B. Tech.

Semester-VI
Open Elective Courses-III

Building Services and Maintenance –

BCI6603B

Mrs. J. N. Changade
UNIT 2

Building Ventilation: Natural and artificial lighting principles

and factors, Arrangement of luminaries, Distribution of
illumination, Utilization factors, Necessity of Ventilation Types –
Natural and Mechanical Factors to be considered in the design
of Ventilation.

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The Hawa Mahal is one of countless examples of
naturally cooled spaces found in traditional Indian
architecture. Throughout history, buildings in India, as
around the world, evolved to provide comfortable
environments by harnessing forces like sunlight and
wind.
Building Ventilation.
Ventilation:

• Ventilation may be defined as supply of fresh air from outside into an enclosed
space or the removal of inside air from the enclosed system.

• Ventilation is the removal of all vitiated air from a building and its replacement
with fresh air.
(i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, remove moisture, odors, smoke,
heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon dioxide).

• Ventilation can be achieve by fresh air (natural) (window) or by artificial

(mechanical) (exhaust) means.

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 Necessity of Ventilation.
Ventilation is necessary for the following reasons:
1.Creation of air movement.
2.Prevention of accumulation of carbon dioxide.
3.Prevention of flammable concentration of gas vapor.
4.Prevention of accumulation of dust and bacteria carrying
particles.(Ex. If the room is close for long time)
5.Prevention of odour caused by decomposition of building
material.
6.Removal of smoke, odour and foul smell generated/liberated by
the occupants (Heat generation by occupants). 6
Necessity of Ventilation.
• Presentation of condensation or deposition of moisture on wall surfaces.
• Prevention of suffocation conditions in conference rooms, committee halls,
cinema halls, big rooms etc.

Functional requirement of Ventilation System.

• Air changes
• Humidity
• Quality of air
• Temperature (comfort level changes)

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Wind Rose
Diagram
 Method of ventilation
 WIND DRIVEN VENTILATION
 Stack Ventilation
 WIND DRIVEN VENTILATION
as wind blows across a building, it comes
into contact with the windward wall,
which develops a positive
pressure. Simultaneously the opposite
wall, also called the leeward wall, develops
a negative pressure. If there are any
openings on the windward and leeward
walls of a home, fresh air will enter through
the openings on windward wall and exit
through the
leeward openings. With stronger wind
and larger openings, more air can pass
through the building.
 STACK VENTILATION
also known as buoyancy or
thermal ventilation,
is primarily induced by
temperature differences within a
home. As air in a home heats up it
becomes less dense, which causes
the air to rise. This warm air will leave
your home through a window or
opening located higher in the
home, which results in cool fresh
air entering through lower
openings. Because stack ventilation
does not rely on the wind, it can take
place with relatively stable air flow on
hot summer days with no wind.
 Types of natural lighting in
architecture
There are different types of natural light that come into a
building, here are some of them:
 Diffuse and uniform light coming from larger and more regular
openings, for example: strip windows around a room;
 Direct light from the direct sunlight at the desired location on
the floor or other surface;
 Zenith light from the ceiling like a skylight;
 Reflected light from any surface and redirected into space.
● Zenith ligh
 Direct light & Reflected light
 Direct light through central courtyard
Air changes.
• In case of enclosed space, where people are working or living, air has to be
moved in an hour.
• Minimum rate of air change is one per hour.
• Maximum rate of air change is 60 per hour (Every minute the air is
changing).
• Air change per hour=60 * CFM/Volume
• If the rate of air change is less then 1 per hour= no ventilation
• If the rate of air change is more then 60 per hour= discomfort due to high
velocity of air.
• Cross ventilation: Provided to increase the rate of movement in a
ventilated building.
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Air Space per person:
• The volume of fresh air required for the removal of body odour is influenced
by the air space per person.

• The volume decreases as the air space per person increase.

 20 - 25 m3/h per person for normal activity
 30 - 35 m3/h per person if smoking is allowed
 45 m3/h per person in case of light physical work
 60 m3/h per person in case of greater physical activity

As per IS : 3362-1965 for ventilation:

For living room and bedrooms: In case of living room and minimum bedrooms, of three air
changes per hour should be provide.
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Kitchen:
• Large quantity of air are needed to remove the steam, heat, fumes etc.
• Kitchen is size is small.
• Excessive rise of heat. (family of 5)
• Minimum ventilation of about the three air hour change per should be
provided.

Bathroom and water closets:

• Minimum ventilation of about the three air hour change per should be
provided.

Passages:
No specific requirements.
If more people are using the space then provide ventilation.
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Humidity
• Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of amount of water vapour present in the air to
the amount of water vapour if the air is saturated at the same temperature.
• Relative humidity of saturated air is 100%.
• Relative humidity for desirable conditions range is 33% to 70% . (Ex. Desert). At working
condition 21 degree.
Quality of Air
• Ventilating air should be free from impurities, organic matter, odours and inorganic dust.
• Free from unhealthy fumes of gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, Sulphur
dioxide. etc.
• Air containing less then 0.5 mg of suspended impurity per cubic meter and less then 0.5

part per milion of Sulphur dioxide is considered to be cleaned. Ex. Delhi air purifier.

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Temperature
• It is desirable that incoming ventilation air should be cool in summer.
• And warm in winter.
• Inside and outside difference should be not more then 8 degree cel.
System of ventilations
a)Natural
b)Mechanical
Natural ventilations:
Ventilation effected by door, windows, ventilators, skylights and other openings.
Natural ventilations preferable: residential houses and small houses.
Mechanical ventilations: Big offices, conference halls, large factories, auditorium.

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Criteria for minimum
Ventilation of Room

50 CFM (Cubic feet per minute)

Total area of opening should be 10 % or
1/10 th of room area for Residential and
20 % or 1/20 th of room area for Public
 Parts of Door

1)Door Frame
2)Door Shutter
3)Fastenings & Fixtures
Material used for Door Frames
• Wooden / Timber
• Cement concrete
• Stone Frame
• PVC / Plastic
• SS / Aluminium
Fixtures and fastenings
Casement window
5)Louvered or venetian
window
12)Skylight
window
Ventilators
Well distribute
Openings.
North
direction

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Introduction to Lighting
• Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve
practical or aesthetic effects.
• The provision of ample light in a building is of primary significance as
it serves two purpose, namely, for illumination and for granting
hygienic conditions.
• Lighting should be planned in a manner as to create mood or
atmosphere and should complete its purpose.
• Light defines the space, enhances color and revels the
intricacies of texture and form.

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Aims of good lighting
• To create adequate visual environment.
• To promote work and other activities carried out within the building.
• To promote the safety of the people using the building.
• To create a pleasing environment and a sense of wee-being for the
occupants.

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Mysore Palace- By Wadiyar dynasty, Architect- Henry Irwin
A very well lit Durbar Hall (ceremonial meeting hall of the royal court) of Mysore Palace
during day
Types of Lighting
 Natural Lighting.
 Indirect Lighting from natural
source.
 Artificial Lighting.
 Direct.
 Indirect.

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Natural Lighting
• Natural lighting, also known as daylighting, is a technique that
efficiently brings natural light into your home using exterior glazing
(windows, skylights, etc.), thereby reducing artificial lighting
requirements and saving energy

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Natural Light
• The primary source of lighting for day lighting is the sun.

• Natural light from the sun may be harsh, sparkling, hazy, subdued; its quality
changes with the time of day and varies with the weather & the seasons.

• How it penetrates interior spaces depends upon the type, size, placement &
orientation of the building’s window openings.

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 Natural Lighting
• The primary source of lighting for day lighting is the sun.
• The light received by the earth from the sun consist of two parts,
namely, direct solar illuminance (solar radiation that reaches the
earth’s surface) and sky illuminance.
• For the purpose of day lighting design, direct solar illuminance shall not be
considered and only sky illuminance shall be taken as contributing to illuminance
of the building interiors during the day. • Daylighting
calculations depend on
the luminance
 Sky illuminance depends on: distribution of the sky.
 Altitude of the sun • The new concept of sky
 Altitude of the locality (Ex. Valley point) luminance distributions
is modelling skies
 The day of the year under a wide range of
 Time of the day occurrences from the
overcast sky to
cloudless situations
Example of country where mirrors are used to reflect light from sun without or with
sunlight respectively.
- Norway, Denmark, Sweden
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ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• In contract to Natural light, Artificial light is generally static &
unchanging.

• The primary purpose of an artificial lighting system is to provide

sufficient illumination for the performance of visual tasks.

• As a reference recommended illumination levels for various building

types are listed below:

 Lumen method steps: (calculate the light level in a room)

 Determination of the illumination level. (light level intensity is termed as LUX level)
 Selection of the light source and luminaries.
 Utilization factor or coefficient of utilization.
 Arrangement of the luminaires.

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llumination value- Lux- lx-lumens per square metre
AREA / Task Recommended range (lm)
Simple visual task: 30-100
Lobby area, washrooms, loading into trucks.
Medium visual task: 300-1000
Bookkeeping, filing, receiving and packing
More visually demanding task: 3000-10000
Color inspection, difficult assembly, proofreading,
sewing, watch and jewelry making
BUILDING TYPE lm/m2(Lux)
Residential
School 250-400
Industry 1000
Shops 250-500
Offices 100-400
Hotels 80-100
Hospitals 250-3500

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 Artificial light sources
The most common five artificial light
sources are as follows:
1. Incandescent lamp
2. Fluorescent tube
3. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)
4. Discharge lamp
5. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Until recently the most common electric light
source is an incandescent lamp.
This lamp consists of a filament made up of fine
tungsten wire fixed inside the glass support
produces light.
Typical lamps for household use range from 40 to
100 W. The light output of 420 to 1360 lm is
produced at the typical lamp efficiency of about
12%.
This is still widely used, although it has relatively
low energy efficiency. It leads to replacement by
other more efficient lamps such as the CFL.
Fluorescent lamp is the main form of lighting
for offices and commercial buildings. It uses
fluorescence to produce visible light.
It is a gas discharge lamp. It is formed in a
long thin glass cylinder. This lamp has
contacts at either end that secure them to
the fitting (or luminaire) and provide the
electrical connection.
The tube contains mercury vapour at low
pressure. The inner wall of the glass is
coated with a phosphor that reacts to ultra-
violet radiation.
When electricity is passed through the
vapour, it emits UV radiation that is
converted by the phosphor to visible light.
The Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL), is
a fluorescent lamp and it is designed as a
more efficient replacement for
incandescent lamp. It can be used in
many light fittings designed for
incandescent lamps
LEDs use semiconductors to convert electrical
energy directly into light. They are only recently
becoming available as a light source for lighting
purposes. They are highly efficient and long lasting.
 Various types of Lighting
 Ambient Lighting
 Accent Lighting
 Task Lighting
 Informational Lighting

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 Various types of Lighting
 Ambient Lighting
 Ambient lighting provides an area with overall illumination. It
is also known as general lighting.
 With Exclusive Optic Fiber, Music Mode with APP and Remote
Control CompatibleI.

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Accent Lighting
It is mainly decorative, intended to highlight pictures,
plants, or other elements of interior design or
landscaping.
It is often provided by traditional pendant type fixtures, down
lights, chandeliers, or ceiling mounted fixtures etc.

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Task lighting or Directional lighting
 It is aimed at specific task.
 It is mainly functional and is usually the most concentrated, for
purposes such as reading or inspection of materials.

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Informational lighting
Uplight: Place a light source below an object.

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Grazing Light

When light strikes the surface in wide angle and

provides even lighting on a vertical space,
increases luminance of wall surface, and extend
the space. 61
Thank You!

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