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Single - Phase Transformer

The document discusses the operating principle of a transformer and how it transfers energy through induction between coils. It provides equations showing how the voltages induced in the primary and secondary windings are proportional to the number of turns in each winding and the rate of change of flux. The transformation ratio between the voltages is equal to the ratio of the number of turns in each winding.

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aradhyamanit
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22 views

Single - Phase Transformer

The document discusses the operating principle of a transformer and how it transfers energy through induction between coils. It provides equations showing how the voltages induced in the primary and secondary windings are proportional to the number of turns in each winding and the rate of change of flux. The transformation ratio between the voltages is equal to the ratio of the number of turns in each winding.

Uploaded by

aradhyamanit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

1 Operating Principle
Ine tr£nstormer is based on the principle that energy may be efficiently transferred by induction form one
set of coils to another bymeans of avaryingmagnetic flux, provided that both sets of coils are on a common
magnetic circuit. Electromotive forces are induced by change in flux linkages.
Inthe transformer, coils and magnetic circuit are all stationary with respect to one another. The emfs are
induced by the change in the magnitude of the flux with time. This is called 'transformer emf. This is illustrated
in Figure (2.1).
-Laminated steel core

Secondary
Primary

P
E N N
Ez

Mutual flux
path

Figure 2. 1Asimple transformer, with secondary open circuited


2.4 E.m.f. Equation of Transformer
Referring to Figure (2.5), the mutual flux ¢, is formed by the iron
passing through the magnetic circuit
COre, inks both the primary winding 'P and the secondary winding'S Hence. it must induce the saie Mol
a wiiaing. The total induced e.m.f. in each winding then must be proportional to the number or turns in
that winding; that is,
N,
Ny
Wiiele E and E, are the primary and secondarv induced e.m.fs and N. and N, are the number of turns
in primaryand secondary,
respectively.
Figure (2.5) shows the mutual flux, Ò. varving sinusoidally with time. Between points a and o, thne tota
change of flux is 20, webers.
Inis change of fiux occurs in a half cycle, or in a time T/2 sec, where Tis the period, or the time required
for the wave to complete one cycle. The time T2is equal to
1/2fseconds.

Time
a T/2.

Figure-2.5 Sinusoidal variation of flux with time


Method-1 : The average induced e.m.f. in the primary winding is equal to the total change of fluxX
divided by the time. That is,

e, = - , 20m Volts = -N, 20m Volts = -4f N,om volts


1
2 2f
Since the form factor for a sine wave is 1.11, the r.m.s induced e.m.f. is
E, = -4.44fN, m
RaMethod2
=0, Sin ot
thi
mehd
e, = -N, dt
=-N, om)-COS wtVolts
The maximum e.m.f. is, Em =-N, O, ovolts=-2rí N, volts
2T
fNom Volts or
Ems -v2nfNom volts =-4.44Í N,o volts
In terms of the maximum fluxX ensity Bm (WD/m) n ne core and the area of cross-section of tho
core, A(m²)
Ems =-4.44f NB,mAvolts
Ipthe same manner, the voltage induced in the secondary winding N, by flux linkage a in
E, = -4.44f N, volts
The applied voltage must balance the induced primary voltage E,and hence
V, = 4.44 N,fo, volts
etieiteeO
Pubiications

Thus we see that the applied voltage V, and the secondary induced voltage -E are t radians out of
phase (+ V, and -E).
The ratioof the induced voltages in the two windings is called the transformation ratio K.
K= E_ N,
E N

NOTE Students are advised to use transformation rati0,


VHM.
Kor a = EHV
ELV.

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