SUBJECT:Gener

alBi
ology2
NAME:Mat
hewL.Ll
abr
es DATE:Mar
ch6,
2022
GRADE&SECTI
ON:12-
STEM C QUARTER1-Modul
e1:
Genet
ics
TEACHER:Mr
s.Hel
enRoseT.Or
aa SCORE:

LESSON1:Genet
icEngi
neeri
ng
WHATIKNOW
 Def
ini
ti
onofTer
ms:
1.Genet
icEngi
neer
ing-Genet
icengi
neer
ingi
sthepr
ocessofusi
ngr
ecombi
nantDNA
(r
DNA)technol
ogyt
oaltert
hegeneti
cmakeupofanorgani
sm.
 itreferst
otheart
if
ici
almani
pul
ati
on,
modif
icati
on,
andrecombinat
ionofDNAor
othernuclei
caci
dmolecul
esinor
dertomodif
yanorgani
sm orpopulat
ionof
organisms.
 Thet er
m genet
icengi
neeri
ngisgener
all
yusedtoref
ert
omet hodsofDNA
technology
,whi
chemer gedfr
om basi
cresear
chinmicr
obi
algeneti
cs.
2.DNA-ordeoxy
ribonucl
eicaci
d,i
stheher
edi
tar
ymat
eri
ali
nhumansandal
mostal
l
otheror
gani
sms.
 i
sacomplexmolecul
ethatcont
ainsalloft
heinf
ormati
onnecessar
ytobui
l
dand
mai
ntai
nanorgani
sm.Alll
ivi
ngthingshaveDNAwithi
nthei
rcell
s.
3.RecombinantDNA-RecombinantDNA(r
DNA)isat
echnol
ogyt
hatusesenzy
mest
o
cutandpastetoget
herDNAsequencesofi
nter
est
.
 i
saf orm ofDNAconst
ructedinthelaborat
ory.I
tisgener
atedbyt
ransf
err
ing
sel
ectedpiecesofDNAfrom oneorganism t
oanot her
.
4.Pl
asmi
ds-Plasmidsar
egenet
icelementsofDNAmol eculesi
nt heform ofsmal
l
ci
rcl
espr
esentwit
hint
hebact
eri
alcell
cyt
oplasm out
sidethebacteri
alchromosome.
 i
sasmal l
cir
cleofDNAf
oundi
nbact
eri
aandi
sav
ehi
clef
orst
ori
ngandst
udy
ing
genes.
5.Cloni
ng-Cl
oning,t
heprocessofgener
ati
ngagenet
ical
l
yident
ical
copyofacel
loran
organi
sm,wher
einithappensoft
eninnat
ure.
 Cloni
ngall
owsforthecr
eati
onofmul
ti
plecopi
esofgenes,
expr
essi
onofgenes,
andstudyofspeci
fi
cgenes.
6.Genome-Agenomeisanorgani
sm’scomplet
esetofgenet
icinst
ructi
ons.Each
genomecont
ainsal
loft
hei
nformati
onneededtobui
ldt
hatorganism andal
lowitto
growanddev
elop.
 i
stheent
ir
esetofgenet
ici
nst
ruct
ionsf
oundi
nacel
l
.
7.GeneMappi
ng-Genemappi
ngi
sthepr
ocessofest
abl
i
shi
ngt
hel
ocat
ionsofgenes
onthechr
omosomes.
 Ear
lygenemapsusedli
nkageanal
ysi
s.Thecl
osert
wogenesaret
oeachother
onthechromosome,
themoreli
kel
yiti
sthatt
heywil
lbei
nher
it
edtoget
her
.
8.Biotechnol
ogy-asi t
'ssi
mplest
,ist
echnologybasedonbiol
ogy-bi
otechnol
ogy
harnessescell
ularandbiomol
ecul
arprocessestodevel
optechnol
ogi
esandproduct
s
thathelpimproveourli
vesandtheheal
thofourplanet.
 Bi
ot echnol
ogy,oft
enabbr
evi
atedt
obiot
ech,
istheuseofbi
ologi
cal
processes,
organisms,orsyst
emstomanufact
urepr
oduct
sintendedt
oimprovet
hequal i
ty
ofhumanl i
fe.
9.PolymeraseChai
nReacti
on-Poly
merasechai
nreacti
on(PCR)i
salaborat
ory
techni
queusedtoampli
fyDNAsequences.Themethodi
nvolv
esusi
ngshortDNA
sequencescall
edpr
imer
stoselectt
heporti
onoft
hegenomet obeampli
fi
ed.
 PCRisatechni
queusedi
nthel
abt
omakemi
l
li
onsofcopi
esofapar
ti
cul
ar
sect
ionofDNA.
  PCRisver
ypreci
seandcanbeusedt
oampl
i
fy,
orcopy
,aspeci
fi
cDNAt
arget
fr
om amixt
ureofDNAmolecul
es.
10.GeneTherapy-i
samedical
appr
oacht
hatt
reat
sorpr
event
sdi
seasebycor
rect
ing
theunder
lyi
nggenet
icpr
obl
em.
 Genether
apytechni
quesal
l
owdoctor
stotr
eatadisor
derbyal
ter
ingaper
son’
s
genet
icmakeupinst
eadofusi
ngdr
ugsorsurger
y.

WHAT'
SNEW
 Pr
e-Act
ivi
ty:
1.Or
ganism maybemodif
iedwit
htheuseofgenet
icengi
neer
ingt
echnol
ogyby
mani
pulati
ngit
sgenet
icmater
ial
.
2.
ENHANCEDTRAI
T MODI
FYI
NGTECHNI
QUE
Exampl
e:Fl
avr-
Savr(Del
ayedRi
peni
ng Recombi
nantDNATechnol
ogy
Tomatoes)
1.Cor
n(I
nsectr
esi
stant
ance) 1.Recombi
nantDNATechnol
ogy
2.Honeycri
spAppl
e(Bal
ancedsweet
ness 2.Tr
adi
ti
onal
CrossBr
eedi
ng
andacidi
ty)
3.Wagyubeef(
Beefwi
thgoodf
at 3.Cl
assi
cal
breedi
ng
di
str
ibut
ion)
4.Mosqui
toes(
Reducezi
l
cat
ransmi
ssi
on) 4.Tr
ansgenesi
s
5.GoldenRice(Geneti
cal
lymodi
fi
edto 5.Recombi
nantDNATechnol
ogy
bi
osynthesisebet
a-car
otenei
ntheedi
ble
part
sofr i
ce)

WHATIHAVELEARNED
 PostQui
z:
TECHNOLOGY CELLTYPE
1.Bi
oli
sti
cs Pl
antcel
l
s
2.El
ect
ropor
ati
on Mammal
iancel
ls
3.Bi
oli
sti
cs Pl
antcel
ls
4.HeatShockTr
eat
ment Bact
eri
alcel
l
s
5.El
ect
ropor
ati
on Mammal
i
ancel
l
s

WHATICANDO
 Per
for
manceTask:
PROS CONS
1.I
tcani
mprovethet
ast
eandgr
owt
hrat
e 1.Itmayaffectthewildl
i
feandf ast
er
ofcr
opsandani
mals. growthrat
emayr educethenutri
ti
onal
valueofsomef oodsorpr oduct
s.
2.I
tisaprocessthatcoul
dimprov
ehuman 2.I
tcr
eatest
hepot
ent
ial
forpr
obl
emat
ic
heal
thatcell
ularl
evel
.Inot
herwords,
it pat
hogens
hasbenefi
tstohumanhealth.
3.Itcanhel
puset
obegi
npr
oduci
ngnew 3.I
tcreat
est
hepot
ent
ial
ofunwant
edsi
de
foods. eff
ect
s.
4.Itgiv
esusaccesstoaddi
ti
onalpr
oduct
s 4.I
tcoul
dbeusedf
orabusi
vepur
poses.
thatareusef
ul.I
tcr
eatesapat
hfornew
possibi
li
ti
esformanki
nd.
5.Itcanleadtocropwhi
chhav
enat
ural 5.Uni
ntendedr
esul
tsmi
ghthappenor
pestresi
stance. occur
.
6.Thi
ssci
enti
fi
cpri
nci
pleexi
steddur
ing 6.Itcouldinter
actnegat
ivel
ywit
hother
anci
entci
vi
li
zat
ion. species.Thismayalsoleadtounfav
orabl
e
div
ersity.
7.I
twoul
dhel
ptoi
mpr
ovet
hequal
i
tyof 7.I
tcanputagr
icul
tur
alwor
ker
satr
iskf
or
soi
l fi
nanci
alhar
m
8.Itcanboosttheposi
ti
vet
rai
tsi
nevery 8.I
tcouldcreat
eunpredi
ctabl
eoutcomes
l
ifeform andcoul
dhelptoi
ncr
easeourl
ife (e.
g.,
theconsequencesoftwospecies
span whencrossed)
9.Itwoul
dr educethecostoff
oodf
ort
he 9.I
tcanr
educetheamountofdi
ver
sit
yin
averagehousehold ourf
oodsuppl
y
10.Couldi
mprov equal
i
tyofcr
opsand/
or 10.Thi
smaycausel ongterm ef
fect
s
(e.
g.,
highprot
ein) unknownonplant
s/animals.Moreover
,it
mighti
ncr
easethepossibil
it
yofnew
di
seases.

2.
Genet i
cengi neering,accor dingtowhatI '
vest udiedaboutt hesubj ect,aimst oalter
biologicalbei ngsorev enbact eri
a.Geneticengi neer i
ngisal soappl i
edv ari
ousf iel
ds.Itis
usedi nmedi cal f
iel
d,wher eitaidsi ntheanal y
sisanddet ectionofv iruses,aswel last he
resolutionofcount ermeasur es.Thedev elopmentofCOVI D-19i soneoft heev entsthat
hasi ncreasedt heimpor tanceofgenet icengi neering.Givent hef actt hatwecannotsee
i
twi thournakedsi ghtandt hatwedon' tknow muchaboutt heaf orement ionedv i
rus,
Cor onav ir
usDi sease2019orCOVI D-19i sconsi deredal ethalv irus/di sease( e.g.
,
char acterstics).Scientist
swer eabl etofil
lint hebl anksont heCOVI D-19wi ththeuseof
genet i
cengi neer i
ng.Asar esult,wehav eunl ockt heourweapont ol essent hecaseof
hav i
ngt hev irus,andt hatisv accines.Anot herisonagr i
culturalf i
eldwher egol denr i
ce-
agenet i
callymodi fi
edt obi osynthesisebet a-carotenei ntheedi blepar tsofr i
ceandcor n
(i
nsectr esistance)ar esomeexampl esofi t.Allinal l
,genet i
cengi neer i
ngi sagr eattool
andweshoul dbewi sei nusi ngi tasitpav esawayf orust owar dsani nnovativeand
brighterf ut
ur e.
LESSON2:Di
scus
stheAppl
icat
ionsofRecombi
nant
DNA
WHATIKNOW
 PRI
ORKNOWLEDGE:Def
ini
ti
onofTer
ms
1.Cl
one-theter
m cl
oningdescri
besanumberofdif
fer
entprocessesthatcanbeused
topr
oducegeneti
cal
lyi
denti
calcopi
esofabi
ologi
calent
it
y.Thecopi edmateri
al,
whi
ch
hast
hesamegenet i
cmakeupast heor
igi
nal
,i
srefer
redtoasacl one.
 i
tref
erst
ocell
orgr
oupofcel
l
sthati
sgenet
ical
l
yident
ical
toi
tsancest
orcel
lor
gr
oupofcel
l
s.
2.Pl
asmids-Plasmidsar
ecircul
ardeoxy
ribonucl
eicaci
d(DNA)mol
ecul
est
hatr
epl
i
cat
e
i
ndependent
lyofthebact
eri
alchromosome.
 asmal
l
,of
tenci
rcul
arDNAmol
ecul
efoundi
nbact
eri
aandot
hercel
l
s.
3.Biot
echnol
ogy-istechnologythatuti
li
zesbi
ologi
cal
syst
ems,
li
vi
ngor
gani
smsor
part
softhist
odevel
oporcr eatedif
ferentpr
oducts.
4.PCRAmplifi
cati
on-itisthesel
ect
iveampl
i
ficat
ionofDNAorRNAt
arget
susi
ngt
he
pol
ymerasechainreact
ion.
5.Det
ect
ion-Det
ect
ionr
efer
stot
heuseofdet
ect
ingadesi
redt
rai
tinagi
venor
gani
sm
6.Modif
iedTrai
t-i
sthei
ntroducti
onofnewtr
ait
stoanorgani
sm bymaki
ngchanges
di
rect
lyt
oitsgenet
icmakeup,e.g.DNA,
thr
oughint
erv
ent
ionatthemol
ecul
arl
evel.
7.HumanGenome-humangenome, al
loft
heapprox
imat
elyt
hreebi
l
li
onbasepai
rsof
deoxyr
ibonucl
eicaci
d(DNA)t
hatmakeuptheent
ir
esetofchr
omosomesofthehuman
organi
sm.
 i
tisaf ul
lsetofnucl
eicacidsequencesforhumans,encodedasDNAincel
l
nuclei
'
s23chr omosomal pai
rsandat i
nyDNAmol eculefoundi
nindi
vi
dual
mitochondri
a.
8.Geneti
cModifi
edOrganism -GMOr ef
erst
oanyor
gani
sm whosegenet
icmat
eri
alhas
beenalt
eredbygenet
icengineer
ingpr
ocedur
es.
 Agenet
ical
l
ymodif
iedor
ganism (
GMO)isananimal
,pl
ant,ormi
crobewhose
DNAhasbeenal
ter
edusinggeneti
cengi
neer
ingt
echni
ques.

WHAT'
SNEW
 PRE-
ACTI
VITY:Desi
gnerGene'
sWor
k
1.Cell
smustr epl
i
catetheirDNAbef or
et heycandivi
de.Thisensuresthateachdaughter
cel
lgetsacopyoft hegenome, andtherefor
e,successfuli
nheri
tanceofgeneti
ctrai
ts.
Repli
cati
onoccursinthreemajorsteps:(1)theopeningofthedoubleheli
xand
separat
ionoftheDNAst rands,
(2)theprimingofthet emplat
estrand,
and( 3)t
he
assemblyofthenewDNAsegment .
2.Geneti
cmodi f
iedorgani
sms(GMOs)areli
vi
ngor ganismswhosegenet
icmateri
alhas
beenarti
fi
ciall
ymodi fi
edinal
abbygeneti
cengineeri
ng.Thisr
esult
sinpl
ant,
animal,
bact
erial
,andv i
ralgenecombinat
ionst
hatdon'
texistinnat
ureorcan'
tbeobtai
nedby
tr
adi
tionalcrossbreedi
ngappr
oaches.
3.Sweetbanana>gr
eenpepper>banana>sweetpepperar
m bananacr
ops
SweetPepperAr
m Banana
I
nmanycount r
iesaroundthewor l
dbananasar ethemainsourceofcal
ories.
Accordi
ngtoreport
sfrom Uganda,theirproduct
ioni
scompr omisedbytheemer gence
ofnewdiseases.Ugandanscient
ist
shav esuccessful
lyusedageneti
cmodi fi
cati
on,
i
nserti
ngapeppergenei nt
obananas, whichprevent
sthefrui
tfr
om gett
ingthedisease.
Sour
ce:ht
tps:
//met
inal
i
sta.
si/
10-
successf
ul-
exampl
es-
of-
genet
ic-
modi
fi
cat
ion/
 Ot
heri
nfor
mat
ion/
s:
 I
namaj
orbr
eakt
hrough,
cropsci
ent
ist
shav
esuccessf
ull
ytr
ansf
err
edgenes
 fr
om greenpeppertobananasthatenablet
hecroptoresistt
heBanana
XanthomonasWi l
t(BXW),oneofthemostdevastat
ingdiseaseofbananai
nthe
GreatLakesr
egionofAfri
ca.Researcher
sarenowaboutt ostar
tconfi
nedf
iel
d
tr
ial
sinUganda.
 Thetransformedbanana, infusedwithplantfer
redoxin-l
ikeamphipathi
cprotein
(Pf
lp)orhy persensit
iver
esponse- assist
ingprotei
n(Hr ap)fr
om greenpepper,
haveexhibitedstrongresistancetoBXW i nthelaboratoryandscreenhouses.
Someoft hef indingsofther esear
chhav ebeenpubl i
shedi ntheMolecularPlant
Pathol
ogyJour nal.
Sour
ce:ht
tps:
//www.
sci
encedai
l
y.com/
rel
eases/
2010/
08/
100804080624.
htm
 BananasareUganda'sl
eadingnon-
cereal
cr opwit
hsome70percentoft he
populat
iondependi
ngonitasstapl
efood.Mor ethanUS$200mi l
li
onhasbeen
l
osttoBXW infest
ati
onsince2001.Thediseasehasalsobeenreport
edin
Burundi
,theDemocrati
cRepubli
cofCongo, Keny
a, RwandaandTanzani
a.
 Now, t
hebananaplant
smodifi
edwi t
htwogenesderi
vedfrom sweetpepper
s
(Capsi
cum annuum)showresi
stancetothedi
seasecausedbythebacter
ium
Xanthomonascampestri
spv.musacearum.
Sour
ce:htt
ps:/
/www.technol
ogy
net
wor
ks.
com/
genomi
cs/
news/
uganda-
sweet
-genes-
ar
m-banana-cr
ops-
212773

WHATIHAVELEARNED
 PostQui
z:
1.
PCR(pol
ymerasechainr
eacti
on)test
sareafast,hi
ghlyaccurat
ewaytodiagnose
cer
taini
nfect
iousdi
seasesandgeneti
cchanges.Thetestsworkbyf i
ndi
ngt
heDNAor
RNAofapat hogen(di
sease-
causi
ngorganism)orabnormalcell
sinasample.
Inthi
sti
meofpandemi c,PCRmaybeusedf orthedetecti
onofdi sease-
causing
pathogensinapopul
ati
onbymeansofPCRt est
sonsampl espreparedf r
om bloodand
uri
nespecimensinwhich,i
scapableofdet
ecti
ngthev i
rusintheearlystagesoft he
di
sease, r
esul
ti
nginearl
ydiagnosi
sandsubsequentisol
ati
onofi nf
ect edpat
ientsto
bl
ockt r
ansmissi
on.
2.
Cloningall
owsf orthecreat
ionofmul
ti
plecopiesofgenes, expr
essionofgenes,
andst udyofspecifi
cgenes.Insi
dethehostcel
l,
ther ecombinantDNAunder goes
repli
cati
on;thus,abacteri
alhostwil
lgi
veri
setoacol onyofcellscont
ainingthecl
oned
targetgene.Also,cl
oningall
owsparentst
ogivetheirchil
drenthesamegenesaspr e-
existi
ngperson.
Cloni
ngandexpressi
onofcert
aingenesall
owsformassiveproducti
onoft he
desir
edproduct
.Sayforinst
ance,i
nsul
inmaynowbemasspr oducedinlargequanti
ti
es
fordi
abetespat
ient
swi t
hthehelpofcl
oningandexpressi
onoftheprotei
ni nbact
eri
a.
Anotherist
hechymosinproducti
onwhichi stheinsert
ionofagenef orchymosi
nin
bacteri
a.Thismakesahugei mpacti
nt hefi
eldofindustryasitenhancedthelar
gescal
e
producti
onofchymosininwhich,anenzymet hatservesasasubst i
tuteforr
enneti
nthe
coagulati
onofmilk.Asaresul
t,t
helarge-
scalemanuf actur
ingofthisenzymeinbact
eri
a
ensuresasteadysupplyf
orthecheesebusiness.