PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TOWARD THE PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF

BACHELOROFCOMMERCE(HONOURS)

PROJECT REPORT

ON
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
BATCH: 2022-25

Submitted By: Project Guide

Name: Ebin Joseph Dr. Pramod Kumar Nayak
EnrollmentNo.:04819588822 (Associate Professor)

Don Bosco Institute of Technology

Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi

CERTIFICATE
TO WHOM SOEVERIT MAYCONCERN
This is to certify that the project work Research Methodology made by Ebin
Joseph, B.Com (H), Enrolment No. 03719588822 is an authentic work carried
out by him under guidance and supervision of Dr. Pramod Kumar Nayak

The project report submitted has been found satisfactory for the partial
fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) Degree.

Project Supervisor Signature:

Name : Dr. Pramod Kumar Nayak
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is in particular that I am acknowledging my sincere feeling towards my

mentors who graciously gave me their time and expertise.

They have provided me with valuable guidance, sustained efforts, and a friendly
approach. It would have been difficult to achieve the results in such a short
period without their help.

I deem it my duty to record my gratitude towards the Project supervisor Dr.

Pramod Kumar Nayak who devoted his precious time to interact, guiding, and
giving me the right approach to accomplish the task and also helped me to
enhance my knowledge and understanding of the project.

Signature:
Name of Student: Ebin Joseph
Enrolment No: 03719588822
Course: B.Com(H)
Semester:3rdSem
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the following documented project report titled “Research
Methodology” is an original and authentic work done by me for the partial
fulfilment of the BACHELOR OF COMMERCE(HONOURS)degree
program.

I hereby certify that all the Endeavour put in the fulfilment of the task are
genuine and original to the best of my knowledge & I have not submitted it
earlier elsewhere.

Signature:
Name of Student: Ebin Joseph
Enrolment No.: 03719588822
Course: B.Com(H)
Semester:3rdSem
 TABLES OF CONTENT

S.NO. PARTICULARS PAGENO.

1. Introduction to Research
methodology
(a) Types of Research
(b) Types of Data
(c) Data Collection
methods
(d) Variables
(e) Hypothesis
(f) Questionnaire
(g) Coding
2. Research Methodology
Lab
(a) Hardware
Requirement
(b) Software
Requirement
3. Introduction to Statistical
Software “R” for data
analysis
(a) Installation of R & R
Studio
(b) Opening of Rstudio
(c) Details of working in
Rstudio
4. Introduction to the Study
of
Customer Preference in
Laptop
=5. Objective Research
Hypothesis
6. Data Preparation
(a) Preparation of
Questionnaire
[ primary data]
(b) Data Collection
(c) Coding
(d) Tabulation

7. Analysis of Data using

Rstudio
(I) Descriptive
Statistics
(a) Frequency
(b) Charts/Graph
(c) Mean,
Median,
Max., Min.,
etc.
(II) Inferential
Statistics
(a) T-test
(b) ANOVA
(c) Correlation
Analysis
(d) Regression
Analysis
8. Findings &Annexure
 Introduction to Research Methodology

RESEARCH :
Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new
and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.
(a) Types of Research :-
1.Applied Research
2. Basic Research
3. Correlational Research
4. Descriptive Research
5. Experimental Research
6. Exploratory Research
7. Qualitative Research
8. Quantitative Research

1. Applied Research

It is a scientific study that seek to solve various practical problems in the day to day life. It find
answers or solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, develop innovative technologies etc.

For example-

1. Improve agricultural crop production

2. Treat or cure specific disease

3. Improve energy efficiency of homes, offices, modes of transportation

Basic Research-It is called as Fundamental or Pure research. It Expands the person's knowledge.
This type of research is not going to create or invent anything new. Instead, it is based on Basic
science investigation.

For example-

1
 1. How did universe begin?
2. What are protons?

Correlational Research –

The relationship among 2 or more variables without necessarily determining the cause and effect is
known as correlational research.

For example-

1. Correlation between obesity and diabetes mellitus

2. Correlation between smoking and cancer

Descriptive Research -
This type of research provides accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or group. Also known as statistical research. It deals with everything that can be counted
and studied which have an impact on the lives of people.

Experimental Research –
This study involves objective, systematic, controlled investigation for purpose of predicting and

controlling the phenomena. It also includes examining the probability and causality among
variables.

Exploratory Research

This type of research will be conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. It helps to
determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It is quite
informal relying on the secondary research.

For Example-

Online marketing and exploring through different sites.

2
Involving numbers and quantifying the results mathematically in numbers.

Quantitative Research

Difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically such as beliefs, meanings, attributes and

symbols. It aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior.

(b) Types of data :

The data is classified into four categories:

• Nominal data.
• Ordinal data.
• Discrete data.
• Continuous data.

3
 (c)Data Collection Methods:

Data collection is basically done by two of data collecting methods which are Primary collection and Secondary
collection .

Primary data collection further combines of questionnaire, survey methods, interview (consist
of Q & A), observations, experiment.

On other hand, the secondary data collection combines of literature writings, google knowledge,
government sources, through newspaper, e-books .

4
 (D) Variables :

A variable is any kind of attribute or characteristic that you are trying to measure, manipulate and
control in statistics and research . All studies analyze a variable, which can describe a person, place,
thing or idea.

Researchers uses various variables while doing research some are as follows:-

 Independent variables
 Dependent variables
 Qualitative variables
 Quantitative variables

(e) Hypothesis :

A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point
of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes
components like variables, population and the relation between the variables.

Types of Hypothesis :-

• Simple hypothesis.
• Complex hypothesis.
• Directional hypothesis.
• Non-directional hypothesis.
• Null hypothesis.
• Associative and casual hypothesis.

(f) Questionnaire :

5
 A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions or other types of
prompts that aims to collect information from a respondent. A research questionnaire is
typically a mix of close-ended questions and open-ended questions.

Research Methodology Lab

(a) Hardware Requirements :

o An Intel-compatible platform running Windows 11. o At least 256 MB of RAM, a

mouse, and enough disk space for recovered files, image files, etc.
o The administrative privileges are required to install and run R-Studio utilities.
o A network connection for data.

(b) Software Requirements :

software requirement is an abstract description of services that the system shall
provide and the constraints under which the system must operate.
Requirements determination involves studying the current business system
to determine how it works and where improvements should be made.
Systems studies result in an evaluation of how the current methods work
and whether adjustments are necessary or possible.
To conduct research in RStudio, ensure you have R and RStudio installed on
your computer. Additionally, consider installing relevant R packages for
statistical analysis, data manipulation, and visualization based on your research
needs. Popular packages include dplyr, ggplot2, tidyr, and others. Check
package documentation for specific functions aligning with your research
methodology.
Introduction to Statistical Software “R”

R studio is an open-source tool that provides Ide to use R language, and enterprise-ready
professional software for data science teams to develop share the work with their team.

The console panel (left panel) is the place where R is waiting for you to tell it what to do, and see
the results that are generated when you type in the commands.

6
To the right bottom, you have another panel, which contains multiple tabs, such as
files, plots, packages, help, and viewer.

(a) Installation of R& R Studio :

1) Visit R Studio Website:

Go to the R Studio download page.

2) Download R:

Download first R language for downloading Rstudio.

3) Download R Studio:

Click on the download link corresponding to your operating system.

4) Install R Studio:

7
5) Open R Studio:

Once the installation is complete, open R Studio. You can find it in your applications or start
menu.

(b) Opening of R studio :

Open Rstudio on the PC, and source, environment, console and outputwill appear
which will look like this.

8
9
 INTRODUCTION

LAPTOP :-

Laptops combine all the input/output components and capabilities of a desktop

computer, including the display screen, small speakers, a keyboard, data storage
device, sometimes an optical disc drive, pointing devices (such as a touch pad or
pointing stick), with an operating system, a processor and memory into a single
unit. Most modern laptops feature integrated webcams and built in
microphones, while many also have touchscreens. Laptops can be powered
either from an internal battery or by an external power supply from an AC
adapter. Hardware specifications, such as the processor speed and memory
capacity, significantly vary between different types, models and price points.

HISTORICALBACKGROUND

ORIGIN OF LAPTOP :-
The first machine that looked like today's laptops—flat screen in a clams held sign over the
keyboard was the GRID Compass. British designer Bill Moggridge created it in1979,and it
was actually manufactured in 1982.
TheGridCompass(writtenGRiDbyitsmanufacturerGRiDSystemsCorporation) is
one of the first laptop computers. Astronaut John Creightonposing with a Grid
Compass aboard a Space Shuttle Discovery mission in 1985.GRiD
SystemsCorp

10
 1
0
The Osborne 1 is considered the first true mobile computer by most historians. Adam
Osborne founded Osborne Computer and produced the Osborne1 in 1981.

Adam Osborne invented the laptop in 1981. Though Osborne 1 was recognized
as the first laptop, the concept of a portable computer was given in 1968 by
Alan Kay.
 11

According to the surveys which are held in India in the year of 2022 the total
market share of laptops in India were approx. of 5.5 billion USD. And it is
estimated that from the year 2023 to 2028 the market of laptops will grow
by6.7% and the estimated value of market share will 8.1 billion USD Whereas
HPand DELL consists of33.2 percent and 23.1 percent respectively.

SIGNICANCEOFRESEARCH:-

Modern marketing aims to address the fundamental issues that consumers face
in the field of consumption. A company must always innovate and comprehend
the current consumer requirements and tastes in order to survive in the market.
It would be incredibly helpful in taking advantage of marketing opportunities
and overcoming the hurdles that the Indian market presents. Because customers'
likes and preferences are constantly changing, it is critical for market ersto
understand their preferences. Customer preference research provides
information on thecolours, designs, and sizes that customers desire. It is
necessary to understandclients and their preferences in order to do efficient
market segmentation andretargeting.

OBJECTIVESOF THESTUDY

Tolearnabouttheamount ofpreferenceconnected withvarious computers.

Toknow about thepreferences of thecustomersin laptops.

Toknowaboutthemostpreferablebrand.
Toassessthefactorsthatledtothebrand's selection.
Tohaveabetterunderstandingofthecharacteristicsofalaptop.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVE -1
To learn about the amount of preference connected with various laptops.

Null Hypothesis :
There is no relation between the preferences and with various laptops.
Alternate hypothesis :
There is a relation between the preferences of customer and various laptops.

12
OBJECTIVE – 2
Toknowaboutthemostpreferablebrand.

Null Hypothesis :
There is no relationship between preferences and most preferable brand.
Alternate hypothesis :
There is relationship between customer’s preferences and in most preferable brand.

OBJECTIVE – 3
To access the factors that led to brand’s selection.

13
Null Hypothesis :
There is no relation between factors and selection of brand. Alternate
hypothesis :
There is a relation between factors and selection of brand.

OBJECTIVE – 4
Tohaveabetterunderstandingofthecharacteristicsofalaptop.

Null Hypothesis :
There is no relation between better understanding and characteristics of a laptop.
Alternate hypothesis :
There is a relation between better understanding and characteristics of a laptop.

QUESTIONNAIRE

I have made questionnaire for this research project and also to know about
thecustomer’spreferencesinthelaptops.And Iwillshowthequestionnaireinthe
individualformwhichwillconsistsof20questioninit.Thequestionnairewasmadein
form of Google forms and it consists of 50 respondents. Firstly I will share
thequestionnaire of 20 questions each by each. The respondents will be share in
theform of tables as well as in the forms of graphs ( specially in form of pie
charts ).Andthequestionnaireisas follows:-

PLEASE FILL THE FORM=

Name-

Age–

Less than 17
18-25
26-34
35-50
More than 50
14
Gender –

Male
Female
Others

Annual inc.– Less

than 1 lakhs
1 lakhs – 5 lakhs
5 lakhs – 10 lakhs
Above 10 lakh

15
 Occupation –
Private
job
Govt. job
Business
Others

Qualification – Matrix
(10th pass)
12th pass
Graduation
Post graduation (PG)
Others

Which of the following brands do you prefer for

laptops? Dell Hp
Asus
Lenovo
What is your preferred screen size for a laptop?

11-12INCHES
13-14INCHES
15-16INCHES
17-18INCHES

How important is the weight of a laptop to you?

Strongly Agree
Agree

Netrual

Disagree

Strongly Disagre

16
Which one of the following operating systems do you prefer for a laptop?

Windows

MacOS

Linux

ChromeOS
Do you prefer a laptop with a touch screen?
Yes
No

How important is battery life in your laptop?

Strongly Agree
Agree

Netrual

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

How important is a dedicated graphics card for you in a laptop?

Strongly Agree
Agree

Netrual

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

What is your preferred storage type for a laptop?

Solid state drive (SSD)
Hard disk drive (HDD)
How important is the design and aesthetics of a laptop to you?
Strongly Agree
Agree

Netrual

17
 Disagree

Strongly Disagree

Do you prefer a laptop with a numeric keypad?

Yes
No

How important is the brand reputation for you when buying a laptop?
Strongly Agree
Agree

Netrual

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

How important is the price of a laptop to you?

Strongly Agree
Agree

Netrual

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

What is your preferred RAM size for a laptop?

4 GB
8 GB
16 GB
32 GB
More than 32 GB

How important is a laptop’s performance (speed and multitasking ability) to

you? Strongly Agree
Agree

18
Netrual
Disagree

Strongly Disagree

19
Do you prefer a laptop with a DVD/CD drive?
Yes
No

How important is the durability of a laptop to you?

Strongly Agree
Agree

Netrual

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

How important is a laptop’s sound quality to you?

Strongly Agree
Agree

Netrual

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

What is your preferred process or brand for a laptop?

Intel
AMD
How important is the availability of ports(USB, HDMI, Ethernet, etc.) in a laptop to you?
Strongly Agree
Agree

Netrual

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

How important is the size and weight of a laptop’s power adapter to you?
Strongly Agree
Agree

Netrual

Disagree
20
 Strongly Disagree

Importing excel to R studio :-

Step1 : first install a package “ggplot2”.

Step 2 : then select the file import the file.

21
Frequency of excel :

22
23
 ANALYSISANDDATAINTERPRETATION

The analysis report will be given in an individual form which will consists of
eachquestion and an individual answers with the help of tables, graphs (pie-charts)
andinterpretations.
 23

SUGGESTIONS

Laptopsmust
haveavarietyofcolouranddesignoptionsthatkeepupwithcurrenttrends.
Tomakecomputerscheapforpeopleofallsocioeconomiclevels,thepriceofthelapt
opsshould beappropriateforthefunctionsitprovides.

Moreoverhalfofthosepolledsaidtheyusetheirlaptopforeducationalpurposes.
Asaresult,laptopmanufacturersmustsupplymoreeducationalapplications.Almo st
everyone preferswell-knownlaptopbrands.
 24

CONCLUSION

Consumersinthisresearcharelookingforitemswithhigherspecifications.Newlaptop
swerepresented,allatcompetitivepricestohelpboostsalesandoutperform smaller
tablets. Customers' need forfaster download speeds andstreaming is growing;
thus, laptops appear to be a better option than
tablets.Laptopsarealsobecomingmorepopularamongconsumersduetotheirportabil
ity. As well the market of laptops are growing because of the worldwidething
which was Covid-19. And during this period the teaching in schools
andcolleges,workfromhome,meetings,conferencesalltheseandmanymorethingsha
ppenedinthevirtualformwhichleadtowardstheincreaseinsaleoflaptops.
 25

BIBLIOGRAFY

As a part of research few of data and resources is

extractedthroughonlinemode includingthe questionnaire.

 https://www.javatpoint.com/
 https://www.teknogeeks.in/
 https://www.cnbctv18.com/
 https://www.google.co.in/
 https://simple.wikipedia.org/
 26

ANNEXURES

Google form
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdvwRdmbr
hKtKPAsA26MPj7E_dC0lXq3GFbha2ExALS_ic6xg/viewf orm?
usp=sf_link

Excelsheets-https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/
27