Lesson 1 The Particulate Nature

of Matter

Objectives:
1. To classify matter and distinguish one from the other.
2. To distinguish the different properties of matter and to identify the changes and
energy involved in its transformation.

M atter is the physical material of the universe , it is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Chemistry is the science that is concerned primarily with matter and the changes that it
undergoes. Therefore, as we begin the study of chemistry our primary focus will be on matter.
Matter is classified into two broad categories,
pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances have
Matter is
`simply
the same properties regardless of their origin. For defined as
anything that
example, copper metal has the same properties whether it occupies
is found in ores in Toledo City or in Sipalay or is reclaimed space and
from copper tubing in an old building. Other examples of has mass
pure substances are distilled water, table salt (uniodized)
and refined sugar.
Chemistry is defined as the study of matter and the changes it
undergoes. It is the study of the properties, composition and structure
of substances. These substances are the elements and compounds.
Furthermore, chemistry seeks to explain the transformations that these
substances undergo and the energy that is released during the process.

Matter undergoes transformation and during this process of

transformation, energy is a very important factor. Kit is important to first
understand what is matter. It occurs in four states and all the known
states of matter may be found in the galaxy - planets contain matter in
solid, liquid and gaseous states and star contain matter in a hot state
called plasma.
Compounds are pure substances which
can be broken down into simpler substances
(elements) by ordinary chemical changes.
Compounds are composed of two or more
elements that are combined in a fixed
proportion. They are formed when two or more
elements are combined in a fixed ratio.
Chemical combination means that a chemical
change has occurred, that the combining
elements disappear, and that a new substance
with entirely different properties, the compound,
appears. Because the elements are chemically
combined to form the compound, a chemical
change is necessary to separate them.

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 The fixed-ratio notion is similar to the idea that
to make a certain cake turn out the same way every
time, you always follow the same recipe, with the
specified amount of each ingredient. This constant fix
ratio of elements in compounds gives compound the
constancy of composition that is characteristics of pure
substances. Composition is constant in compounds
because the ratio of component elements is fixed. This
property of compound that its component elements
always appear in a fixed ratio by weight was noticed and
formalized as the Law of Definite Composition (or
Proportion ) by Joseph Proust in 1797.

A mixture is a combination of two or more pure

Mixture is a substances in no fixed proportion which may be
matter that
consists of two or separated by a mere physical change. Mixture display
more substances varying properties as the proportions of the components
mixed together of the mixture vary. For example, a cup of coffee is a
but are not
chemically mixture. The properties of a cup of coffee are described
combined as strong or weak, bitter or mellow, depending on how
much material has been removed from various coffee
beans by water. Paint is a mixture.
There is no definite composition and hence no definite
properties corresponding to paint. It can contain water or no water, it
can contain yellow pigment or blue pigment in varying amounts. These
different compositions result in different solubility and color properties.
A second characteristic of mixture is that their components may be separated by physical means.
For example, a mixture of sand and water can be separated by filtration. The separability of components
is good property that distinguishes between mixtures and pure substances. Any portion of matter that is
uniform throughout is said to be homogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures are known as solutions. For
example, when salt and water are mixed, a solution is formed. The salt is said to dissolve in water.
Mixtures that are not homogenous are said to be heterogeneous. When water and clay are mixed, no
solution is formed; the resultant mixture is heterogeneous. A heterogenous mixture can generally be
separated by some physical means into homogeneous components. Shown below is the overall scheme
most useful in classifying matter.

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TA

Lesson 2 State of the Matter

Learning Objectives :
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to :
1. recognize that substances are made up of small particles; and
2. make a representation of the arrangement, and relative motion of the particles
in each of the three phases of matter.

One of the most obvious properties of substances is that they can exist as solids, liquids, or
gases. We call these the three states of matter. When a gas is cooled, it eventually condenses to a liquid
and finally freezes to solid, but it remains the same substances. Water exists in all three forms on the
earth’s surface. Gaseous water (water vapor) is present in the atmosphere; liquid water is present in
rivers, lakes, and oceans, and solid water (ice) is present in snow, in glaciers, and on the surfaces of
frozen lakes and oceans.

A gas is distinguished from other states of matter by two characteristic properties:

(1) it is a fluid with no definite shape, and (2) it has no definite intrinsic volume but flows and expands to
fill any container in which it is placed. If the volume of the container is reduced, the gas is easily
compressed to the smaller volume.

A liquid is also a fluid, but a given amount of liquid has its own definite volume. A liquid flows
and takes the shape of the container, but it does not expand to completely fill a container of larger
volume.

In contrast, a solid is not a fluid; it does not flow. Any piece of a solid has definite size and shape
that does not depend on its container. Moreover, this shape can only be changed by exerting
considerable forces on the solid.
Unlike a gas, solids and liquids are only slightly compressible. A much greater force is needed to
compress a liquid or a solid than a gas. A liquid usually has a much greater density than a gas, and a solid
usually has a slightly greater density than the corresponding liquid.

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 Identification of Matter

1. Write E as an element, C if it is a compound and, likewise M if found to be a mixture.

Explain why you classify as one of the above mentioned classification .
ITEMS IDENTIFICATION R E A S O N
1. charcoal
2. sulfur powder
3. dust of iron
4. milk
5. gold
6. table salt
7. ink
8. air
9. iron sulfide
10. water
2. Differentiate the properties of mixtures and compounds based on the following ;

Methods of : Elements Mixture Compounds

1. Composition

2. Formation

3. Separation

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 3. Make a model of the State of the Matter
a. Draw a model of each of the states of the matter.
b. Using a colored paper, bond paper, pencil and crayons, etc.
c. By means of art materials, draw the models of each of the states of matter and design at
your own creativity. Write a short description of your work.

Date Performed : _____________________________________ Score : _________________

Date Submitted : _____________________________________

State of Matter
1. Give or provide which state of the matter is in each number. Write S on each
blank if it is solid, L if liquid, and G if gas.
______ a. carbon dioxide _______ f. gasoline
_
______ b. oil _______ g. nitrogen
_
______ c. ice _______ h. brass
_
______ d. ozone _______ i. breath
_
______ e. blood _______ j. carbon dioxide
_

2. Enumerate the following .

A. The three states of matter
1.
2.
3.
B. Describe the States of Matter
Solid
1.
2.
3.
Liquid

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 1.
2.
3.
Gas
1.
2.
3.
3. Give 5 examples of each state of matter. Do not include that have been
already been mentioned above.

SOLID LIQUID GAS

a. a. a.
b. b. b.
c. c. c.
d. d. d.
e. e. e.

Date Performed : _____________________________________ Score : _______________

Date Submitted : _____________________________________

Lesson 3 Physical and Chemical

Properties of Matter
Learning Objectives :
To windup this lesson, the students must be able to :
1. distinguish between physical and chemical properties; and
2. differentiate between extensive and intensive properties

There are two properties of matter: physical and chemical

properties. We have used the term “property “ or “characteristic” in
discussing classification of matter. Properties are used to classify
things into groups or categories, which is another way of saying that
they serve to identify things. Pure substances can be identified on the
on the basis of their chemical or physical properties.
Chemical properties determines how a substance reacts chemically. It describes a substance
ability to change into a different substance.

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 They are observed when a substance undergoes a chemical change, i.e., a change in
composition. Flammability is a chemical property, some substances burn (a chemical change); others do
not. The chemical property can be observed or measured only by changing the identity of a substance.
Therefore this property, serves to distinguish some substances to others. Iron does not burn, but
it does have the chemical property of rusting. This property uniquely identifies iron. Stainless steel does
not rust. Food has the chemical property of being digestible. The explosive power of TNT represents a
chemical property of that substance. Whenever a chemical change is described, a chemical property of
the material undergoing the change is also described.
Substances can be identified by their chemical
properties, but more often we identify substances by their
physical properties. Physical properties could be either
intensive or extensive.
Extensive properties is a physical property that
depends on the amount or size of matter present. Examples
are mass, volume, length, internal energy, enthalpy,
entropy and size itself.
An intensive property, on the other hand, is also a
physical property but it is independent of the size of the
sample. Boiling point, melting point, density, molar
volume, and temperature are examples of a substances’
intensive property.

CHANGES IN MATTER

EXERCISES
A. Identify the physical (PP) and /or chemical (CP) properties in each condition
1. cutting grass ____ 11. hammering a galvanized roof ____
2. perspiration evaporates ____ 12. cooking food ____
3. a ham is sliced ____ 13. lengthening the hair ____
4. ____
the sugar in grain ferments into alcohol 14. crumpling a paper ____
5. ____
sugar is heated to a brownish coloration 15. digesting a food ____
6. oxygen is compressed and liquefied ____ 16. ripening of fruits ____
7. cutting grass ____ 17. a rotten egg ____
8. bringing water to boil ____ 18. washing clothes ____
9. chopping carrots into tiny pieces ____ 19. having a bad breath ____
10. a blue food color placed in a soda ____ 20. mixing a halo-halo ____
B. Identify the following element (E), compound (C) or mixture (M):
____ 1. mayonnaise ____ 8. sugar
____ 2. silver ____ 9. soda

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 ____ 3. calcium ____ 10. water

C. Classify silver and potassium chlorate as element or compound based on the following data:
1. Silver melts at 961 oC and resolidifies when cooled. Upon reheating, it again melts at
961 oC. Silver conducts electricity, but it is not changed.
_____________________________________________________________________

2. When potassium chlorate is heated a gas released and a white solid with properties
different from potassium chlorate forms.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Consider the following description, labeling each property or characteristic as intensive
or extensive.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The yellow sample is solid at 25o C. It weighs 6.0 g and has a density of 2.3 g/cm3.
_____________________________________________________________________

Properties of Matter
1. Observe and examine each sample. Record the different properties that you will observe in
each sample on the table below.
2. Test the hardness, heaviness, flammability, solubility, and magnetic properties of each
object.

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 + = if there is ̶ = if none
3. Record the properties exhibited by the samples and classify each to their correct kind of properties on
the table below.

Date Performed : _____________________________________ Score : _________________

Date Submitted : _____________________________________

Lesson 4 Physical and Chemical

Changes of Matter
Learning Objectives :
At the end of this lesson, the students have to :
1. understand and make a distinction between a physical and chemical changes and
2. identify the two different changes

Perhaps the only thing permanent about the world is change. All around us are numerous
examples of change in ourselves and our environment. Iron rusts, ice melts, paint peels, seeds become
flowers and log burn. We grow up, we grow old. Living plants and animals continue to change as they
decay. Such changes have long fascinated people and have prompted them to look more closely as
nature’s working in hopes of better understanding themselves and their environment.

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 Changes in matter could be either physical or chemical. Physical change causes no change in
basic nature or composition of pure substances in a sample of matter. Changes in state are examples of
physical changes. The freezing of water is a physical change. No change in the composition of water
occurs in this process, no new kind of matter is produced. The basic nature of the material remains the
same; only the state changes; i.e., liquid water becomes solid water.
Besides changes in state, another common example of physical change is a change in size, or
shape of matter. For example, tearing aluminum foil into pieces represents a physical change; the
chemical composition is still aluminum, but we have several smaller pieces rather than one larger one.
The mixing together of two pure substances, such as iron filings and salt, without changing the
composition of either, is a physical change. Likewise, separating the components of a mixture represents
a physical change so long as the composition of the individual components remain unchanged. No new
pure substance is produced during a physical change.
In contrast, chemical changes produce a change in the
basic nature or composition of pure substances in a sample of
matter. Old substances are converted into new ones. Burning
coal is an example of a process that produces chemical change.
The solid black coal burns, giving off heat and light. It is
converted to colorless carbon dioxide gas. This new material
has a composition and a set of properties that differ from those
of coal. Other examples of chemical change are digestion of
food, souring of milk, and burning of alcohol.
A third type of change may occur which is called nuclear
change. In this change, composition of the nuclei of atoms has
changed and one kind of atom is transmuted into another. A
very good example of this change is radioactivity whereby:
fission of Uranium 235 and fusion of hydrogen atoms to
produce a helium atom. Nuclear change is accompanied with
resultant released of atomic energy.
The different phases of matter can be achieved through
the changes that occur. Melting is changing from solid to
liquid. Sublimation refers to changing of substance from solid
to gas just like when naphthalene balls or bathroom deodorizer
disappears without a trace, liquid to solid is called freezing.

Physical and Chemical

Changes of Matter
1. Observe and examine each item/s listed below. Find out what type of changes can be
seen if each item undergo the following processes;
2. Check ( ) each item if it is physical, chemical, and nuclear change.

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 3. In your very simple word/s differentiate the three different changes observed from above
samples tested.

Date Performed : _____________________________________ Score : _________________

Date Submitted : _____________________________________

Lesson 5
Learning Objectives :
Ways Classify
to
Matter
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to :
1. make a distinction between elements and compounds;
2. differentiate between homogenous and heterogeneous mixture; and
3. use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate the substances
that make up mixtures

There are two ways by which matter can be classified. One way is to classify matter according to
its physical state ; it can be solid, liquid, or gas. Another way is to classify matter according to its
composition; it can be a pure substance or a mixture.

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 Pure substances could be either elements or compounds. A pure substance;
a) contain only one type of particle
b) has a constant composition
c) cannot be separated by physical means
d) has the same elements all throughout
Elements are pure substances composed of only one kind of atom, which cannot be broken down
into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes. They are the simplest substances, the building
blocks from which all other matter is made up by various combination. Examples of common elements
are as follows.

Whereas there are unlimited number of compounds and mixtures, there are only 118 known
elements. They are classified as metals, nonmetals or metalloids.
Metals are elements which are shiny, conduct electricity, and are malleable (they bend without
breaking). They constitute the greatest number of elements in the periodic table. It is located at the lrft
part, middle part and the bottom part ( the lanthanides and the actinides group) of the periodic table.
These elements have characteristics distinct from the others. Examples are aluminum, copper, and gold.

Nonmetals, on the other hand, have the opposite characteristics. These are elements that lack
or do not have the characteristic of metals. They are located at the rightmost part of the periodic table
except for Hydrogen. They generally lack luster, do not conduct electricity, and are brittle. Examples are
sulfur and carbon.

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 Metalloids are elements which have properties intermediate that of metals and nonmetals.
These elements are located between the metal and non-metals. You see them forming a staircase
pattern on the periodic table. They are also known as semimetals. Examples are silicon, germanium,
arsenic and antimony.

Compounds are substances composed of two or more kinds of atoms that are chemically bonded
together in fixed proportions. A chemical compound (or just compound if used in the context
of chemistry) is an entity consisting of two or more atoms, at least two from different elements, which
associate via chemical bonds. There are four types of compounds, depending on how the constituent
atoms are held together: molecules held together by covalent bonds, salts held together by ionic
bonds, intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds, and certain complexes held together
by coordinate covalent bonds.
A compound can be converted to a different chemical
composition by interaction with a second chemical compound via
a chemical reaction. In this process, bonds between atoms are broken
in both of the interacting compounds, and then bonds are reformed
so that new associations are made between atoms. Schematically,
this reaction could be described as AB + CD  AC + BD, where A, B, C,
and D are each unique atoms; and AB, CD, AC, and BD are each unique
compounds. One of the most common examples of a compound is

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 water having two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Other
examples of common compounds are listed below.
Colloids are
mixtures in
which
particles are
mixed but are
not dissolved

EXERCISES
A. Write TRUE if the statement correct. If FALSE, underline the words/s that make/s it wrong
and write the correct answer on the space provided.
_______________ 1. A metalloid exhibits some properties of a metal and non metals.
_______________ 2. The particles in suspension are larger than the particles in colloid.
_______________ 3. Heterogeneous mixture is also called solution.
_______________ 4. Non-metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
_______________ 5. Metals are said to be ductile because they can be hammered into thin
sheets without breaking or cracking.
B. Classify the following as to metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. Write each element according to
their respective groupings.
HYDROGEN CESIUM MERCURY GERMANIUM ARGON
KRYPTON COBALT SILICON TITANIUM TUNGSTEN
METAL NONMETAL METALLOID

Lesson 6 Methods
Mixtures
of Separating

Learning Objectives :
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to :
1. recognize the formulas of common chemical substances
2. describe separation techniques for mixtures and compounds
3. apply simple separation techniques such as filtration, distillation, and chromatography
4. use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate them

The components of mixtures are pure subtances which

have different physical properties. By taking advantage of
these difference, a mixture can be separated into pure

Filtration 18
substances. Separation of mixtures into its components may be
done using physical processes.
There are many ways separating mixtures by physical
means. One of these is called filtration. In this process,
mixtures of solid and liquid is shaken and pour unto a container
using a filter media, a fine mesh called a filter. The soluble
material in the sample dissolves in the liquid and passes
through a filter. The liquid that has been passed through a
filter is called the filtrate, while the insoluble part (solid
component) that will remain in the filter is said to be the Decantation
residue. Heavy suspended particles are allowed to settle at the
bottom of the container

The very basic separation technique is sedimentation

or precipitation which is followed by decantation. Using the
sedimentation technique, heavy suspended particles are
allowed to settle at the bottom of the container. This is often
observed when water from the faucet is allowed to stand in a
container. After sometime, water become clearer and Sedimentation
impurities like small pieces of sand settle, and this is
precipitation. To separate the liquid from the solid, the liquid
portion is poured out carefully, taking care that the sediments
below will not be disturbed and remain at the bottom. This
process is now called decantation.
Crystallization is another process of separating and
purifying the components of a mixture. In this process, the Crystallization
solute comes out of solution slowly as crystals. this purification
process occurs on a bigger scale when ice forms from
seawater. Sea ice is fresh water because the salt remains
behind the ocean.
Sublimation can separate a mixture of naphthalene
and salt by heating the mixture. The naphthalene changes
directly from solid to vapor but changes back to solid when the
vapor is exposed on a cold surface.
Sublimation
Simple distillation is used to recover the water from
an aqueous salt solution like sea water. Distillation
separates a mixture because of the difference in boiling Distillation
point of the two components of the mixture. It is a
continuous cycle of evaporation of the volatile component
and a subsequent condensation. For example, a mixture of
alcohol and water may be separated by distillation because
alcohol has a lower boiling point than water.
Another method of physically separating substance
is through use of speed, in a process called centrifugation.
A solid-liquid mixture in a test tube is rotated at high speed.
The solid collects at the bottom of the sample tube. This
process is often used in separating components of blood.
After centrifugation, the blood plasma is separated from the
blood cells that settles at the bottom. Increasing the speed

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and the length of time of rotation further separates the
sample into finer components.
Chromatography is a separation technique that
relies on the abilities of the surface to absorb, or bind Centrifugation
substance. In the simplest chromatography technique, the
sample is washed out from the center of a disk or filter
paper. Substances that are absorbed most weakly to the
paper move further than others, and if they are colored, will
give rise to separate patches of color on the paper. An
example of a mixture that can be separated by
chromatography is the black ink of a white board marker.
The different colored used to prepare the ink separate
depending on the affinity of the colored ink for the
chromatographic paper. Chromatography

EXERCISES
Identify what process of separation can be performed to do the following
SAMPLE PROCESS
1. Separate sand from water
2. Know the component of a pen
3. Change solid to gas
4. Settle down soil in water
5. Turn water into gas
6. Take away the sugar from the sugar solution
7. Separate water from salt solution
8. Create pure water from salt water
9. Separate sulfide from water and sugar solution
10. Know how many components are there in a mixture

Classification of Matter
1. Hereunder the list of different methods of separating components of a mixture. Determine
what particular physical property is used and give the procedure or how it is done.

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 1. In paper chromatography, cut the filter paper into long strips for about a half wide and 8 inches
long. Draw a dot about ½ from the bottom of each paper. Attach the other end of the paper to a stick
with a paper clip. Meanwhile pour the three liquids ( water, rubbing alcohol and vinegar) to any
container until it is just barely touching the tip of the filter paper. Hang the filter paper in each solvent
and observe what happens. Record your observations.

Observation on Chromatography using the following solvents

Water Alcohol Vinegar

a. What happened to the ink of black pens in each solvent?

b. Which solvent separated the components of the pen ink successfully? Explain, Why?

Date Performed : _____________________________________ Score : _________________

Date Submitted : _____________________________________

GOD never takes a DAY OFF to love, to care, and guide us in

every moment of our lives, even in times of stress

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