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Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Lab Report

Hydraulic And Pneumatic Systems (University of Southeastern Philippines)

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 Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration

OBJECTIVE(S)

 To analyze the effectiveness of the Bernoulli equation when it is tested to a steady flow
of water through a tapered duct.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Perform Laboratory experiments for Energy Equation using Bernoulli’s Apparatus

DISCUSSION

The Law of conservation of energy was the main deriving factor behind the derivation of
Bernoulli’s principle, according to Miller, R.W in the year 1996. Bernoulli’s principle states that in
a steady flowing fluid, the sum of all the mechanical energies including kinetic energy,
dynamic head, fluid pressure, and potential energy should remain the same at all points of the
flow. So, if any type of energy increases then the other type of energy or pressure will decrease
to make the final tally the same as before. Bernoulli’s theorem assumes that the flow is
frictionless, steady, and incompressible. While laws of conservation of mass and energy states
the input mass and energy for a given control volume are equal to the output mass and energy.
Thus,
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 (1)
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 (2)

These two laws are the basis for Bernoulli’s theorem and can be expressed as follows for any two
points located on the same streamline in the flow:
𝑃1 (𝑣1)2 2 (3)
+ + 𝑧1 = 𝑃2 + (𝑣2) + 𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
where:
P is pressure
g is acceleration due to gravity
v is fluid velocity
z is vertical elevation of the fluid

In this experiment, since the duct is horizontal, the difference in height can be disregarded and
the hydrostatic pressure (P) along the flow is measured by manometers tapped into the duct.
Therefore, Bernoulli’s equation for the test section can be written as:
(𝑣1)2
ℎ + =ℎ (𝑣2)2 (4)
2+ 2𝑔
2𝑔
1

The total head (ht) may be measured by the traversing hypodermic probe. This probe is inserted
into the duct with its end-hole facing the flow so that the flow becomes stagnant locally at this
end; thus:

ℎ𝑡 𝑣2
=ℎ+ (5)
2𝑔

The conservation of energy or the Bernoulli’s equation can be expressed as:

ℎ𝑡1 = ℎ𝑡2 (6)

The flow velocity is measured by collecting a volume of the fluid (V) over a time period (t). Using
the formula:

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 𝑣
𝑄=
𝑡 (7)

Meanwhile, the velocity of flow at any section of the duct with a cross-sectional area can be
determined as:
𝑄
𝑣= . (8)
𝐴

For an incompressible fluid, conservation of mass through the test section should be also satisfied
𝐴1𝑣1 = 𝐴2𝑣2 (9)

MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT USED
hydraulics bench
Bernoulli’s apparatus test equipment
Stopwatch

PROCEDURES

1. Before starting the experiment, set up the Bernoulli’s equation apparatus on the hydraulic
bench so that its base is horizontal. Ensure that the test section converging in the flow
direction.

2. Connect the apparatus inlet to the bench flow supply, close the bench valve and
the apparatus flow control valve, and start the pump.

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3. Gradually open the bench valve to fill the test section with water.

4. Measure the flow rate by a timed volume collection by closing the ball valve and use
a stopwatch to measure the time (at least one minute to minimize timing errors) it
takes to accumulate a known volume of fluid in the tank.

5. Reduce the flow rate to give the head difference of about 50 mm between manometers
1 and 5 (h1-h5). This is the minimum flow experiment. Measure the pressure head, total
head, and flow.
6. Repeat the process for one more flow rate, with the (h1-h5) difference approximately
halfway between those obtained for the minimum and maximum flows. This is the average
flow experiment. Reverse the test section in order to observe the effects of a more rapidly
converging section.
7. Lastly, perform three sets of flow, and conduct pressure and flow measurements

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DATA AND RESULTS

Use the following table to record your measurements and observations.

Raw Data Table

Using Bernoulli’s Equation Using Continuity Differences
Equation
Cross 2
h* = hH hi (mm) ViB = Ai = π𝐷𝑖 Vi = 𝑄𝑎𝑣 ViB = Vic
Section 𝐴𝑖
(mm) √[2g(h*-hi)] 4
(m/sec)
(m2) (m/sec)
(m/sec)
A
B

If the fluid is flowing from a wider to a smaller tube its velocity will increase, and it will
decline in the opposite case regardless of the type of flow and the pressure difference. As the
velocity for all cases increases, the dynamic head values also seem to increase. The velocity is
dependent on the diameter of the tube. While the pressure also depends on the velocity of the
flow. Increasing the flow rate leads to increasing the velocity at any point thus will cause the
pressure to fall.

RECOMMENDATION:

Bernoulli's principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782), a Swiss mathematician and
physician. Bernoulli published his work on fluid dynamics in 1738 in the book Hydrodynamica
(Fluid Dynamics), 165 years before the Wright brothers invented the airplane. The main way
that Bernoulli's principle works in air flight has to do with the architecture of the wings of the
plane. In an airplane wing, the top of the wing is somewhat curved, while the bottom of the wing
is totally flat.

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