FUNDAMENTALS

OF
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
First Electrical Year (Power)
Part 1
Prepared by
Professor Dr. Mohamed Moenes
M. Salama

Chapter 4

Alternating Current (A.C.)

116
 Chapter 4

Alternating Current (A.C.)

Alternating current is the current that is continuously
reversing its direction. Usually A.C. voltages and currents
are sinusoidal and definite relationships exist among the
peak, average and effective values.

1. Generation of Alternating Voltage and Current

Consider two series-connected conductors rotating in a

magnetic field. Conductors 1 and 2 form a loop situated
within the field set up between two magnetic poles. Each
conductor is connected to a slip ring and the slip rings have
brushes for connecting to the external terminals.

117
When the loop is rotated, the conductors cut the magnetic
flux, and an e.m.f. is generated in each conductor. The
figure shows two series connected conductors rotating in a
magnetic field.

The following figure illustrates the conditions that exist at

each of several instants while the loop is being rotated in the
magnetic field.

118
Since the voltage generated by the rotating loop is
alternately positive and negative, it is referred to as an
alternating voltage. The graph between the voltage/current
and time is called A.C. wave form and it is termed
sinusoidal wave form.

The instantaneous e.m.f. induced in the rotating loop:

ΔΦ
e=
Δt
ΔA
= B
Δt

119
Where, B is the flux density between the magnetic poles and
ΔA is the area swept by one conductor during time Δt.

If the total length of the two conductors within the magnetic

field is L and if the conductors move through a distance Δd
during time Δt.
Then, ΔA = L Δd

The equation for maximum emf Em induced in the loop

becomes
Δd
Em = B L = BLv volt
Δt
Where, v is the velocity.

The instantaneous e.m.f. will be proportional to sin α.

e = Em sin α = B L v sin α

α is usually termed the phase angle of e. Em is the peak

value 9amplitude of the wave form.

Example 1:-
The length of each conductor of a generator within the
magnetic field is 25 cm. The distance from each conductor
to the axis of rotation is r = 5 cm and the flux density of the
magnetic field is B = 0.1 Tesla. Calculate the maximum
output voltage from the generator when the conductors are
rotated at 100 revolution/minute (rmp).

120
Solution:-
Distance traveled by each conductor in one revolution d = 2
Πr , Then, d = 2 Π x 5 x 10-2 meter

Distance traveled per minute = d x 100 = 10 Π meter

The conductor velocity v = 10 Π / 60 = 0.524 meter/sec

The peak e.m.f. generated in the loop is : Em = B L v

The length L=2 x length of each conductor = 2 x 0.2= 0.5 m

Em = 0.1 x 0.5 x 0.524 = 26.2 x 10-3 v = 26.2 mvolt

Calculate the instantaneous output voltages at phase angles :

45°, 90°, 135° and 225°.

e = Em sin α
At, α = 45 then, e = 26.2 sin 45 = 18.5 mvolt

At, α = 90 then, e = 26.2 sin 90 = 26.2 mvolt

= Em
At, α = 135 then, e = 26.2 sin 135 = 18.5 mvolt

At, α = 225 then, e = 26.2 sin 225 = -18.5 mvolt

2. Frequency (f) and phase angle

When the conductors in the simple generator are through

one complete revolution, the output voltages go through one
complete cycle of sinusoidal change.

The time taken for one cycle of change is referred to as the

time period of the wave form (T). If T equals one second, it
is said that the waveform has a frequency (f) of 1 cycle per
second (1 Hertz) or 1 Hz.

121
A waveform has a frequency of 1 Hz when it goes through
one complete cycle of change in a period of 1 second.
1
f= cycle/sec
T

360
The angular velocity = degree/sec
T
Or,
2Π
The angular velocity ω = radian/sec
T

2Π
The phase angle = t x radian
T
= ωt =2Πft radian

Where, ω= 2Πf radian / sec

In the A.C. waveform, we find that = Em sin α = Em sin ω t

Example 2:
An A.C. waveform with a frequency of 1.5 Kilo-Hz has a
peak value of 3.3 Volt, calculate the instantaneous levels of
voltages at t1 = 0.65 microsecond and at t2 = 1.2
millisecond.

122
Solution :-

ω = 2 Π f radian / sec then,

ω = 2 Π x 1.5 x 1000 radian / sec = 3 Π x 103 radian / sec

e = Em sin ω t
Then,
e1 = 3.3 sin ( 3 Π x 103 x 0.65 x 10-6 ) = 20.2 milli-volt
e2 = 3.3 sin ( 3 Π x 103 x 1.2 x 10-3 ) = -3.1 Volt

3. In-phase and Out-of-phase sine waves

Wave A is in phase with wave B.

Wave C is out of phase of wave A
Then,
C lags A by 180 degree. Or C is anti-phase to A

A leads B by an angle θ or B lags A by θ.

4. Wave Length

The wave length of an A.C. waveform depends upon its

velocity. In the case of radio waves is the speed of the light
(C) = 3 x 108 meter/sec.

123
For voltage waves moving along widely spaced conductors,
the transmission speed is also the light speed.
When the conductors are closed together, the velocity
depends upon the insulation employed.

The wave length = C T = λ meter

Or,

C
λ = meter
f

Example 3:

Determine the wavelengths of 60Hz and 1 MHz alternating

waves. Also, calculate the frequency of a voltage that has a
wave length of 33m.

Solution:
C
λ = meter
f
Then,
3 x 108
λ1 = = 5 x 106 meter
60

And,
3 x 108
λ2 = = 300 meter
6
1 x 10

And,
3 x 108
f= = 9.09 x 106 Hz = 9.09 MHz
33

124
5. Resistive load with A.C. supply

The supply voltage e = Em sin ω t -------(1)

The instantaneous current level can be found by Ohm's law:

e
i = Amp
R
Then,
Em sin ω t
i = Amp
R
i.e.,
Em
i = sin ω t Amp
R
i.e.,
i = Im sin ω t Amp -------(2)

Where Im = maximum or peak current = Em / R

From the two equations 1 and 2, we notice that the current I

is in phase with voltage of the supply e .

125
The power dissipated in R, P = I2 R watt

Instantaneous power waveform in a purely resistive circuit.

The instantaneous power, p = i2 R
= Im2 R (sin ω t)2 = Pm (sin ω t)2

Where, Pm = maximum instantaneous power dissipation

= Im2 R

The average power dissipated over one cycle is half the

peak power Pav = 0.5 Pm

Example 4:

The supply voltage has a maximum value of 160 volt, f = 60

Hz. If R = 10 Ohm, calculate the values of instantaneous
current and power at phase angles of Π / 4, Π / 2, 5 Π /4
radians.
Solution:
Em
i = sin ω t Amp
R
i.e.,
i = Im sin ω t Amp
And,
160
Im = = 16 Amp
10

126
 Pm = Im2 R = (16)2 x 10 = 2.56 Kw

Current calculations:

i1 = 16 sin Π / 4 = 11.3 Amp

i2 = 16 sin Π / 2 = 16 Amp
i3 = 16 sin 5 Π / 4 = -11.3 Amp

The instantaneous power calculation :

p = i2 R = Im2 R (sin ω t)2
= Pm (sin ω t)2
Then,
p1 = 2.56 (sin Π / 4)2 = 1.28 Kw
p2 = 2.56 (sin Π / 2)2 = 2.56 Kw
p3 = 2.56 (sin 5Π / 4)2 = 1.28 Kw

6. The Average value of sine waves

It can be determined by:-

1) Differential calculus, or by
2) Taking the average value of a number of equally
spaced instantaneous levels.

The wave form is divided into nine sections, each is 20

degrees as shown in figure.

127
The instantaneous value at the center of each section is
measured,

i1 + i2 + i3 +…. + i9
Iav =
9
Then,
Im sin 10 + Im sin 30 + … + Im sin 170
Iav =
9
2
= Im
Π

= 0.637 Im
Also,
Eav = 0.637 Em

In general for n intervals,

i1 + i2 + i3 +…. + in
Iav =
n

The average value of the current for the second half wave (
from 180 to 360 degrees) = -0.637 Im

Then, the average value of the current or the voltage over

the entire wave equals zero.

7. The Effective value of sine waves (RMS value)

The instantaneous power dissipated in a resistor R :

p1 = i12 R , p2 = i22 R , …….. pn = in2 R ,

128
The average power dissipated in R is

i12 R + i22 R + i32 R +…. + in2 R

P=
n

The negative instantaneous current values also give a

positive power dissipation in the load.

When a direct current (I) is flowing through a resistor R, the

power dissipated is given by

P = I2 R

To find the equivalent alternating current that dissipates the

same amount of power as a direct current I flowing through
R ,then

i12 R + i22 R + i32 R +…. + in2 R

P=
n

= I2 R Then,
2 2 2
i1 + i2 + i3 +…. + in2
I2 =
n

Then, I2 is the average value of the square of the

instantaneous values.
And,

i12 + i22 + i32 +…. + in2

I2 =
n

129
Here, I is the root mean-square value or RMS value of the
alternating current, which is also termed the effective value.

The relationship between the RMS value and the maximum

value:-
1
Pav = Pm
2
Then,
1
Pav = Im2 R
2
Also,
Pav = I2 R Then,
1
2
I R = Im2 R
2
Also,
1
2
I = Im2
2
And,
1
I = Im
2

= 0.707 Im

Also,
1
E = Em
2

= 0.707 Em
For other waveforms the peak, the average and the RMS
quantities are related by other different values.

130
Example 5:

A 300 volt sinusoidal A.C. supply is applied to a 50 ohm

resistor. Determine the peak, RMS and average values of
the current the resistor and the power dissipated in it.

Solution:

The peak value Em = 2 E

= 1.414 x 300 = 424 Volt

Em
i = sin ω t Amp
R
i.e.,
i = Im sin ω t Amp

424
Im = = 8.48 Amp
50
And,
E 300
I= = = 6 Amp
R 50

The average current for half cycle Iav,

2
Ia = Im
Π
= 0.637 Im = 0.637 x 8.48 = 5.4 Amp

The dissipated power P = I2 R = (6)2 x 50 = 1.8 Kw

131
8. Alternating current and voltage in an inductive
circuit

The figure shows a pure inductance L in Henry with an AC

voltage applied to it. The resistance of the coil is assumed
much smaller than L. The counter –emf is proportional to
the rate of change of current through the inductance.

The inductor terminal voltage e = Em sin ω t

The following equation gives the relation between the

voltage and the current across the inductance L:

di
e=L
dt
Then,
1
di = e dt
L
i.e.,
1
i = ∫ e dt
L
Then,
1
i = ∫ Em sin ω t d t
L
Then,

132
 1
i = - Em cos ω t
ω L

1
i.e., i = Em sin ( ω t – Π / 2 )
XL

Where, XL is called the inductive reactance of the coil in

Ohms. It likes the resistance and it represents an opposition
to the current flow.

XL = ω L Ohm =2Πf L Ohm

The inductive susceptibility or the inductive susceptance of

a coil is the reciprocal of XL and is termed by BL.

BL is a measure of a purely inductive circuit ability to pass

current, its unit is the siemens (S) or Mho.
Then,
1
BL = Siemens
XL

Current and voltage waveforms in a pure inductive circuit

133
We notice that, the current through the inductance L lags the
supply voltage by Π / 2.

i
Phasor diagram for the voltage e and the current i in an
inductance.

9. Alternating current and voltage in a capacitive

circuit

In the circuit shown, it is assumed that C is a pure

capacitance with a dielectric having an infinite resistance
and the connecting wires have zero resistance.

The supply voltage is appeared at the capacitor terminals.

Δe
Δi=C
Δt
Then,
i = ∫ C Em sin ω t d t
Then, i = ω C Em cos ω t

1
i.e., i = Em sin ( ω t + Π / 2 )
(1/ωC)

134
 1
i.e., i = Em sin ( ω t + Π / 2 )
XC

Where, XC is called the capacitive reactance of the

condenser in Ohms.
It likes the resistance and it represents an opposition to the
current flow.
1
XC = Ohm
ω C
Or,
1
XC = Ohm
2Πf C

The capacitive susceptibility or the capacitive susceptance

of a condenser is the reciprocal of XC and is termed by BC.

BC is a measure of a purely capacitive circuit ability to pass

current; its unit is the siemens (S) or Mho. Then,
1
BC = Siemens
XC
= 2 Π f C Siemens
We notice that, the current through the capacitance leads the
supply voltage by Π / 2.

Current and voltage waveforms in a pure capacitive circuit

135
 i

e
Phasor diagram for the voltage e and the current i in a
capacitance.

10. Series R-L Circuit

Referring to the circuit diagram, the current I is common to

both R and L.
If we start with the waveform of current, the voltage VR
across the resistor is in phase with the current through the
resistance. The voltage across L will lead I by 90 degree.

The applied voltage V is the resultant of the two component

voltages VR and VL. It is seen that V leads I by an angle Φ
which is less than 90 degree.
VL

VR I
Circuit waveforms Phasor diagram

136
Then, V = VR + j VL

= √ ( VR2 + VL2 ) Φ = tan-1 (VL/VR)

By dividing the equation by I :-

V VR VL
= + j
I I I
Then,
Z = R + j XL
Where,
Z = V / I and is termed the impedance of the circuit
and its unit is Ohm. Also,

Z = √ ( R2 + XL2) Φ = tan-1 (XL/R)

Z XL
Φ

R
Impedance diagram for a series R – L circuit

The reciprocal of the impedance is called the admittance Y,

which its unit is Mho or siemens.
1
The admittance Y = Siemens
Impedance Z

Where an external resistance is connected in series with the

inductor, the coil resistance should also be shown as a series
component in the equivalent circuit.

137
Example 6:-

A 64 mH inductor with a winding resistance of Rw = 700

Ohm is connected in series with a resistor R1 = 3.3 KOhm.
A 10 Volt AC supply with a frequency of 5 KHz is
connected to the series circuit. Calculate the circuit current
and the terminal voltage of the inductor.

Solution:-

XL = ω L = 2Πf L Ohm

= 2 Π x 5 x 103 x 64 x 10-3 = 2 K-ohm

The total resistance R = R1 + Rw

= 3.3 x 103 + 700 = 4 K-ohm

Also,
Z = √ ( R2 + XL2) Φ = tan-1 (XL/R)
Then,

Z = √ (4 x 103)2 + (2 x 103)2 Φ = tan-1(2 x 103/4 x 103)

= 4.47 x 103 Φ = 26.565

Then,
V 10
│I│ = = = 2.24 mAmp
3
Z 4.47 x 10

VR = I x R = 2.24 x 10-3 x 4 x 103 = 8.96 Volt

VL = I XL = 2.24 x 10-3 x 2 x 103 = 4.48 Volt

The voltage drop across the resistive component of the

inductor is VRw = I Rw = 2.24 x 10-3 x 700 = 1.57 Volt

138
Where, VR = VRw + VR1

The voltage across the inductor is resultant of VL and VRw,

V(L+Rw) = √ ( VRw2 + VL2)

= √ [(1.57)2 + (4.48)2] = 4.75 Volt

The inductor voltage leads the current by an angle θ,

θ = tan-1 ( VL/VRw) = tan-1 ( 4.48 / 1.57 ) = 70.7 °

V(L+Rw)
VL

θ Φ
VRw VR
I VR1
Phasor diagram showing relationship between supply
voltage V, current I , VR and VL also the voltage across the
inductor V(L+Rw) .

11. Series R-C Circuit

Referring to the circuit diagram, the current I is common to

both R and C.
The waveform of voltage VR across R is in phase with I .
The current through the capacitor leads the capacitor
terminals voltage by 90 degree.

139
Then Vc lags I by 90 degree. The applied voltage V is the
vector sum of VR and Vc and it is seen that I leads V by an
angle which is less than 90. Then,
V = VR - j Vc

= √ ( VR2 + Vc2 ) Φ = tan-1 (-Vc/VR)

Φ VR I

Vc V
Circuit waveforms Phasor diagram

By dividing the equation by I :-

V VR Vc
= - j
I I I
Then,
Z = R - j Xc
Also,

Z = √ ( R2 + Xc2) Φ = tan-1 (-Xc/R)

140
 R

Xc
Z

The impedance diagram for a series resistance capacitance.

Example 7:-
A series circuit consists of a resistance of R = 47 Ohm, C =
10 μf and a 100 Volt AC supply with a frequency of 300 Hz
is. Calculate the circuit current, the voltage across C and the
phase angle of the current with respect to the supply
voltage.
Solution:-
1
XC = Ohm
ω C
Or,
1
XC = Ohm
2Πf C
Then,
1
XC = = 53.1 Ohm
-6
2 Π x 300 x 10 x 10

Also,
Z = √ ( R2 + Xc2) Φ = tan-1 (-Xc/R)

Z = √ ( 47)2 + (53.1)2 Φ = tan-1 (-53.1/47)

= 70.9 Φ = - 48.5

141
 VR = V cos Φ = 100 cos 48.5 = 66.3 Volt
Also, VR = I R
And,
Vc = V sin Φ = 100 sin 48.5 = 74.9 Volt
Also, Vc = I Xc

12. Series R-L-C Circuit

Referring to the circuit diagram, the current I is common to

both R, L and C. The circuit behaves either as a series RL
circuit or as a series RC circuit, depending upon which of
XL or Xc is larger.

The rectangular expression for the voltage in series RLC

circuit is
V = VR - j ( VL – Vc ) = VR + j VX

= √ ( VR2 + VX2 ) Φ = tan-1 (VX/VR)

Then,
Z = R + j XL - j Xc = R + j X
Also,
Z = √ ( R2 + X2) Φ = tan-1 (X/R)

Where, X = XL – Xc
= the total equivalent reactance in ohm.

142
 VL

The phasor diagram for

Series RLC circuit, VX = (VL-Vc)
XL > Xc
V

VR I
Vc

The phasor diagram for

Series RLC circuit,
Xc > XL VL

Φ VR I

VX = (Vc-VL) V

Vc

143
The impedance diagram:-
XL

The impedance diagram for

Series RLC circuit, X =(XL-Xc)
XL > Xc
Z

Xc

The impedancediagram for

Series RLC circuit,
Xc > XL XL

R
Φ

X = (Xc-XL) V

Xc
Example 8:
A series RLC circuit has R = 33 Ohm, L = 50 mH and C =
10 micro-farad. The supply voltage is 75 volt with a
frequency of 200 Hz. Calculate I, VR, VL and Vc. Also find

144
the phase angle of the current with respect to the supply
voltage.

Solution :
XL = 2 Π f L = 2 Π x 200 x 50 x 10-3 = 62.8 Ohm
1
XC = Ohm
2Πf C
Then,
1
XC = = 79.6 Ohm
-6
2 Π x 200 x 10 x 10

Then, X = XL – Xc = 62.8 – 79.6 = - 16.8 Ohm

Also,
Z = √ ( R2 + X2) Φ = tan-1 (X/R)

Z = √ ( 33)2 + (-16.8)2 Φ = tan-1 (-16.8 / 33)

= 37 Φ = - 27

The current I = V / Z
75
=
37 Φ = - 27

= 2.03 Φ = 27

Then the current leads the supply voltage by the angle 27

degree.
The voltages :- VR = I R = 2.03 x 33 = 67 volt
VL = I XL = 2.03 x 62.8 = 127 volt
Vc = I Xc = 2.03 x 79.6 = 162 volt

145
13. Parallel R-L-C Circuit

When R, L and C are connected in parallel, the supply

voltage V is common to all components. The phasor
diagram is established by first drawing the phasor for V and
then
iR being drawn in phase with V,
iL lags V by 90 degrees,
ic leads V by 90 degrees.
iX = ic – iL

The supply current I is the resultant of the phasor sum of iX

and iR and the phase angle of I with respect to V.
I = iR + j ( ic – iL ) = iR + j iX

Parallel R- L C Circuit
The phasor diagram for Parallel RLC circuit,
iL > ic
ic

Φ iR V

iX = (iL-ic) I

iL

146
 I = √ ( iR2 + iX2 ) Φ = tan-1 (iX/iR)

Dividing by V ,
I iR iX
= + j
V V V
Then,
1/Z = 1/R + j 1/X

i.e., Y = G + j B

Where, Y is the admittance, g is the conductance and

B is the equivalent susceptance B = Bc - BL

Or,
B = BL - Bc

Bc is the capacitive susceptance and BL is the inductive

susceptence.
Also,

Y = √ ( G2 + B2) Φ = tan-1 (B / G)

Y
The admittance diagram for a parallel circuit.

Example 9:-
A parallel RLC circuit has R = 100 ohm, L = 20 mH and C
= 10 micro-farad. The supply voltage is 35 volt with a

147
frequency of 500 Hz. Calculate I, iR, iL and ic. Also find
the phase angle of the current with respect to the supply
voltage.
Draw a phasor diagram and an admittance diagram for the
circuit and determine the impedance of the total circuit.

Solution :

XL = 2 Π f L = 2 Π x 500 x 20 x 10-3 = 62.8 Ohm

1
XC = Ohm
2Πf C
Then,
1
XC = = 31.8 Ohm
-6
2 Π x 500 x 10 x 10

V 35
iR = = = 350 mAmp
R 100

V 35
iL = = = 557 mAmp
XL 62.8

V 35
ic = = = 1.1 Amp
Xc 31.8

iX = ic – iL = 1.1 – 0.557 = 543 m Amp

The supply current,

I = iR + j iX = 350 + j 543

148
Also,
I = √ ( iR2 + iX2) Φ = tan-1 (iX/iR)

I = √ ( 0.35)2 + (0.543)2 Φ = tan-1 (543 / 350)

= 0.646 Φ = 57.2

G = 1 / R = 1 / 100 = 0.01 Siemens

BL = 1 / XL = 1 / 62.8 = 15.9 x 10-3 S
Bc = 1 / Xc = 1 / 31.8 = 31.4 x 10-3 S

B = Bc – BL = 15.5 x 10-3 S

Y = √ ( G2 + B2) Φ = tan-1 (B / G)

Y = 18.4 x 10-3 Φ = 57.2

1
Z=
18.4 x 10-3 Φ = 57.2

= 54.3 - 57.2

The impedance can be resolved from the polar form ito

rectangular form:

Z = 54.3 cos ( -57.2) + j 54.3 sin ( -57.2)

= 29.4 – j 45.6 = Rs – j Xcs

This means that, the parallel circuit has an equivalent series

R-C circuit ( or R-L circuit) with the values of Rs = 29.4
Ohm and Xcs = 45.6 Ohm.

149
14. Series impedances

The analysis procedure is :-

1- Convert each impedance into rectangular form

2- Sum the individual resistances to obtain Req
3- Sum the individual reactive components to obtain
Xeq
4- Convert Req and Xeq into polar form which gives
Zeq
5- Divide the applied voltage into Zeq to determine the
supply current I.

Example 10:-

Three impedances are connected in series Z1 = 70.7 I 45 ,

, Z2 = 92.4 I 330 , Z3 = 67 I 60 and the supply voltage is
100 volt. Analyze the circuit to determine the current taken
from the supply. Draw the phasor diagram of the supply
voltage and the current.

Solution:-

Z1 = 70.7 cos ( 45 ) + j 70.7 sin ( 45 ) = 50 + j 50

Z2 = 92.4 cos ( 330 ) + j 92.4 sin ( 330 ) = 80 - j 46.2

Z3 = 67.0 cos ( 60 ) + j 67.0 sin ( 60 ) = 33.5 + j 58

Zeq = Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 163.5 + j 61.8 Ohm

Zeq = √ (163.5)2 + (61.8)2 Φ = tan-1 (61.8 / 163.5)

= 174.8 Φ = 20.7

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I = V / Zeq = 100
174.8 Φ = 20.7

Then,
I = 572 - 20.7 mA

V = 100 volt
) 20.7

I = 572 mA

15. A.C. voltage divider

The voltage divider rule as applied to series resistors in D.C.

circuit can also be applied to series impedances in an A.C.
circuit. Then,
V3 = I Z3 = { V / Z1 + Z2 + Z3 } Z3
Or,
Z3
V3 = V
Z1 + Z2 + Z3
Z2
V2 = V
Z1 + Z2 + Z3

Z1
V1 = V
Z1 + Z2 + Z3

For the previous example :-

67 I 60
V3 = 100
174.8 I 20.7

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 = 38.3 I 39.3

92.4 I 330
V2 = 100
174.8 I 20.7

= 52.9 I 309.3

70.7 I 45
V1 = 100
174.8 I 20.7

= 40.4 I 24.3

V3

V1
) 24.3°
V
The voltage
phasor diagram

V2

16. Parallel impedances

The analysis procedure is :-

1- Convert each impedance to admittance

2- Each admittance is converted into rectangular form (
G,B)
3- Find the total equivalent admittance Yeq = ∑ Y
4- The equivalent impedance Zeq = 1 / Yeq

152
Example 11:-

Three impedances are connected in series Z1 = 1606 I 51 ,

Z2 = 977 I -33 , Z3 = 953 I -19 and the supply voltage is
33 volt. Analyze the circuit to determine the equivalent
impedance and the current taken from the supply.

Solution:-

1
Y1 = = 622.7 I -51 micro-Siemens
1606 I 51

1
Y2 = = 1.02 I 33 milli-Siemens
977 I -33

1
Y3 = = 1.05 I 199 milli-Siemens
953 I -19

Then,

Y1 = 622 x 10-6 cos ( -51 ) + j 622 x 10-6 sin ( -51 )

= 392 - j 484 micro-S

Y2 = 1.02 x 10-3 cos ( 33 ) + j 1.02 x 10-3 sin ( 33)

= 855 + j 556 micro-S

Y3= 1.05 x 10-3 cos ( 19 ) + j 1.05 x 10-3 sin ( 19)

= 855 + j 556 micro-S

Yeq = Y1 + Y2 + Y3 = 2.24 + j 0.414 milli-S

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 Yeq = √ (2.24)2 + (0.414)2 Φ = tan-1 (0.414 / 2.24)

= 2.28 Φ = 10.5 m-Siemens

Then,
Zeq = 1 / Yeq

= 439 -10.5 Ohm

Then,

I = V / Zeq = 33
439 -10.5

Then,
I = 75.2 10.5 mA

Branch currents:-

V 33
i1 = = = 20.5 I -51 mAmp
Z1 1606 I 51

V 33
i2 = = = 33.8 I 33 mAmp
Z2 977 I -33

V 33
i3 = = = 34.6 I 19 mAmp
Z3 953 I -19

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17. Series Parallel impedances

The analysis procedure is :-

1- Add together all impedances that are directly

connected in series
2- Resolve parallel connected impedances into a
single equivalent impedance
3- Determine the single equivalent impedance for the
whole circuit
4- Divide the applied voltage into Zeq to determine
the supply current I.
5- Using the current divider rule, determine the
individual branch current

Z2
I1 = I
Z1 + Z2

Z1
I2 = I
Z1 + Z2

The voltage across any impedance is equal to the current

passed through it multiplied by the impedance value.

Example 12:-

For the circuit shown:-

Z1 = 560 - j 620, Z2 = 330 + j 470, Z3 = 390 + j 270 and
Z4 = 220 - j 220 in ohms, if the supply voltage is 30 V,
determine the current through Z2.

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Solution:-

Z3 + Z4 = 390 + j 270 + 220 - j 220

= 610 + j 50

= √ (610)2 + (50)2 tan-1 ( 610/50 )

= 612 4.7

Y3,4 = 1 / ( Z3 + Z4 )

= 1.63 - 4.7 mS

= 1.63 cos (-4.7) + j 1.63 sin (-4.7)

= 1.62 – j 0.134

Z2 = √ (330)2 + (470)2 tan-1 (470 / 330 )

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 = 574 54.9

Y2 = 1 / Z2

= 1.74 - 54.9 mS

= 1.74 cos (-54.9) + j 1.74 sin (-54.9)

= 1 – j 1.42

YA = Y3,4 + Y2 = 1.62 - j 0.134 + 1 - j 1.42

= 2.62 - j 1.55

= √ (2.62)2 + (1.55)2 tan-1 ( -1.55/2.62 )

= 3.04 -30.6

Then,
ZA = 1 / YA

= 329 30.6

= 329 cos 30.6 + 329 sin 30.6

= 283 + j 167 ohm

The total equivalent impedance ZT

ZT = Z1 + ZA = 560 - j 620 + 283 + j 167

= 843 – j 453 Ohm

= 957 -28.3

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I = V / ZT = 30
957 -28.3

= 31.3 28.3 mA

Then,

Z3 + Z4
I2 = I
Z2 + ( Z3 + Z4 )

Z2 + Z3 + Z4 = 940 + j 520

= 1074 29 Ohm

612 I 4.7
I2 = 31.3 I 28.3 = 17.8 I 4 mAmp
1074 I 29

Sheet 4

1) A conducting loop rotated in a magnetic field has an

axial length of l = 30 cm and a distance between sides
of D = 8 cm. The flux density of the magnetic field is
B = 0.25 T and the loop is rotated at 140
revolutions/minute.
a- Calculate the output voltage and frequency
from the loop.
b- If the loop has 10 turns instead of one,
determine the maximum output voltage.

158
 c- For the condition b) calculate the instantaneous
levels of output voltage e at 5 ms, 10 ms, 25
ms, and 30 ms from e = 0
d- For the condition b), calculate the
instantaneous levels of output voltage e at
phase angles of Π / 4, 3 Π / 4 and 5 Π /4
radians.

2) An AC voltage has a maximum value of 9 Volt and a

frequency of 150 KHz. Determine the instantaneous
voltage levels at t1 = 1.1 micro-sec.

3) Calculate the frequency of an AC voltage that has a

wavelength of 300 Km. Also; calculate the wave
length of 120 KHz and 12 MHz AC voltages.

4) A 120 Hz AC supply with a peak value of 100 Volt is

applied to a resistor of R = 27 Ohm. Calculate:-
1- The instantaneous power dissipations at phase angles
of Π / 3, 2 Π / 3 and 3 Π /2 radians.
2- The RMS and average values of the current through
R.
3- Calculate the average power dissipation.

5) A sinusoidal waveform with an RMS value of 6 Volt

and a frequency of 30 Hz is applied across a 120 Ohm
resistor. Determine the instantaneous power
dissipated in the resistor at 5.5 mille-secs from the
time that the waveform grows from zero. Also,
calculate the peak instantaneous power and the
average power dissipated in the resistor.

6) A 25 turn coil of copper wire with an axial length of 5

cm and a width of 4 cm is rotated in a magnetic field
between the N and S poles of a magnet. The flux
density of the field is 0.13 T and the output frequency

159
 40 Hz. Calculate the rotation speed and the RMS
value of the output voltage.

7) A 100 volt, 250 Hz supply is applied to a 300 mH

inductor. Calculate the inductive reactance and the
current that flows. Sketch the voltage and current
waveforms and draw a phasor diagram for the circuit.

8) A 100 volt, 250 Hz supply is applied to a 30 μf

capacitor. Calculate the capacitive reactance and the
current that flows. Sketch the voltage and current
waveforms and draw a phasor diagram for the circuit.

9) A 25 volt, 10 KHz supply is applied to a 10 mH

inductor in series with a 1.2 Kohm resistor. The
inductor has a winding resistance of 220 ohm.
Calculate the circuit current and the inductor terminal
voltage. Draw the phasor diagram and the impedance
diagram for the circuit.

10) A series R-C circuit has R = 120 Ohm, C = 3.3

Microfarad and an A.C. supply of 12 volt, 1 KHz.
Calculate the current, the voltage across R, the
voltage across C and the phase angle of the current
with respect to the supply voltage. Sketch the phasor
diagram and the impedance diagram for the circuit.

11) A series R-L-C circuit has R = 200 Ohm, L =

20 mH and C = 2 Microfarad and an A.C. supply of
15 volt, 600 Hz. Calculate the current, the voltage
across R, the voltage across L and the voltage across
C and the phase angle of the current with respect to
the supply voltage. Sketch the phasor diagram and the
impedance diagram for the circuit.

160
12) A 200 mH inductor and a capacitor with C = 8
Microfarad and a 330 Ohm resistor are connected in
parallel. A.C. supply of 10 volt, 100 Hz is applied.
Calculate the current in each element, the current
taken from the supply, and the phase angle of the
supply current with respect to the supply voltage.

13) A 390 mH inductor and a capacitor with C = 6

Microfarad and a 620 Ohm resistor are connected in
parallel. A.C. supply of 120 volt, 60 Hz is applied.
Calculate the current taken from the supply, and
sketch the phasor and admittance diagram.

14) For the circuit shown, determine the total

equivalent impedance, and calculate the current that
flows through R2 and L1 in the circuit.

15) Determine VR3 in the circuit shown.

161
 16) Calculate I1 and I2 in the circuit shown.

Prof. Dr. M Moenes

162