nstGer
many

Tr
eat
yofStGer
mai
n

­ Si
gnedbet
weenAust
ri
aandAl
l
iedpower
sinAugust1919.

­ Shet
ookt
hebl
amef
orcausi
ngt
hewar
.

­ Aust
ri
awasr
equi
redt
opayr
epar
ati
ons.

­ Lostherpopul
ati
ont
ohernei
ghbour
s.

­ Herpopul
ati
onwasr
educedf
rom about30mi
l
li
ont
o6.
5mi
l
li
onpeopl
e.

­ Herar
eawasr
educedf
rom about115000squar
emi
l
est
o32000squar
e
mil
es.

­ Herar
mywasr
educedt
o30000.

­ HerNAVYwasr
educed.

­ Conscr
ipt
ionwasbanned.

­ Uni
fi
cat
ionwi
thGer
manyandHungar
ywasf
orbi
dden.

­ Monar
chywasbannedandAust
ri
abecameaRepubl
i
c.

­ Shel
ostTr
iest
e,I
str
iaandSout
hTy
rol
toI
tal
y.

­ Bohemia,
Mor av
ia,PartofSi
l
esi
aandl
owerpar
tofAust
ri
awentt
othenew
st
ateofCzechoslovaki
a.

­ Bukov
inawassur
render
edt
oRomani
a.

­ Gal
aci
awasgi
vent
oPol
and.

­ Bosni
aandHer
zegov
inawentt
oYugosl
avi
a.

14
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
Ter
ri
tor
yLost Benef
it
ingCount
ry

1.Tr
iest
e I
tal
y

2.I
str
ia

3.Sout
hTy
rol

4.Bohemi
a Czechosl
ovaki
a

5.Mor
avi
a

6.Par
tofSi
l
esi
a

7.LowerPar
tofAust
ri
a

8.Bukov
ina Romani
a

9.Gal
aci
a Pol
and

10.
Bosni
a Yugosl
avi
a

11.
Her
zegov
ina

12.
Slov
eni
a

13.
Dal
mat
ia

Tr
eat
yofNeui
l
ly
­ Si
gnedbet
weenBul
gar
iaandt
heAl
l
iedpower
sinNov
ember1919

­ Shet
ookt
hebl
amef
orcausi
ngt
hewar

­ Shewast
opayr
epar
ati
ons

­ Herar
mywasr
educedt
o20000

­ LostWest
ernThr
acet
oGr
eece

­ Dobr
ujatakenbyRomani
aaf
tert
hesecondBal
kanwarwasr
etai
nedby
Romania

Tr
eat
yofTr
ianon
­ Hungar
ysi
gnedt
hist
reat
yinJune1920.

15
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
­ Hungar
ybecamei
ndependentofAust
ri
a.

­ Shet
ookt
hebl
amef
orcausi
ngt
hewar
.

­ Shewast
opayr
epar
ati
ons.

­ Ar
mywasl
i
mit
edt
o35000.

­ Noconscr
ipt
ion.

­ Herpopul
ati
onwasr
educedf
rom 22mi
l
li
ont
o8mi
l
li
on.

­ Sl
ovaki
aandpar
tofRut
heni
awer
elostt
oCzechosl
ovaki
a.

­ Cr
oat
ia,
Slov
eni
aandpar
tofBanatwentt
oYugosl
avi
a.

­ Tr
ansy
lvani
aandt
her
emai
ningpar
tofBanatofTemesv
arwentt
oRomani
a.

­ Bur
genl
andwentt
oAust
ri
a.

Tr
eat
yofSev
res
­ Si
gnedwi
thTur
keyi
nAugust1920

­ Turkeyr
enouncedcl
aimstoal
lter
ri
tor
yoccupi
edbynon-
Tur
kishpeopl
efor
exampletheArabwor
ld.

­ Sy
riaandLebanonbecameFr
enchmandat
es.

­ Pal
est
ine,
Jor
danandI
raqbecameBr
it
ishmandat
es.

­ Ar
meni
abecamei
ndependent
.

­ East
ernThr
aceandpar
tofAegeanI
slandswentt
oGr
eece.

­ Adal
i
aandRhodeswentt
oIt
aly

­ Greecewast
oadmi
nist
erSmy
rnaf
orf
ivey
ear
s,af
terwhi
chapl
ebi
sci
tewoul
d
beheld.

­ Saudi
Arabi
abecamei
ndependent
.

­ Bessar
abi
awasgi
vent
oRomani
a.

­ Turkeyr
etai
nedConst
ant
inopl
eandasmal
lst
ri
poft
err
it
oryi
nEur
openor
thof
theseaofMarmora.

­ TheDardanel
lesStr
ait
sbecameanint
ernat
ional
zonegov
ernedbya6power
commissionundert
heLeagueofNati
ons.

­ Thest
rai
tswer
eopenedt
oint
ernat
ional
shi
ppi
ng.

16
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
­ However
,theTreat
yofSevreswasrevi
sedfol
lowingarev
olut
ioni
nTurkey
underMustat
aKemel.Tur
keyrecov
eredherterr
it
ori
esgiv
entoGreece.

Tr
eat
yofLausanne,
1923
­ Negot
iat
edatLausannei
nSwi
tzer
land.

­ I
trepl
acedt
heTr
eat
yofSev
res.

­ Thet
reat
yrecogni
sedTur
key
’sgai
nsi
nther
evol
uti
on.

­ East
ernThr
ace,
AegeanI
slandsandAnat
oli
awer
erecov
eredf
rom Gr
eece.

­ Thest
rai
tswentbackt
oTur
keybutt
heywer
edemi
l
itar
ised.

­ Gal
l
ipol
iwasgi
venbackt
oTur
key
.

­ Ri
verMar
it
sabecamet
hef
ront
ierbet
weenGr
eeceandTur
key
.

­ Capitul
ati
ons(
asyst
em wher
ebyf
oreigner
sli
vedi
nTur
keywi
thoutpay
ing
taxesorobeyi
ngt
helaw)wer
eabol
ished.

­ Arrangement
sweremadet
osendhomeal
lGr
eeksl
i
vingi
nTur
keyandal
l
Turksliv
ingi eece.
nGr

Count
ri
es’
react
ionst
othepeaceset
tl
ement
Fr
ance

Shewassat
isf
iedbecause:

­ Ger
manywasdi
sar
medandt
heRhi
nel
andwasdemi
l
itar
ised.

­ Al
sace-Lor
rai
newasr
est
ored.

­ Recei
vedf
ormerGer
manycol
oni
esasmandat
es.

­ Shewasgoi
ngt
orecei
vecompensat
ionf
rom Ger
many
.

­ Fr
ancewast
oenj
oySaarweal
thf
or15y
ear
s.

­ However
,Francewantedt
okeept
heSaarper
manent
lybutt
hiswasr
eject
ed
byBr
it
ainandU.S.A.

­ TheFrenchal
sowantedanewstat
ecreat
edbetweenFranceandGer
manyon
Germansoili
nordert
oguar
ant
eeFrance’
sfut
uresecur
ity
.Thi
swasreject
ed
byBri
tai
nandFrance.

17
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
I
tal
y

­ Shewasnotsati
sfi
edbecausetheAll
iedpower
sdi
dnotf
ulf
ilwhatt
hey
promi
sedherundertheTr
eatyofLondon.

­ It
alyj
oinedt
hewari
n1915f
oll
owi
ngt
heTr
eat
yofLondonwi
thBr
it
ain,
France
andRussia.

­ ShewaspromisedTr
ent
ino,
Sout
her
nTy
rol
,I
str
ia,
Tri
est
e,Adal
i
aand
Dal
mati
aIslands.

­ Dal
mat
iawasgi
vent
oYugosl
avi
a.

­ Att
heconf
erenceshedemandedwhatwaspr
omi
sedt
oher
.

­ Wi
lsonobj
ectedbecausehedi
sli
kedt
hef
actthatt
hesepromiseshadbeen
madeinasecretagr
eementwhi
chwasabreachofhi
sfourt
eenpoints.

­ I
tal
yfel
tcheat
ed.

­ Wi
l
sont
houghtt
hatYugosl
avi
ahadabet
tercl
aimt
osomeoft
hel
ands.

­ I
tal
ywasf
rust
rat
edasar
esul
t.

­ Consequent
ly,
Wil
sonbecameunpopul
ari
nIt
aly
.Hispor
trai
tswer
etor
ndown
byangrymobsordecor
atedwi
thGermanhel
mets.

­ Howev
er,
Ital
ygotTr
iest
e,I
str
ia,
andSout
hTy
rol
.

U.
S.A.

­ Wil
sonwashappybecausehi
s14poi
ntsbecamet
hebasi
soft
heVer
sai
l
les
set
tl
ement
.

­ TheLeagueofNat
ions’
clausewasi
ncl
udedi
nal
lthepeacet
reat
ies.

­ However
,theAmer
icanCongr
essdi
dnotr
ati
fyt
heTr
eat
y/cov
enantoft
he
l
eague.

­ Thi
swasbecauset
heUSAdi
dnotwantt
obet
ooi
nvol
vedi
nEur
opeanaf
fai
rs.

Br
it
ain

18
EUROPEANHI
STORY2167/2:
INTERNATI
ONAL
AFFAI
RS
­ Sat
isf
iedwi
tht
hef
actt
hatGer
manywaspuni
shedf
orheraggr
essi
on.

­ Shewashappyt
hatGer
manyt
hreatt
ohernav
ywasr
emov
ed.

­ Benef
it
edbyget
ti
ngsomeofGer
many
’scol
oni
es.

­ However,
theBri
ti
shwerewor
ri
edt
hataweakenedGer
manywoul
daf
fect
Br
it
ain’
stradewi
thher
.

Japan

­ Shegotcont
rol
overGer
manycol
oni
esi
nAsi
aandt
hePaci
fi
c.

­ Thi
sincr
easedheri
nfl
uencei
nthesear
eas.

­ Howev
er,shewasnothappywit
htheref
usalofAl
l
iestoi
ncludeadecl
arat
ion
ofr
aci
alequal
i
tyi
nthecovenantoft
heLeagueofNati
ons.

Chi
na

­ Shef
elthumi
l
iat
edbecauseAl
l
iesr
efusedt
heChi
nese’
clai
ms.

­ Chi
nawant
edt
hepeaceset
tl
ementt
oendf
orei
gnconcessi
onsi
nChi
na.

­ Sheal
sowantedt
heAll
iest
ostopJapan’
scl
aimsinChi
na,andshehopedt
o
hav
econt
rol
ofallChi
neset
err
it
ori
eswhichweref
ormal
lycont
rol
l
edby
Ger
many

­ Chi
neserepresent
ati
veswi
thdr
ewf
rom t
hePeaceConf
erenceandr
efusedt
o
si
gntreat
ies.

19