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MODULE 5: Climate Change

The document discusses climate change and its effects. It defines climate change and differentiates it from weather. It also explains the greenhouse effect and main sources of greenhouse gases from human activities. The document outlines various impacts of climate change such as on coastal areas, agriculture, human health, and biodiversity. It discusses Philippines' vulnerability to climate change effects and possible adaptation and mitigation measures.

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VINESSE JUMAWID
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47 views

MODULE 5: Climate Change

The document discusses climate change and its effects. It defines climate change and differentiates it from weather. It also explains the greenhouse effect and main sources of greenhouse gases from human activities. The document outlines various impacts of climate change such as on coastal areas, agriculture, human health, and biodiversity. It discusses Philippines' vulnerability to climate change effects and possible adaptation and mitigation measures.

Uploaded by

VINESSE JUMAWID
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLIMATE

CHANGE
Climate Weather
3 Long-term average 3 Conditions at one particular
weather pattern in one time and place, including
place. temperature and rainfall
3 Influenced by slow 3 Can change very rapidly
changes in the ocean, from day to day, and from
the land, the orbit of year to year.
the Earth about the 3 Changes involve shifts in
sun, and the energy temperatures,
output of the sun precipitation, winds, and
3 Fundamentally clouds.
controlled by the
balance of energy of
the Earth and its
atmosphere
What is Climate Change?
• “Achange of climate which is attributed directly
or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere which is
in addition to natural climate variability
observed over a comparable period of time.”
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

• “Any change in climate


over time, whether due
to natural variability or
as a result of human
activity.”
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
What is the Climate System?

is created by complex interactions between the Sun,


our atmosphere, oceans, land, ice and biosphere
which in turn are affected by an area’s latitude,
elevation, terrain, and distance from coasts,
To be able to understand
climate change is to
understand the concept of

Greenhouse Effect
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
These greenhouse gases include
water vapor, clouds, carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N2O) and halocarbons.
By burning fossil fuels due to industrialization
and to sustain our modern lifestyle, the level of
GHGs increase rapidly.
The Anthropogenic Sources of
GHGs

Human activities that lead to the increase in


concentration of greenhouse gases include:
• worldwide deforestation
• increasing industrial activity
• motor vehicle emission and;
• waste management practices
• Carbon sequestration
The Anthropogenic Sources of
GHGs

• Basically, there are three main human sources of


ghgs:
• energy generation and industrial processes
• transportation and
• land-use and agriculture
The GHGs/ The
Anthropogenic Sources
of GHGs
• There are other three man-
made ghgs which were
initially intended to replace
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
to prevent further depletion of
the ozone layer. However,
they were found to be harmful
greenhouse gases.
• These are
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
and Perfluorocarbons
(PFCs) and Sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6).
Effects of Climate Change

• Increase in minimum (nighttime)


temperatures, maximum (daytime)
temperatures, and increases in the
global mean temperature.

• Increase in sea surface


temperatures, sea level and changes
in evaporation, and thus, changes in
rainfall patterns among others.

• Extreme changes in weather patterns


Effects of Climate Change
According to the assessment report:

Global average surface temperature increased


by 0.74°C (1906-2005) which is higher than the
Third Assessment Report (TAR) of 0.6°C (1901-
2000).
Change in Green House Gases Concentration
Climate Change is due to Global
Warming
According to Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), in February 2007.

“…warming of the climate system is


unequivocal . . . and that most of
the observed increase in global
average temperatures since the mid-
20th century is very likely due to the
observed increase in anthropogenic
greenhouse gas concentrations” (IPCC
FAR)
Effects of Climate Change
According to
the
assessment
report:
• Global
average sea
level rose at an
average rate of
1.8 mm per
year over 1961
to 2003 or a
Effects of Climate Change
Are there projections for further warming?

• there are projected increases from 1.4°C to 5.8°C


during the 21st century leading to an increase in the
sea level from 18-59 cm by 2100.

• In the Philippines, under the A1B scenario, mean


annual temperatures are expected to rise by about
0.9°C to 1.2°C for 2020 and 1.7°C to 2.2°C by 2050.
The increase in temperature that will be
realized by 2100 will depend on several
factors including:

• population growth
• amount and manner of
developments
• adoption of environmentally clean
technologies
• and measures/strategies to be put in
place by the global community
Climate Change and Environmental Impacts

Coastal Areas Agriculture Human Health

Water Industry Forests/


Resources and Biodiversity
Energy
Impacts of Climate Change

Coastal and Marine


Ecosystem

Sea level rise will greatly affect


coastal areas through
• Inundation and erosion
• Increased flooding, and
• Salt-water intrusion, and may
even cause extreme events like
high tides, storm surges and
tsunamis,
Impacts of Climate
Change

Bleaching of the coral reefs is


associated with the loss of symbiotic algae and/or their
pigments, and the death of the corals if the warming of
the sea surface temperatures are prolonged.
Impacts of Climate Change
Impacts of Climate Change
Coastal and Marine Ecosystem

Increased Ocean Acidity


Impacts of Climate Change

Water Resources
• Climate change will influence the
hydrological cycle, changing
evaporation, precipitation and
runoff patterns which could affect
water resources.

• For extreme weather events -


more intense rainfall in the
northern parts of the country; less
rainfall/drought and water
Impacts of Climate Change

Agriculture and Food Security


Reduce global food supplies and contribute to higher food prices.
Impacts of Climate Change
Agriculture and Food
Security

• For every 1°C increase in


temperature, rice yields will
decrease by 10%-15%
(IRRI)

•Water for agriculture is


critical for food security.
Agriculture is by far the
biggest consumer of water
worldwide. To raise a ton of
Impacts of Climate Change

Source:newyorktimes

Health
Potential impacts on health due to sea level
rise
Impacts of Climate Change
Biodiversity (Including Forests and
Wildlife)
• Increased outbreaks of pests and
diseases
• Increased risk of forest fires
• Change in species distribution,
composition and abundance
• Invasion of weeds and alien
species
• Displacement of native
plant/forest species
• Loss of plant and animal species
• Migration of plant and animal
species
• Loss of wetlands
Philippine Vulnerability
to Climate Change
According to the united nations,
vulnerability to climate change
will be greater in developing
countries, which are located in
warmer latitudes, like the
Philippines.
HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO
FLOODINGS AND INUNDATIONS
• Archipelago, composed of low lying small islands.

• 70% of cities and municipalities are coastal areas.

• Highly susceptible to flooding and storm surges.


Low Agricultural Productivity

Rice production in the Philippines will


decline by as much as 75%.
THREATEN FOOD SECURITY
AGRICULTURAL
YIELD DECLINE BY AS
MUCH AS 10%

A 1 DEGREE
INCREASE IN
TEMPERATURE
IN THE
TROPICS
HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO LOSS OF BIOLOGICAL
RESOURCES

ACCORDING TO UN, 20%-30% OF PLANT AND ANIMAL


SPECIES MAY BECOME EXTINCT AS A RESULT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate
Change in
the
Philippines
Dry seasons
becoming
DRIER.
Wet seasons
becoming
WETTER.
KLIMA
Impacts of Climate Change

Other extreme weather/climate events


like intense rains have been seen to
be more frequent.
WHAT CAN WE DO?
Adaptation and Mitigation
Adaptation and
Mitigation
Increase the resilience and coping capacity
of the sector with the current and future
changes (Adaptation)
Limit the cause of climate change
through measures that could slow down the
build up of atmospheric GHGs concentrations by
reducing current and future emissions and by
increasing GHG sinks
Adaptation
Measures/Strategies
Agriculture
Adjustment of planning dates
and crop variety; crop
relocation; improved land
management, e.g. erosion
control and soil protection
through tree planting.
Water
Expanded rainwater
harvesting; water storage and
conservation techniques;
Adaptation
Measures/Strategies

Human Health
Heat-health action plans;
emergency medical services;
improved climate-sensitive
disease surveillance and control;
safe water and improved
sanitation
Infrastructure/Settlement
Relocation; seawalls and storm
surge barriers; dune
reinforcement; land acquisition
Mitigation
Measures/Strategies
Energy Supply
Improved supply and distribution
efficiency; fuel switching from coal to
gas, renewable heat and power
(hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal
and bioenergy); combined heat and
power; early applications of Carbon
Dioxide Capture (e.g. storage of
removed CO2 from natural gas)
Transport
More fuel efficient vehicles;
hybrid vehicles; cleaner diesel
vehicles; biofuels; non-
motorised transport (cycling,
walking); land use and transport
planning
Mitigation
Measures/Strategies

Buildings
Efficient lighting and
daylighting; more
efficient electrical
appliances and heating
and cooling devices;
improved cook stoves,
improved insulation;
passive and active solar
design for heating and
cooling; alternative
We can make a
difference . . .
• Save electricity
• turn off lights and electric appliance when not
in use
• use more energy efficient electric appliances
• use compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs) that last
4 times longer and use just 1/4 of the
electricity compared to incandescent bulbs
• Plant trees in your neighborhood and look after
them.
We can make a difference. . .
• Take the bus, ride a bike or walk; maximize the
use of public transport systems.

• Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and


newspapers. When you recycle, you help save
natural resources.

• Generate as little trash as possible, because


trash in landfill sites emit large quantities of
methane, and if burned, carbon dioxide is
released.

• Reduce on the use of non-renewable sources of


energy and increase in the use of renewable
We can make a difference. .
• Encourage cooperation and partnerships among other
institutions in programs and activities that would help
fight global warming.

• Strengthen environmental awareness and action among


your colleagues by initiating innovative and creative
information and education campaigns.

Consume less, share more, live


simply.
Significant Milestones in the Philippines’
Response to Address Climate Change
⮚Created the Inter-Agency Committee on Climate Change (IACCC)
in May 1991 to serve as the national coordination mechanism and
administrative machinery to implement the country’s commitments
to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)

⮚Signed the UNFCCC on June 1992 and ratified it on August 2, 1994

⮚Signed the Kyoto Protocol on April 15, 1998 and ratified it on


November 20, 2003

⮚Designated the DENR as the National Authority for CDM on June


25, 2004 by virtue of Executive Order No. 320

⮚Issued DENR Adm. Order 2005-17 on August 2005 on the IRR


Governing E.O. 320
Significant Milestones in the Philippines’
Response to Address Climate Change
⮚Republic Act No. 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009 (Signed 23
October 2010)

⮚An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change into Government Policy


Formulations, Establishing the Framework, Strategy and Program
on Climate Change, Creating for this Purpose the Climate Change
Commission (CCC), and for Other Purposes

⮚Climate Change Commission (CCC)- sole policy-making body of


the government tasked to coordinate, monitor and evaluate Climate
Change programs and action plans attached to the Office of the
President

⮚The National Framework Strategy on Climate Change – 2010-2022

⮚The Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation – 2010-2022


“Climate change will not be
effectively managed until
individuals and communities
recognize that their behavior
can make a difference.”
- The Royal Society, Climate Change:
what we know
and what we need to know. (2002)

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