BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

LECTURE 2: PROPERTIES OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
1
CONSTRUCTION

2 LECTURE 2

 CONCRETE GRADES
 DESIGN OF MIXES
 STORAGE
 BATCHING
 FORMWORK
 FRESH CONCRETE
 HARD CONCRETE
 REINFORCEMENT

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3 CONCRETE GRADES
 CONCRETE IS DESIGNED TO CATER FOR VARIOUS
STRENGTH NEEDS
 THE COMMON TYPES OF GRADES USED IN KENYA ARE:
BS 8110 Designations Eurocode Charact Characte USES
Designation eristic ristic
Cylinder Cube
Crushing Crushing
Strength Strength
CLASS 15 C15 CONCRETE C12/15 12 15 BLINDING CONCRETE,
INFILL MASONRY
CLASS 20 C20 CONCRETE C16/20 16 20 STRUCTURAL: GROUND
SLABS, FOUNDATIONS
CLASS 25 C25 CONCRETE C20/25 20 25 STRUCTURAL: SLABS,
BEAMS, COLUMNS
CLASS 30 C30 CONCRETE C25/30 25 30 STRUCTURAL: SLABS,
BEAMS, COLUMNS,

4 DESIGN OF MIXES
 CONCRETE CAN BE MIXED AT VARIOUS RATIOS TO PROVIDE CONCRETE OF
DIFFERENT STRENGTHS. BATCHING CAN BE DONE BY VOLUME OR BY MASS.

CEMENT FINE COARSE WATER:CEMENT STRENGTH

AGGREGATE AGGREGATE RATIO
fck fck,cube
(fcu)

1 2 4 0.65 16 20

1 1.5 3 0.55 20 25

1 1 2 0.45 25 30

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES: CEMENT = 3.15, SAND = 2.65, BALLAST = 2.65, WATER = 1.0

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5 STORAGE
PROPER CEMENT STORAGE IMPROPER STORAGE

6 STORAGE OF AGGREGATES
 MINIMIZE SEGREGATION
 PREVENT INTERMINGLING
 PREVENT CONTAMINATION
 SLOPE FLOORS FOR
DRAINAGE
 BAY WALLS SHOULD BE
HIGH, LONG AND STRONG
ENOUGH
 BAYS SHOULD BE MARKED
 DON’T USE BOTTOM
250MM OF STOCKPILE
(CONTAINS DIRT AND SILT)

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7 BATCHING & MIXING

HAND-MIXING BATCH PLANT

8 BATCHING PLANTS
 SMALL PLANTS LOADED BY HAND USING SHOVELS
 LARGER PLANTS USE MECHANICAL LOADING SUCH AS
HAND SCRAPERS, BOOMS, BUCKET DRAGLINES OR FRONT
END LOADERS FOR LOADING HOPPERS
 AGGREGATES ARE WEIGHED USING LOAD CELLS OR
LEVER ARMS
 WATER IS MEASURED BY FLOW METER
 BULK CEMENT WEIGHED BY LOAD CELLS
 IF BAGGED CEMENT IS USED, OTHER MATERIALS ARE
PROPORTIONED TO WEIGHT OF CEMENT BAG.

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9 READY MIX TRUCKS

 TRUCK MIXERS
DRY MATERIALS BATCHED INTO THEM AT DEPOT, WATER ADDED USUALLY
ON SITE AND MIXED
 AGITATOR TRUCKS
LOADED WITH PRE-MIXED CONCRETE, WHICH IS AGITATED DURING
TRANSIT.
NOT EFFICIENT MIXERS
 AGITATOR/MIXER TRUCK
FILLED WITH PRE-MIXED CONCRETE AND THIS IS EFFICIENTLY RE-MIXED
PRIOR TO PLACING.

10 TYPES OF MIXERS

 FREE FALL MIXERS

• Tilting-drum
• Reversing-drum
• Split-drum mixer
 FORCED ACTION MIXER

• Pan
• Paddle

10

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

11 TRANSPORTATION
 TO MOVE THE CONCRETE FROM THE POINT OF BATCHING TO
THE PLACE OF CASTING AS ECONOMICALLY AS POSSIBLE AND
WITH A MINIMUM ALTERATION TO THE CONCRETE’S
PROPERTIES
• WORKABILITY
• CONTAMINATION
• LOSS OF FINES
• SEGREGATION
• STIFFENING
• LOSS OF WATER
• HYDRATION OF CEMENT

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12 GOOD PRACTICE

 NEVER LET CONCRETE FALL MORE THAN 3M

 USE ELEPHANT TRUNKING/TREMIE OR CHUTES AS GUIDES

12

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13 COMPACTION

• TO REMOVE ENTRAPPED AIR FROM THE CONCRETE

• Air reduces concrete strength - 1% air will reduce concrete
strength by up to 6%
• Increases impermeability
• Improve bond to steel
• Voids are aesthetically displeasing
• PROTECT STEEL REINFORCEMENT
• BETTER OFF SHUTTER FINISH
• DENSIFY CONCRETE MAKING IT DURABLE

13

14 HONEY COMBING

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

15 COMPACTION

 METHODS
• Self-compaction
• Hand-compaction
• Vibration
 COMPACTION IS COMPLETE WHEN
• Bubbles stop rising
• Surface becomes level and shines
• Sound changes when poker is used

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16 COMPACTION EQUIPMENT

 MANUAL
 POKER VIBRATOR
 EXTERNAL FORMWORK VIBRATOR
 VIBRATORY ROLLER
 SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE

16

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

17 CURING

 CURING IS THE PROCESS OF PREVENTING LOSS OF

MOISTURE FROM CONCRETE WHILE MAINTAINING A
SATISFACTORY TEMPERATURE REGIME. THE CURING
REGIME SHOULD PREVENT DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH
TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS WITHIN CONCRETE.
 THE LOWER THE CURING TEMPERATURE, THE SLOWER THE
RATE AT WHICH CONCRETE WILL HARDEN (BUT
CONCRETE CURED AT A LOW TEMPERATURE WILL HAVE
IMPROVED STRENGTH; HOWEVER, THIS IS NOT NORMALLY
CRITICAL AND IS OFTEN ECONOMICALLY UNVIABLE).

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18 FORMWORK

AND

FALSEWORK

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

19 FORMWORK AND FALSEWORK

 FALSEWORK IS ANY TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION USED TO

SUPPORT VERTICAL LOADS FOR A STRUCTURE UNTIL IT
BECOMES SELF-SUPPORTING
 FORMWORK IS THE TEMPORARY STRUCTURE OR MOLD
USED TO RETAIN PLASTIC OR FLUID CONCRETE IN ITS
DESIGNATED SHAPE UNTIL IT HARDENS WITHOUT
DEFORMATION OR EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION
 ENSURE ACCURATE POSITION AND LEVELS.

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20 FALSEWORK

 STRONG ENOUGH TO CARRY ITS OWN WEIGHT,

FORMWORK, REINFORCEMENT, CONCRETE, WORKMEN
AND EQUIPMENT
 PROPERLY BRACED TO PREVENT SIDE-SWAY AND
BUCKLING
 SUPPORTED ON A FIRM SURFACE, EG. CONCRETE, OR ON
STIFF PADS THAT SPREAD THE LOAD ON SOFT SURFACES,
EG. SOIL
 EASY AND SAFE TO ERECT AND DISMANTLE

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

21 STRIKING FORMWORK

 TYPE OF STRUCTURAL MEMBER EG. BEAM, COLUMN OR

SLAB
 TYPE OF CEMENT
 TYPE OF ADMIXTURE
 CONCRETE TEMPERATURE
 CURING CONDITIONS

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22 STRIKING TIMES

WALLS, UNLOADED COLUMNS AND BEAM SIDES 2 DAYS

SLABS (PROPS LEFT UNDER) 4 DAYS

BEAM SOFFITS (PROPS LEFT UNDER) 7 DAYS

CANTILEVER SLAB AND BEAM PROPS 28 DAYS

CANOPY SLAB PROPS TO BE KEPT TILL THE FLOOR ABOVE IS CAST

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

23 COMMON FAILURES

• Inaccurate shape
• Poor erection, deflection, opening of joints
• Inadequate ties
• Kicking, loss of fines
• Collapse of props
• Lack of bracing
• Surface blemishes
• Release agents, crazing, staining, loss of fines-

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24 FRESH CONCRETE

 CONCRETE THAT IS RECENTLY MIXED AND IS IN A FRESH

MOLDABLE STATE
 GREAT IMPORTANCE TO DURABILITY
 THE TIME PERIOD WE CAN REFER TO CONCRETE AS BEING
FRESH IS 0-10 HRS
 CONCRETE SHOULD STAY WORKABLE AND
HOMOGENEOUS UNTIL PLACED AND FINISHED
 FRESH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE INFLUENCE THE
HARDENED PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

25 PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE

 WORKABILITY
 COHESION
 BLEEDING & SEGREGATION
 PLASTIC CRACKING

OPERATIONS IN FRESH STATE

 TRANSPORTATION
 PLACING
 COMPACTION

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26 FACTORS AFFECTING FRESH CONCRETE

 MIX PROPORTIONS: WATER CONTENT, CEMENT CONTENT,

SAND FRACTION
 AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS
 ADMIXTURES: PLATICIZERS AND SUPERPLASTICIZERS
 TEMPERATURES AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

27 HARDENING CONCRETE

 HYDRATION TAKES PLACE CHANGING THE CONCRETE

FROM PLASTIC TO SEMI-SOLID
 STRONG ENOUGH TO SUPPORT SOME LOAD
 THE SURFACE CAN BE TROWELED OR BRUSHED
 CONCRETE SHOULD BE PROTECTED FROM DAMAGE

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28 PROPERTIES OF HARDENING CONCRETE

 HYDRATION REACTION TAKES PLACE

 TEMPERATURE RISES, EXPANSION TAKES PLACE
 COOLING, CONTRACTION AND CRACKING TAKES PLACE

OPERATIONS IN HARDENING CONCRETE

 CURING:
 PROCESS OF CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE & MOISTURE

28

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

29 PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE

 CANNOT BE WORKED BY HAND

 STRONG & STIFF
 DEFORMS UNDER LOADING
 SHRINKS & EXPANDS DUE TO EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE
CHANGES
 DENSITY
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH & TENSILE STRENGTH INCREASES

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30 FACTORS AFFECTING HARDENED

CONCRETE
 MIX PROPORTIONS
 AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS
 COMPACTION & AIR CONTENT
 CURING
 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

31
REINFORCEMENT
• EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE TO ASSIST CONCRETE TO
RESIST TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE FORCES
• TENSION IS A PULLING FORCE ---------------
• COMPRESSION IS SQUASHING >-----------------<
• SHEAR IS WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU USE A PAIR OF
SCISSORS. IT HAPPENS NEAR THE END OF A BEAM
• BOND IS THE STICKING TOGETHER OF THE STEEL
REINFORCEMENT AND THE CONCRETE
SURROUNDING IT. IT IS ESSENTIAL BECAUSE LOADS
ARE TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE CONCRETE INTO
THE STEEL.

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32 REINFORCEMENT
 CONCRETE IS STRONG IN COMPRESSION - WEAK IN
TENSION
 STEEL IS STRONG IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION
 SIMILAR THERMAL MOVEMENTS
 HIGH PH OF CONCRETE PROTECTS THE STEEL
 HIGH STIFFNESS - STOPS CRACKS FROM OPENING
 CONCRETE IS CHEAP - STEEL IS REASONABLY PRICED
 CONCRETE SHRINKS AND GRIPS STEEL
REINFORCEMENT-

32

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33

Compression
Tension

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34

Cracking

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

35 CONTINUOUS BEAM

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Where does
36
Cantilever the steel go?

Tension

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

37 SHEAR STRESS

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38 SHEAR STRESS

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

39 TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT

 BARS
 WELDED FABRIC MESH
 WIRES/CABLES High tensile

Mild steel

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40 STEEL BAR REINFORCEMENT

 STEEL RODS OR BARS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE AT
SPECIFIED POSITIONS
 THE STEEL BARS ARE MANUFACTURED IN STANDARD SIZES
(NOMINAL DIAMETERS IN MM) OF 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25,
32 AND 40. THE BARS COME IN LENGTHS OF ABOUT 12 M.

PURPOSE
 TO PROVIDE TENSILE STRENGTH (E.G. BEAMS)
 TO PROVIDE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (E.G. COLUMNS)
 CONTROL CRACKING (E.G. SLABS)

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

41 WELDED FABRIC MESH REINFORCEMENT

 PRODUCED FROM HARD DRAWN MILD STEEL WIRE OR

COLD WORKED BARS WELDED TOGETHER
 CAN SAVE A LOT OF FIXING TIME ON SITE.

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42 COVER
 ENSURES STRESSES IN CONCRETE ARE TRANSMITTED TO STEEL
 PROTECTS THE STEEL FROM DEGRADATION
 INCREASES FIRE RATING FOR BUILDING

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

43 NEXT CLASS

 STRUCTURAL DESIGN ASPECTS

 CONCRETE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

43

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