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Other Patterns of Inheritance Slides

Uploaded by

api-738876162
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Other

Patterns of
Inheritance
What we know
already

Mendel found that traits can be:

DOMINANT or RECESSIVE

So, that when there are two alleles present


in the heterozygous state, the dominant
trait tends to cover up the recessive trait.
How do you explain having green
eyes when your mom’s eyes are
brown and your dad’s eyes are blue?

Or having wavy hair when your


whole family has curly hair, except
for your mom who has straight hair?
CODOMINANCE
● Dominant and recessive traits are combined in the heterozygous
state and result in both traits being expressed (at the same time)
R R

Genotype: RW
W
Phenotype: all
offspring are
roan
W
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
● Dominant and recessive traits are combined in the heterozygous
state to result in a blending of traits

red white pink


R R

Genotype: RW
W
Phenotype: all
offspring are
pink
W
What if we cross our pink rose with another pink rose?

R W
Here we can see a variety
of traits represented,
R where the homozygous
genotypes result in the red
and white phenotypes
W again
MULTIPLE ALLELES
● More than two alleles for a specific trait
● Remember that parents only have two alleles to pass on to their
offspring, but when 4 or more phenotypes exist in a population
for a specific trait, then there must be several different alleles to
choose from
There are 4 phenotypes for human
blood: A, B, AB, & O. There are 3
alleles that you can possibly inherit
from your parents

Allele IA codes for type A blood


Allele IB codes for type B blood
Allele i codes for type O blood
Depending on how the three alleles combine, you can
have one of the four phenotypes of blood. IA and IB are
always DOMINANT over i, but become CODOMINANT
when combined together. The following genotypes create
these phenotypes:

IA IA , IA i = Type A Blood
IB IB , IB i = Type B Blood
IA IB = Type AB Blood
i i = Type O Blood
Punnett Square - Blood type
Let’s cross two individuals, one is is heterozygous for Type A Blood and another who is heterozygous for
Type B Blood

IA i
B A B
I I I I i
B
A
i I i ii
POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
● When a trait is controlled by more than one (poly: many) gene.
● Sometimes, more than one gene may control the expression of a trait or
characteristic. Eye, hair, and skin color, body shape, and height are all
examples of polygenic inheritance
Eye Color
● Controlled by three different genes, two of which are on one chromosome.
The third is on a second chromosome.
● This results in 6 alleles that control what color your eyes are, from light
blue to dark brown, depending on how those alleles are combined.
A a B b

C c

Remember that you only get one of each chromosome from


each parent, so you may get a dominant or recessive trait from
each gene.

Let’s pretend that two people mate with the genotypes:


AaBbCc x AaBbCc
When we cross AaBbCc x AaBbCc, the results of the general population
look like a bell curve with a lot of variation within the offspring.

ABC ABc AbC aBC abC aBc Abc abc


AABBCC AABBCc AABbCC AaBBCC AaBbCC AaBBCc AABbCc AaBbCc
ABC
AABBCc AABBcc AABbCc AaBBCc AaBbCc AaBBcc AABbcc AaBbcc
ABc
AABbCC AABbCc AAbbCC AaBbCC AabbCC AaBbCc AAbbCc AabbCc
AbC
AaBBCC AaBBCc AaBbCC aaBBCc aaBbCC aaBBCc AaBbCc aaBbCc
aBC
AaBbCC AaBbCc AabbCC aaBbCC aabbCC aaBbCc AabbCc aabbCc
abC
AaBBCc AaBBcc AaBbCc aaBBCc aaBbCc aaBBcc AaBbcc aaBbcc
aBc
AABbCc AABbcc AAbbCc AaBbCc AabbCc AaBbcc AAbbcc Aabbcc
Abc
AaBbCc AaBbcc AabbCc aaBbCc aabbCc aaBbcc Aabbcc aabbcc
abc
This concept applies to height, sizes, shapes, and colors of many other
traits as well!

ABC ABc AbC aBC abC aBc Abc abc


AABBCC AABBCc AABbCC AaBBCC AaBbCC AaBBCc AABbCc AaBbCc
ABC
AABBCc AABBcc AABbCc AaBBCc AaBbCc AaBBcc AABbcc AaBbcc
ABc
AABbCC AABbCc AAbbCC AaBbCC AabbCC AaBbCc AAbbCc AabbCc
AbC
AaBBCC AaBBCc AaBbCC aaBBCc aaBbCC aaBBCc AaBbCc aaBbCc
aBC
AaBbCC AaBbCc AabbCC aaBbCC aabbCC aaBbCc AabbCc aabbCc
abC
AaBBCc AaBBcc AaBbCc aaBBCc aaBbCc aaBBcc AaBbcc aaBbcc
aBc
AABbCc AABbcc AAbbCc AaBbCc AabbCc AaBbcc AAbbcc Aabbcc
Abc
AaBbCc AaBbcc AabbCc aaBbCc aabbCc aaBbcc Aabbcc aabbcc
abc
● This example of Polygenic Inheritance is a challenging
one, but it demonstrates how this type of inheritance can
result in so many phenotypes within a population
● Keep in mind, however, that environmental factors such
as diet and other conditions can affect whether some
traits are fully expressed.
○ Not reaching your full height if you are malnourished.
RECAP
● The genes on your chromosomes determine what your traits “look like” through
phenotypic expression
● Some traits follow simple dominant/recessive relationships
● Others are more complex, combining to form completely new phenotypes or
show both the dominant and recessive trait in the phenotype
● Some traits require the help of multiple genes in order to fully express the
phenotype

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