DR.

SATISH KUMAR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
NIT JAMSHEDPUR
 ENERGY
• • Conventional Sources of Energy
• - Thermal
• - Hydropower
• - Nuclear •
• Non-conventional Source of Energy
• - Solar
• - Wind
• - Biomass
• - Tidal
• - Geothermal
• - Small Hydro
• What sources do we
use for energy?
– Petroleum-3.4%
– Hydropower-9.5%
– Gas-9.6%
– Nuclear-21.0%
– Coal-56.2%
– Save millions of barrels of
oil
 Worldwide, hydropower plants produce about 24
percent of the world's electricity and supply more
than 1 billion people with power.

 The world's hydropower plants output a combined

total of 675,000 megawatts, the energy equivalent of
3.6 billion barrels of oil.
 Hydroelectric Power
• Energy from hydroelectric power is renewable
• It is powered by the water cycle
• Converts forms of energy
– Potential-kinetic-mechanical-electrical
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A
HYDROPLANT

• DAM
• INTAKE
• TURBINE GENERATORS
• TRANSFORMER
• POWER LINES
• OUTFLOW
 DAM
Most hydropower plants rely on a dam that holds back
water, creating a large reservoir. Often, this reservoir is
used as a recreational lake.

INTAKE
Gates on the dam open and gravity pulls the water
through the penstock, a pipeline that leads to the
turbine. Water builds up pressure as it flows through
this pipe.
 TURBINE
The water strikes and turns the large blades of a
turbine, which is attached to a generator above it by
way of a shaft. The most common type of turbine for
hydropower plants is the Francis Turbine, which
looks like a big disc with curved blades. A turbine
can weigh as much as 172 tons and turn at a rate
of90 revolutions per minute (rpm).
The water in the UPPER RESERVOIR flows through
the
hydropower plant to create electricity.

Water exiting the hydropower plant flows into a

LOWER RESERVOIR rather than re-entering the river
and flowing downstream.
 GENERATORS
As the turbine blades turn, so do a series of magnets
inside the generator. Giant magnets rotate past
copper coils, producing alternating current (AC) by
moving electrons.

TRANSFORMER
The transformer inside the powerhouse takes the AC
and converts it to higher-voltage current.
 POWER LINES
Out of every power plant come four wires: the three
phases of power being produced simultaneously plus
a neutral or ground common to all three.

OUTFLOW
Used water is carried through pipelines, called
tailraces, and re-enters the river downstream.
 The Way It Works

1) Potential

4) Electrical

2) Kinetic 3) Mechanical
 TYPE OF SCHEMES

• 􀂾 RUN OF RIVER
• No storage.
• The output is subject to instantaneous flow.
• Reliability of discharge and geological conditions should be
ensured.
• 􀂾 CANAL BASED
• Utilizes the fall and flow in the canals.
• May be planned in main canal or in bye-pass canal.
• Nearby drops should be clubbed in existing canals.
• In canals under planning concentrated drops should be
considered.
• 􀂾 DAM BASED
• Dam schemes are most common in India.
• Water stored during monsoon is utilized for power generation.
Conti.
Conti.
Conti.
Pumped Storage Schematic
 Conti.

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html
 20
“Itaipu,” Wikipedia.org
 Micro Hydro Example

Used in remote locations in northern Canada

http://www.electrovent.com/#hydrofr
 On the basis of availability of water and site.
 Run off river power station without pondage
 Reservoir power station.

 On the basis of plant capacity.

 Micro hydel -- less than 5Mw
 Medium capacity -- 5 to 100Mw
 High capacity -- 101 to 1000Mw
 Super plant -- >1000Mw
• Depending on the load.
– Base load power plants
– Peak load power plants

• On the basis of available Head.

– High head -- >180 m head
– Medium head -- b/w 30 to 180m head
– Low head -- <30 m head
• On the basis of head and quantity of water
available

– Impulse turbine -- above 200m high head

and low flow rate.
– Francis turbine -- b/w 30m to 180m
head(medium head) and
medium flow rate.
– Kaplan turbine -- Low head and high flow rate
head below 30m
• On the basis of name of originator
– Pelton turbine -- named in honour of Allen
Pelton(1829 - 1908) of Calofornia(USA), is an impulse
type of turbine used for high head and low discharge.
– Francis turbine -- named after James Bichens
Francis(1815 - 1892) who was born in England and
later went to USA, is a reaction type of turbine for
medium high to medium low head and medium small
to medium large quantities of water.
– Kaplan turbine -- named in the honour of Victor
Keplon(1876 - 1934) of Bruenn(Germany) is a
reaction type of turbine for low heads and large
blades.
• On the basis of direction of flow of water
in runner.
Hydraulic turbines

Tangential flow
Mixed flow Francis Axial flow for
turbine(Pelton Radial flow turbine
turbine kaplon turbine
turbine)

Inward radial flow

turbine(Centrifugal
type)

Outward radial flow

turbine(Centrifugal
type)
• In tangential flow turbine of pelton type, the water
strikes the runner tangential to the path of rotation.
This path is the centre line of the buckets which is,
sometimes, known as pitch circle diameter or mean
dia of wheel.
• In radial turbine, water enters radially and emerges
out so that the discharge is parallel to the axis of
shaft. Modern Francis turbines have mixed flow
runners.
• In axial flow turbine, water flows parallel to the axis of
turbine shaft. In inward flow turbine, the water flows
from the periphery towards centre of wheel.
Types of Hydroelectric
Installation
• On the basis of disposition of turbine
shaft.
– Turbine shaft may be either vertical or
horizontal. In modern turbine practice, Pelton
turbines usually have horizontal shaft whereas
the rest, specially the large units, have vertical
shaft.
• On the basis of specific speed
– Specific speed
• 10-20 -- slow Pelton runner
• 20-30 -- medium pelton turbine Pelton turbine
• 30-35 -- fast pelton runner
• 35-60 -- multi jet pelton runner

• 60-120 -- slow francis runner

• 120-180 -- medium francis runner Francis turbine
• 180-300 -- fast francis runner

• 300-1000 -- kaplan turbiune Kaplan

turbine
Classification of Hydro Turbines
• Reaction Turbines
– Derive power from pressure drop across turbine
– Totally immersed in water
– Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power
– Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
• Impulse Turbines
– Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets
– No pressure drop across turbines
– Pelton, and turbines
• Impulse turbine -- The water is brought in through the
penstock ending into single nozzle. The whole pressure
energy of water is converted into kinetic energy. The water
coming out of the nozzle in the form of a free jet is made to
strike on a series of buckets mounted on the periphery of a
wheel. The wheel then revolves in open air, there is no
pressure difference in water at the inlet to the runner and the
discharge therefore has no hydraulic function to perform.
• It is necessary only to prevent splashing and to load the
water to the tail race and also act as a safeguard against
accidents. This turbine is also known as a free jet turbine. In
such type of turbine

P1=P2; V1>>>V2
Vr1≈Vr2 (neglecting the losses in buckets)
Hydro Turbines
• Penstock -- it is a large size conduit which
conveys water from a higher level reservoir to the
turbine, depending upon the low head or the high
head installation. A penstock may be wood, concrete
or steel. For the regulation of the turbine penstock is
provided with control valves. The entry of debris is
prevented by the provision of screens called trash
racks.

• Spear nozzle -- at the downward end of penstock is

fitted with the efficient nozzle that conveys the whole
hydraulic energy of water into a high speed jet to
regulate the water flow nozzle is provided with
spear/nozzle which can be moved forward/backward.
This is controlled by hand wheel/governing.
• Diagam of Spear and nozzle.
• Runner and bucket -- the turbine rotor called
runner is actually a circular disc carring a number
of cup shaped buckets and which are
equidistantly around the periphery of the disc. For
low heads buckets are made of cast iron and for
high heads buckets are mnade of stainless steel.
The inner surface of bucket is polished to prevent
the frictional resistance of the water jet. The water
is equally distributed to the hemi-spherically
buckets by ridge/splitter. There is a cut/notch on
the side of bucket which insures the face of
bucket to the jet only when it is in proper position.
This position occurs when the face of bucket and
jet are at 90 degree to each other
• Casing -- Outflow from runner bucket is
in the form of splash which scatter in all
directions. To prevent this and to guide all
water to the tail race, casing is provided all
around the runner. It also acts as a safe
guard to avoid accidents.
• Hydraulic brake -- Larger pelton wheel are
actually equipped with small break nozzle
which when open directs a jet of water on the
back of buckets, therby bringing the wheel
quickly to rest it is shutdown(as otherwise it
would go on revolving by inertia for a
considerable time).
• Speed of the turbine runner is required to be
maintained constant so that the electric generator
coupled directly to the turbine shaft runs at the
constant speed under varying loads condotion.
This is accomplished by the governing
mechanism.
• Reaction turbine -- The reaction turbine operates with
its wheel submerged in water. The water before entering the
turbine has pressure as well as kinetic energy. All pressure
energy is not transformed into kinetic energy as in case of
impulse turbine. The moment on the wheel is produced by
both kinetic and pressure energies. The water leaving the
turbine has still some of the pressure as well as kinetic
energy. The pressure at the inlet is much higher than the
pressure at the outlet thus there is a possibility of water
flowing some passage other than the runner and escape
without doing any work. Hence a casing is absolutely
essential due to the difference of pressure in reaction turbine.

For this type of turbine

P1>>P2 ; V1>V2 and Vr1<Vr2
 Schematic of Francis Turbine

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

 Kaplan Turbine Schematic

"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

 Turbine Ranges of Application

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Turbine Application Ranges