DISASTER MANAGEMENT – VI(RAR – 604)

MODULE-1 – HAZARDS & DISASTERS

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 CONTENTS
❑ INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• INDIAN SCENARIO
• UNDERSTANDING OF DISASTER,
• HAZARD AND ITS CLASSIFICATION,
• VULNERABILITY,
• CAPACITY,
• RISK.
❑ VARIOUS TYPES OF DISASTERS.
❑ DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE.

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 INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER
A serious disruption in the functioning of community or a society causing widespread
material, economic, social or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected
society to cope using its own resources.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster Management is a collective term encompassing all aspects of planning for and
responding to disasters, including both pre and post disaster activities. It refers to the
management of both risk and consequence of disasters.

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 INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT
INDIAN
SCENARIO
The scenario in India is no different
from the global context. The super
cyclone of Orissa (1999), the
Gujarat earthquake (2001) and the
recent Tsunami (2004) affected
millions across the country leaving
behind a trail of heavy loss of life,
property and livelihood. Table 1.1
shows a list of some of the major
disasters that have caused colossal
impact on the community.

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 UNDERSTANDING OF DISASTER
A Disaster is an event or
series of events, which gives
rise to casualties and damage
or loss of properties,
infrastructure, environment,
essential services or means of
livelihood on such a scale
which is beyond the normal
capacity of the affected
community to cope with.
Disaster is also sometimes
described as a “catastrophic
situation in which the normal
pattern of life or ecosystem
has been disrupted and extra-
ordinary emergency
interventions are required to
save and preserve lives and
or the environment”.

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 HAZARD AND ITS CLASSIFICATION
HAZARD
A hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition. It may
cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods
and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
There are six Classification of hazards
Geophysical hazard: earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, landslide, and snow
avalanche.
Hydrological hazard: flood and drought.
Shallow earth processes hazard: regional subsidence and uplift, local subsidence and
heave, and ground collapse.
Atmospheric hazard: tropical cyclone, tornado, hail, snow, lightning and thunderstorm,
long-term climatic change, and short-term climatic change.
Biophysical hazard: wildfire.
Space hazard: geomagnetic storm and extra impact events.

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 INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT
VULNERABILITY?
Vulnerability may be defined as “The extent to which a community, structure, services or
geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on
account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrains or a disaster prone
area.”
Vulnerabilities can be categorized into:
1. Physical vulnerability
2. Socio-economic vulnerability

Physical Vulnerability: It includes notions of who and what may be damaged or destroyed by
natural hazard such as earthquakes or floods. It is based on the physical condition of people and
elements at risk, such as buildings, infrastructure etc; and their proximity, location and nature of
the hazard. It also relates to the technical capability of building and structures to resist the forces
acting upon them during a hazard event.

Socio-economic Vulnerability: The degree to which a population is affected by a hazard will not
merely lie in the physical components of vulnerability but also on the socioeconomic conditions.
The socio-economic condition of the people also determines the intensity of the impact. For
example, people who are poor and living in the sea coast don’t have the money to construct
strong concrete houses. They are generally at risk and lose their shelters whenever there is
strong wind or cyclone. Because of their poverty they too are not able to rebuild their houses.

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 INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT
WHAT IS CAPACITY ?
Capacity can be defined as “resources, means and strengths which exist in
households and communities and which enable them to cope with, withstand,
prepare for, prevent, mitigate or quickly recover from a disaster”. People’s
capacity can also be taken into account. Capacities could be:

Physical Capacity: People whose houses have been destroyed by the cyclone or
crops have been destroyed by the flood can salvage things from their homes and
from their farms. Some family members have skills, which enable them to find
employment if they migrate, either temporarily or permanently.

Socio-economic Capacity: In most of the disasters, people suffer their greatest

losses in the physical and material realm. Rich people have the capacity to
recover soon because of their wealth. In fact, they are seldom hit by disasters
because they live in safe areas and their houses are built with stronger materials.
However, even when everything is destroyed they have the capacity to cope up
with it.

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 INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT
WHAT IS RISK ?
Risk is a “measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a
given area over a specific time period. Risk is a function of the probability of
particular hazardous event and the losses each would cause.” The level of risk
depends upon:
• Nature of the hazard
• Vulnerability of the elements which are affected
• Economic value of those elements

A community/locality is said to be at ‘risk’ when it is exposed to hazards and is

likely to be adversely affected by its impact. Whenever we discuss ‘disaster
management’ it is basically ‘disaster risk management’. Disaster risk management
includes all measures which reduce disaster related losses of life, property or
assets by either reducing the hazard or vulnerability of the elements at risk.

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 TYPES OF DISASTER
VARIOUS TYPES OF DISASTERS

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 TYPES OF DISASTER
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISASTER AND HAZARD
HAZARD DISASTER
A hazard is a situation where there A disaster is an event that completely disrupts the
is a threat to life, health, normal ways of a community. It brings on human,
environment of property economical, and environmental losses to the
community which the community cannot bear on its
own.
Hazard are occurred at the place Disasters are mainly occurred at over populated
which has less population area.
Hazard is caused by negligence Disaster is a results of differential behavior of nature
due to many conditions.
Hazards are natural of manmade These hazards are termed as disasters when they
phenomenon that are a feature of cause widespread destruction of property and
our planet and cannot be human lives.
prevented
In their dormant state, hazards just Once a hazard becomes active and is no longer just a
pose a threat to life and property threat, it becomes a disaster.

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 MAJOR DISASTER

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 INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT

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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

• RESPONSE
• RECOVERY RESPONSE
• PREVENTION & MITIGATION ▪ Response measures are usually those which are
• PREPAREDNESS taken immediately prior to and following disaster
impact.
▪ Typical measures include:
• Implementation of plans
RECOVERY • Activation of the counter-disaster system
▪ Recovery is the process by which • Search and Rescue
communities and the nation are assisted in • Provision of emergency food, shelter, medical
returning to their proper level of assistance etc.
functioning following a disaster. • Survey and assessment
▪ Three main categories of activity are • Evacuation measures
normally regarded as coming within the
recovery segment:
• Restoration
• Reconstruction
• Rehabilitation

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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
PREVENTION & MITIGATION
▪ Prevention: Action within this segment is
designed to impede the occurrence of a
disaster event and/or prevent such an
occurrence having harmful effects on
communities or key installations. PREPAREDNESS
▪ Mitigation: Action within this segment usually Preparedness is usually regarded as
takes the form of specific programs intended to comprising measures which enable
reduce the effects of disaster on a nation or governments, organizations, communities
community. For instance, some countries and individuals to respond rapidly and
regard the development and application of effectively to disaster situations.
building codes (which can reduce damage and
loss in the event of earthquakes and cyclones)
as being in the category of mitigation.

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