TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ACCOUNTANCY, FINANCE AND BUSINESS

BBDM3014 BUSINESS RESEARCH

[BACHELOR OF BUSINESS (HONOURS) INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT (RIM) – TUTORIAL GROUP 3]
PENANG BRANCH CAMPUS

Coursework (Group Assignment): Quantitative Business Research Project

[PURCHASE INTENTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EVs)]

Name Student ID Programme Awards Mobile Phone & Marks
[Single/Dual] Email Address Awarded
JESSIE CHAN KAR YI 22PBR10160 RIM 011-39460519
[email protected]
OOI ZHEN TEE 22PBR07516 RIM 016-5561882
[email protected]
TAN JUN WYEI 22PBR03685 RIM 017-4772683
[email protected]
TEOH KOK LOON 22PBR06517 RIM 017-5155283
[email protected]
CHEONG CHAU LIN 22PBR03587 RIM 011-36085829
[email protected]

Name Introduction Literature Methodology Data Analysis Appendices & Peer Assessment Total
(15 Marks) Review (20 Marks) & Finding Referencing [Individual Learning
(with Student ID) (20 Marks) (20 Marks) (10 Marks) Attributes & Knowledge
Management]
(15 Marks)
Jessie Chan Kar Yi
(22PBR10160)

Ooi Zhen Tee

(22PBR07516)
Tan Jun Wyei (22PBR
Teoh Kok Loon
(22PBR06517)
Cheong Chau Lin
(22PBR10160)
NAME OF LECTURER : Dr. Lim Chia Yon

1
 NAME OF TUTOR : Dr. Lim Chia Yon

TUTORIAL GROUP :3

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 27 August 2023

EVALUATION SCORE SHEET [GUIDELINES]

Coursework (Group Assignment): Quantitative Business Research Project

Assessment Criteria Excellent Good Average Poor
14-15 11-13 8-10 0-7
Section 1: Introduction Demonstrate thorough and critical Demonstrate good understanding of Demonstrate moderate Demonstrate poor knowledge
understanding of the main research the main research topic by understanding of the main and understanding of the main
topic by articulating the background articulating the background of the research topic by articulating research topic by articulating
Allocated Marks: 15 of the research topic; justification of research topic; justification of the background of the research the background of the research
investigating the research topic; investigating the research topic; topic; justification of topic; justification of
problem statement; gap problem statement; gap investigating the research topic; investigating the research topic;
identification and its justification; identification and its justification; problem statement; gap problem statement; gap
research questions; and research research questions; and research identification and its identification and its
objectives. objectives. justification; research justification; research
questions; and research questions; and research
objectives. objectives.
Section 2: Excellent Good Average Poor
Literature Review 18-20 14-17 10-13 0-9
Demonstrate strong ability and Demonstrate good ability and Able to moderately link Lack of ability to link
Allocated Marks: 20 capability to link academic theories, capability to link academic theories, academic theories, models and academic theories, models and
models and frameworks with the models and frameworks with the frameworks with the relevant frameworks with the relevant
relevant constructs holistically with relevant constructs holistically with constructs holistically with the constructs holistically with the
the purpose to articulate constructs, the purpose to articulate constructs, purpose to articulate constructs, purpose to articulate constructs,
hypotheses development, and hypotheses development, and hypotheses development, and hypotheses development, and
conceptual framework. conceptual framework. conceptual framework. conceptual framework.

Section 3: Excellent Good Average Poor

Methodology 18-20 14-17 10-13 0-9
Demonstrate strong ability and Demonstrate good ability and Able to moderately articulate Lack of ability to articulate
Allocated Marks: 20 capability to articulate methodology capability to articulate methodology methodology theories and methodology theories and
theories and concepts holistically by theories and concepts holistically by concepts holistically by concepts holistically by
presenting research design, data presenting research design, data presenting research design, data presenting research design, data
collection method, questionnaire collection method, questionnaire collection method, collection method,
design, sampling design, data design, sampling design, data questionnaire design, sampling questionnaire design, sampling
analysis method, research ethics, analysis method, research ethics, design, data analysis method, design, data analysis method,
and research Gantt chart. and research Gantt chart. research ethics, and research research ethics, and research
Gantt chart. Gantt chart.
Section 4: Excellent Good Average Poor
Data Analysis & 18-20 14-17 10-13 0-9
Finding Demonstrate strong ability and Demonstrate good ability and Able to moderately evaluate Lack of ability to evaluate and
capability to evaluate and interprete capability to evaluate and interprete and interprete data analysis and interprete data analysis and
Allocated Marks: 20 data analysis and finding critically data analysis and finding critically finding critically by presenting finding critically by presenting
by presenting data coding and by presenting data coding and data coding and editing, data coding and editing,
editing, descriptive analysis, scale editing, descriptive analysis, scale descriptive analysis, scale descriptive analysis, scale
measurement and inferential measurement and inferential measurement and inferential measurement and inferential
analysis. analysis. analysis. analysis.

Appendices and Excellent Good Average Poor

Referencing 9-10 7-8 5-6 0-4
Demonstrate strong ability to Demonstrate good ability to present Able to fairly present Lack of ability to present
Allocated Marks: 10 present appendices (including appendices (including proposed appendices (including proposed appendices (including proposed
proposed questionnaire template questionnaire template and log questionnaire template and log questionnaire template and log
and log book) and referencing with book) and referencing with a book) and referencing with a book) and referencing with a
a coherent structure. coherent structure. coherent structure. coherent structure.

Peer Assessment Excellent Good Average Poor

[Individual Learning 14-15 11-13 8-10 0-7
Attributes & Demonstrate strong individual Demonstrate good individual Demonstrate moderate Demonstrate poor individual
Knowledge learning attributes and knowledge learning attributes and knowledge individual learning attributes learning attributes and
Management]
2
(log book & interview) management in the forms of task management in the forms of task and knowledge management in knowledge management in the
commitment, task-team commitment, task-team the forms of task commitment, forms of task commitment,
Allocated Marks: 15 engagement, attitudes, quality of engagement, attitudes, quality of task-team engagement, task-team engagement,
work, knowledge acquisition, work, knowledge acquisition, attitudes, quality of work, attitudes, quality of work,
knowledge sharing, and knowledge- knowledge sharing, and knowledge- knowledge acquisition, knowledge acquisition,
task contribution. Assessment will task contribution. Assessment will knowledge sharing, and knowledge sharing, and
be based on the log book and be based on the log book and knowledge-task contribution. knowledge-task contribution.
individual interview with the individual interview with the Assessment will be based on Assessment will be based on
respective tutors. respective tutors. the log book and individual the log book and individual
interview with the respective interview with the respective
tutors. tutors.
Total
(100 Marks)

TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ACCOUNTANCY, FINANCE AND BUSINESS

BBDM3014 BUSINESS RESEARCH

[BACHELOR OF BUSINESS (HONOURS) INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT (RIM) – TUTORIAL GROUP 3]
[PENANG BRANCH CAMPUS]

Coursework (Group Assignment): Log Book

Date Time Attendee Topics/Issues Task Allocation Signatures
[Discussion] [Follow Up] (Present
Members)
13 July 10.30 am – Present: Discuss topics None Jc
2023 10.45 am Jessie Chan Kar Yi Zt
Ooi Zhen Tee Gary
Tan Jun Wyei Ross
Teoh Kok Loon CL
Cheong Chau Lin
17 July 2.30 pm – Present: -Finalize the research topics. Allocate: Jc
2023 3.00 pm Jessie Chan Kar Yi -Discuss each part’s tasks Part 1: Jessie Chan Kar Yi Zt
Ooi Zhen Tee -Distribute the tasks Part 2: Ooi Zhen Tee and Gary
Tan Jun Wyei -Follow up on Part 1: Cheong Chau Lin Ross
Teoh Kok Loon Introduction and Part 3: Part 3: Tan Jun Wyei CL
Cheong Chau Lin Questionnaire in next meeting Part 4: Teoh Kok Loon

27 July 8.00 pm – Present: -Check on the research journal Follow up: Jc

2023 9.00 pm Jessie Chan Kar Yi paper Part 1: Jessie Chan Kar Yi Zt
Ooi Zhen Tee -Check on the progress Part 1: Part 2: Ooi Zhen Tee Gary
Tan Jun Wyei Research gaps, Part 2 and Part 3: Part 3: Tan Jun Wyei Ross
Teoh Kok Loon Questionnaire

3
31 July 10.00 am – Present: Check on the research journal Follow up: Jc
2023 10.30 am Jessie Chan Kar Yi paper Part 2: Ooi Zhen Tee Zt
Ooi Zhen Tee Check on the progress Part 2 and Part 3: Tan Jun Wyei Gary
Tan Jun Wyei Part 3: Questionnaire Ross
Teoh Kok Loon Follow up the Part 1,2,3, and 4 CL
Cheong Chau Lin in next meeting
12 10.00 pm – Present: Check on the research journal Follow up: Jc
August 10.30 pm Jessie Chan Kar Yi paper Part 1: Jessie Chan Kar Yi Zt
2023 Ooi Zhen Tee Check on the progress Part 1, Part 2: Ooi Zhen Tee and Gary
Tan Jun Wyei Part 2: Hypothesis, Part 3, and Cheong Chau Lin Ross
Teoh Kok Loon Part 4 Part 3: Tan Jun Wyei CL
Cheong Chau Lin Part 4: Teoh Kok Loon

TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ACCOUNTANCY, FINANCE AND BUSINESS

BBDM3014 BUSINESS RESEARCH

[BACHELOR OF BUSINESS (HONOURS) INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT (RIM) – TUTORIAL GROUP 3]
[PENANG BRANCH CAMPUS]

Peer Assessment

[Individual Learning Attributes & Knowledge Management]

Name of Assessor Jessie Chan Ooi Zhen Tee Tan Jun Teoh Kok Cheong Chau
Kar Yi Wyei Loon Lin
Jessie Chan Kar
Yi

Ooi Zhen Tee

Tan Jun Wyei

Teoh Kok Loon

Cheong Chau Lin

4
 Total Marks

Average Marks

Note: Write down the name of assessors and members respectively in the table.

5
 TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF ACCOUNTANCY, FINANCE AND BUSINESS

BBDM3014 BUSINESS RESEARCH

[BACHELOR OF BUSINESS (HONOURS) INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT (RIM) – TUTORIAL GROUP 3]
[PENANG BRANCH CAMPUS]

Peer Assessment

[Individual Learning Attributes & Knowledge Management]

Date Time Name of Assessor Signature of Assessor

of Interview of Interview

6
 FACULTY OF ACCOUNTANCY, FINANCE AND BUSINESS

COURSEWORK FEEDBACK FORM

COURSE CODE/ COURSE TITLE: BBDM3014 BUSINESS RESEARCH

NAME OF STUDENT(s): ID No:
1) JESSIE CHAN KAR YI 22PBR10160
2) OOI ZHEN TEE 22PBR07516
3) TAN JUN WYEI 22PBR03685
4) TEOH KOK LOON 22PBR06517
5) CHEONG CHAU LIN 22PBR03587
PROGRAMME: BACHELOR OF BUSINESS (HONOURS) INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT
YEAR OF STUDY: 3 SEMESTER: 1 ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023/2024
GROUP NO: 1 / 2 / 3
COURSEWORK NO: 1 NATURE OF COURSEWORK: MARKS ALLOCATED:
group assignment

COMMENTS :

The assignment requires significant improvement, particularly chapter 1. Chapter 1 is the

foundation of the research, it should provide information on the research context and scope of
study. The remaining chapters require improvements as well. Refer to the report for detailed
comments.

Student’s Date: Lecturer/Tutor’s Date: 13/09/2023

Acknowledgement: Signature: LCY
Jc

7
 TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of Accountancy, Finance and Business

Plagiarism Declaration Statement

Semester: Y3S1G3 Course Code & Title: BBDM3014 BUSINESS RESEARCH Declaration I/We confirm that
I/we have read and shall comply with all the terms and condition of Tunku Abdul Rahman University of
Management and Technology’s plagiarism policy.

I/We declare that this assignment is free from all forms of plagiarism and for all intents and purposes is
my/our own properly derived work. I/We further confirm that the same work, where appropriate, has
been verified by anti-plagiarism software 14%.

Name (Student ID Number) Signature Date

1 JESSIE CHAN KAR YI Jc 27 AUGUST 2023

2 OOI ZHEN TEE Zt 27 AUGUST 2023

3 TAN JUN WYEI Gary 27 AUGUST 2023

4 TEOH KOK LOON Ross 27 AUGUST 2023

5 CHEONG CHAU LIN CL 27 AUGUST 2023

8
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................12
1.2 Background of the Research....................................................................................12
1.3 Justification of the Research....................................................................................13
1.4 Problem Statement...................................................................................................14
1.5 Identification and Justification of Gaps...................................................................16
1.6 Research Questions………………………………………………………………..17
1.7 Research Objectives……………………………………………………………….17
Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................18
2.2 Theory / Framework / Model...................................................................................18
2.3 Dependent Variable………………………………………………………...……..19
2.4 Independent Variables……………………………………………………….........19
2.5 Hypothesis Development.........................................................................................21
2.6 Conceptual Framework............................................................................................24
Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................25
3.2 Research Design.....................................................................................................25
3.3 Data Collection Method.........................................................................................26
3.4 Survey Questionnaire Development.......................................................................27
3.4.1 Operationalization of the Constructs..............................................................28
3.4.1.1 Independent Variables............................................................................30
3.4.1.2 Dependent Variables...............................................................................30
3.4.2 Questionnaire Design......................................................................................31
3.5 Sampling Design.....................................................................................................31
3.5.1 Sampling Technique.......................................................................................31
3.5.2 Sample Size……............................................................................................32

9
 3.6 Data Analysis Method............................................................................................32
3.7 Research Ethics......................................................................................................33
3.8 Research Gantt Chart.............................................................................................34

Chapter 4: Research Methodology

4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................35
4.2 An Overview of Data Collected.............................................................................35
4.3 Data Processing………..........................................................................................35
4.4 Descriptive Analysis………………......................................................................36
4.4.1 Central Tendency and Dispersion..................................................................36
4.4.1.1 Mean......................................................................................................36
4.4.1.2 Standard Deviation................................................................................37
4.4.1.3 Skewness and Kurtosis..........................................................................37

4.5 Goodness of Measures..........................................................................................37

4.5.1 Reliability Analysis.................................................................................38
4.5.2 Factor Analysis……................................................................................39
4.5.3 Pearson’s Correlation Analysis................................................................40

4.6 Multiple Regression Analysis…….......................................................................41

References...............................................................................................................................42
Appendices..............................................................................................................................50

10
TURNITIN REPORT

11
1.1 Introduction
Chapter 1’s research consists of 7 parts. It determines the background of EVs cars in Malaysia,
followed by justification, problem statement, the research gaps, research questions and research
objectives.

1.2 Background of the Research

Malaysia is ranked 11th in the world for carbon dioxide emissions from energy use totalling over
238.6 million tonnes in 2021, a slight decrease from the previous year. In 2019, Malaysia's CO2
emissions from fossil fuel use reached their highest level (bpStatisticalReviewofWorldEnergy,
2022). The number of vehicles in Malaysia's motor vehicle fleet stands at 32.3 million units in
2021 with an average increase of more than 1.2 million new vehicles compared to 2019 that leads
to the reasons for Malaysia's high CO2 emissions (Amir, 2021). Electric vehicles (EVs) contribute
to the slowing of global warming through the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions (MIDA, n.d.).
Electric vehicles (EVs) also contribute to the reduction of pollutant emissions and improve air
quality in urban areas (eDF, n.d.).. The government will offer incentives, such as reduced
registration taxes for consumers who own EVs in Malaysia (Alexander, 2022). Therefore, one of
the main ways for Malaysian automakers to move towards cleaner production is to produce EVs
as an alternative to conventional petrol cars, which will have an impact on Malaysia and mitigate
global climate change (Muzir et al., 2022) .Thus, a new strategy was needed because the
transportation industry was found to be the largest source of yearly greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions. As a potential remedy, EV culture integration into the Malaysian economy is very
advantageous (MIDA, n.d.). Although the electric vehicle industry is still in its infancy and less
than 10% of Malaysians now possess an EV, 4 out of 10 people are aware that EVs are available
on the market which is a good sign. One in four of those questioned said they would likely consider
purchasing an electric car in the future, showing a high prospective demand for EVs (Vodus, 2022).
Consumers who have intention to buy the EVs, the driving experience is considered more
comfortable, consumers feel like the product is easy to buy in terms of maintenance and also easy.
After buying and driving EVs, consumers feel like being accepted by the majority and whether the
product makes consumers feel emotion and makes consumers feel like contributing to
environmental protection, they consider buying the product while EVs make consumers feel
knowledgeable and learn a lot from it. In this research, we are going to find out the purchasing

12
intention of EVs by those who drive or have heard about EVs and the results of the study showed
that factors such as price value and environmental awareness will influence consumers' intentions
to purchase EVs.

1.3 Justification of the Research

This research is significant because of the existing research gap in understanding of Malaysian
consumers behavior through EVs. Most of the studies have examined the purchasing intention of
EVs in different countries. The lack of information about purchasing EVs in Malaysia is
noticeable.

From a theoretical point of view, this research fills up the gap that existed in existing literature. In
this research, our goal is to improve the understanding towards the intentions of purchasing EVs
in Malaysia since we are short of information. Furthermore, we expect our findings would be
worthwhile. One of our independent variables, functional value, will provide ideas to those EVs
companies about the perceived value of price and function towards the electrical vehicles by the
consumers. Conditional value refers to the additional benefits that an electric car offers in certain
circumstances, increasing its value to you in those circumstances such as impact of marketing
initiatives and subsidies (Bi, Chao, et al., 2023). The emotional value studied in this paper is that
the EVs consumer has the right intention to buy through their happiness and satisfaction to become
a better person (Khan, Shamila Nabi, & Muhammad Mohsin., 2017). EVs consumers will invest
their energy in seeking knowledge about EVs due to their purchase intention. The findings
highlighted the social value of peer opinion and image in influencing consumer purchasing
behavior (Biswas & Roy, 2015). As a result, this research can be of use to Malaysian businesses
in terms of a better understanding of Malaysian consumer behavior. The consumers who expressed
different preferences for EVs were found to have significantly different consumption values, with
the influence of consumption values being higher among those who had heard of EVs and those
who had a driving license. These consumption experiences or notions were conceptualized as the
independent variables that make up EV purchase intentions. By going through our research,
readers are able to have a better understanding towards the purchasing intentions of EVs in
Malaysia. Besides, readers will also be able to gain insight through the practical implications for
those businesses operating in the EVs industry.
13
1.4 Problem Statement

Many researchers have looked at the factors that make people want to purchase EVs from two
perspectives. The majority emphasized that factors influencing EV purchasing intention from an
environmental perspective (Asadi et al., 2021). For example, customers' intentions to purchase
EVs were significantly influenced by functional value, social value, conditional value, emotional
value and epistemic. Since EVs are considered to have instrumental or functional and pro-
environmental characteristics, customers' motivations for EV purchasing intention could be both
altruistic and self-interested. The second stream is to look at the perceptions of instrumental or
functional characteristics such as reliability, charging time, top speed, purchase price, range,
performance and running costs all have a significant impact on the intention to purchase EVs. For
example, there was a lack of empirical support for the impact of the resale price of the car and fuel
prices on consumer behavior towards green cars, as well as other specific aspects related to
consumer preferences for cars. (Kumar, 2020)

Letmathe and Suares (2017) found that some costs, such as resale price, are not yet included in the
existing literature, despite Coffman et al.'s (2015) pointed out that consumers' car purchase
decisions need to be evaluated with a full assessment of ownership cost components, including
depreciation, fuel prices and maintenance. The cost of fuel is another cost component. According
to Paswan et al. (2014), people may choose greener vehicles when fuel prices increase. Likewise,
Alganad et al. (2023) bring out the assumption that most Malaysians would consider buying
greener vehicles as the price of petrol increases. Helveston et al. (2015) countered that some
consumers place less importance on the cost of petrol. In this sense, (Lin, 2012) theory of
consumption values may be able to explain a greater proportion of behavior, including but not
limited to attitudes, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms. Five independent,
multidimensional values that have been shown to influence behavior are included in the theory of
consumption values, making it more useful for predicting market choices involving a wide range
of goods and services. Despite the fact that many studies have applied the Theory of Planned
Behavior (TPB), Norm Activation Model (NAM) (Asadi et al. 2021) , Value-Belief-Norm (VBN)
theory (Lee et al. 2023), and Theory of Reasoned Actions (TRA) to electric vehicles (EVs), (Liu
et al. 2017), studies utilizing consumption value theory are still rate. Although the central tenet of

14
the theory is that “market choice is a multidimensional phenomenon involving multiple values”,
the dimensions used to assess behavior are still somewhat limited.

Furthermore, the lack of EV infrastructure in Malaysia can also be seen as one of the challenges,
especially the lack of EV charging stations. Malaysia now only has roughly 600 EV charging
stations, which is not enough to service a large EV market. High costs, a deficient supporting
infrastructure, component shortages, a lack of EV specialists and abilities, issues with the power
grid, rising lithium-ion battery demand, and a lack of EV charging standards are all obstacles to
the development of the EV ecosystem in Malaysia. Even though Malaysia is an upper-middle-
income nation and EV owners are eligible for tax breaks for buying one of these cars, EVs are still
out of reach for a lot of individuals. (InternationalTradeAdministration, 2022)
Based on the previous research, researchers mainly focus on the purchasing intention of electric
vehicles through empirical modeling of daily expected use, consumer behaviors and pertinent
factors associated with EV usage, impact assessment of the EV charging on the Malaysian low-
tension domestic power grid, and finally, purchase intention among various consumer generations.
(Muzir et al., 2022) Reduce ineffective insights that will be noticeable and the lack of information
for the businesses about purchasing behaviors of consumers in Malaysia can be improved. This
study is to provide more valuable information to the EVs market in Malaysia, especially the
purchasing intention of EVs in Malaysia.

This research will help to fill in the current gap in academic literature and business insights.
Currently, the lack of a comprehensive general overview of all existing and potential EV
purchasing intentions in Malaysia can be striking. Although there are a number of researchers in
different countries, the lack of comprehensive research in Malaysia can lead to loss of significant
knowledge locally. This research may help to address the current theoretical gap. By going through
this research, readers are able to define the factors that affect the purchasing intention of EVs in
Malaysia, and have a deeper understanding of EVs in Malaysia’s market. In addition, many
previous studies have examined how attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control
influence behavior. (Jin et al., 2023)

15
1.5 Identification & Justification of the Research Gap
This study applies the theory of consumption value to electric vehicles as a theoretical basis on
Malaysian consumers’ choice behavior. The theory describes behavior as influenced by social,
functional, emotional, conditional and, epistemic.

According to research in a range of journals, the geographical gap is owing to the limited studies
in Malaysia. It will impact the knowledge gap due to a lack of understanding of Malaysian
consumer behavior (Rezvani et al. 2015). The majority of the studies on the purchase intention of
electric vehicles have been widely conducted in other countries like the Bi et al., 2023, Khan &
Mohsin, 2017, and Habich-Sobiegalla et al., 2018 are shown the lack of information in Malaysia.
Therefore, a green product is one that has been produced with as little negative environmental
impact as possible which includes a range from environmentally friendly building materials to
energy efficient appliances (Prinona, 2023). Malaysia's previous studies focused on green products
topics but least in topic of electric vehicles (EVs) (Suki, 2016). For example, behavioral interest,
purchase plans and willingness to pay more for environmentally friendly skincare products
(Mamun et al. 2023). This proves the relationship between green products in Malaysia and the lack
of studies in Malaysia in EVs topics.

On the other hand, the research gap identified in this study is a theoretical gap. The difference of
theoretical perspective is affected by limited studies that are using Theory of Consumption Value
(TCV). Based on research journals, most of the previous studies were developed based on Theory
of Planned Behavior (TPB), Norm Activation Model (NAM) (Asadi et al. 2021), Theory of
Reasoned Actions (TRA) (Alganad et al. 2023) and Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory to find out
the impact factors of consumers' intention to use electric vehicles. To the previous studies that
researchers only focused on TPB, NAM, TRA and VBN however the TCV has not been considered
by them. The independent variables between TCV and TPB, NAM, TRA or VBN are definitely
different due to the consideration of consumer behavior or attitude towards.

Most of the studies are probably related to EVs, but most of the countries focus on the theory of
TPB, NAM, TRA and VBN, (Lee et al. 2023) however there are also some related issues through
different theories in Malaysia. (Asadi et al. 2021) Given that the proposed theory of consumption
16
value emphasizes prosocial and altruistic behaviors for EV consumer uptake, the unique aspect of
this research in relation to earlier research, which is often from the rational perspectives and cost-
benefit assessment of individuals. Through a novel research model developed by TCV, the
proposed study attempted to predict Malaysian consumers' intentions to purchase EVs. As a result,
the best way to understand EVS purchase intention, which relates to the values of social, functional,
emotional, conditional, and epistemic as well as rational perspectives, is to use a TCV. As a result,
the theory provided a more comprehensive explanation of the various perspectives on consumer
purchasing behaviors than the combination theoretical model did.

1.6 Research Questions

RQ1: What is the relationship between social value and consumer purchase intention on electric
vehicles (EVs)?
RQ2: What is the relationship between functional value and consumer purchase intention on
electric vehicles (EVs)?
RQ3: What is the relationship between emotional value and consumer purchase intention on
electric vehicles (EVs)?
RQ4:What is the relationship between conditional value and consumer purchase intention on
electric vehicles (EVs)?
RQ5:What is the relationship between epistemic value and consumer purchase intention on electric
vehicles (EVs)?
1.7 Research Objectives
RO1: To examine the relationship between social value and consumer purchase intention on
electric vehicles (EVs).
RO2: To examine the relationship between functional value and consumer purchase intention on
electric vehicles (EVs).
RO3: To examine the relationship between emotional value and consumer purchase intention on
electric vehicles (EVs).
RO4: To examine the relationship between conditional value and consumer purchase intention on
electric vehicles (EVs).
RO5: To examine the relationship between epistemic value and consumer purchase intention on
electric vehicles (EVs).

17
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1: Introduction
The Theory of Consumption Value (TCV) Framework is introduced in the main section of this
chapter on how it impacts customer intentions toward electric vehicles, followed by the dependent
variable (DV), independent variable (IV), hypotheses development, and conceptual framework.

2.2: Theory/Framework/Model
Theory of Consumption Value (TCV) explains why consumers decide to buy or not buy (or use or
not use) a particular product, favour one product type over another, and favour one brand over
another, emphasizing consumption values. TCV can be used to examine consumer decision-
making for a variety of products, including both durable and nondurable goods and services. This
theory shows the reason for consuming behavior by emphasizing consumption values when
predicting, describing, and explaining decision actions. The TCV offers a multidisciplinary
perspective for studies analysing consumer choice behavior because Sheth et al. (1991) used a
wide range of fields of study, including economics, marketing, consumer behavior, sociology, and
psychology, to construct the theory and its principles. TCV provides the chance to explain and
deepen our understanding of a variety of consumer behaviours, including those involving the
consumption of food, clothing, smoking, education, tourism, luxury products, etc. TCV offers an
interdisciplinary perspective for research on consumer choice behavior. The theory of
consumption values stands on three basic theorems: (1) consumer choice is a function of
numerous consumption values. (2) Consumption values have various contributions in each
given decision condition; their relative importance might change depending on the situation. In
the case of organizational applications, for example, the functional value is probably more
significant than the emotional value in influencing usage behavior. In the context of hedonic
technologies, the order of importance might be flipped. (3) Consumption values are independent;
hence, changes in one dimension may not always mean changes in others. This suggests that the
impacts of the value dimensions on behavioural outcomes are partially mutual and that the value
dimensions may be substantially but not totally connected. There are five consumption values
developed by TCV that influence consumer purchase intention, which is functional, conditional,
emotional, social, and epistemic (Ceyda Tanrikulu, 2021) (Sheth, J. N., Newman, B. I., & Gross,
B. L., 1991) (Helena Martins Gonçalves, Tiago Ferreira Lourenço, & Graça Miranda Silva, 2016).

18
2.3: Dependent Variable
The dependent variable of this research is an intention to purchase electric vehicles (EVs).
Purchase intention is an assumption that customers will intend to buy or be willing to buy a specific
good or service in the future—an increased probability of buying results from increased purchase
intention (C.S. Wu, P., Yeong-Yuh Yeh, G., & Hsiao, C.-R., 2016). Purchase intention is a sort of
decision-making that studies customers' reasons for purchasing as well as instances in which
consumers are more likely to purchase a specific product under certain conditions. The situation
in issue promotes customers' willingness to use products in the form of goods or services to satisfy
the needs of the goods or services required. Making a purchase is a difficult or difficult procedure.
Consumer behavior, perceptions and attitudes in the nature of the consumer in obtaining and
evaluating specific products is often related to purchase intentions. (Cahyanaputra, M., Jimmy, Y.,
& Annas, M., 2022). Electric motors are used by EVs or all-electric vehicles, and rechargeable
batteries store electrical energy. Driving experience can successfully increase customers'
understanding of EV technology, such as suitable charging infrastructure and technical aspects of
EVs, which can alleviate consumers' worries about EVs' shorter range, leading to consumers
making a purchase of EVs (Chao, B., Jin, S., Li, S., & Li, Y., 2023). EVs development is crucial
to lower exhaust gas emissions, lessen the gap between fuel supply and demand, and enhance the
atmosphere and air quality (Huang, X., & Ge, J., 2019).

2.4: Independent Variables

IV 1:Functional value
The functional value is what influences the consumer's decision. This function has to do with how
useful people believe a product or service to be in reaching physical or utilitarian performances as
a result of attributes like dependability, durability, and cost (Sheth, J. N., Newman, B. I., & Gross,
B. L., 1991). The consumer may make a trade-off if the price seems too high since they consider
other considerations when choosing a product and making a decision, but study trends show that
consumers are not prepared to pay more for green products. When purchasing recycled products,
consumers weight both price and quality. The functional value (price) of green products
determines their acquisition. Quality is another factor that purchasers of recycled products consider.
Recycled baby wipes and toilet paper are examples of low-cost commodities, yet customers appear
to avoid them due to their perceived poor quality (Lin, P.-C., & Huang, Y.-H., 2012).

19
IV 2: Emotional Value
Emotional value is the perceived advantage derived from an alternative's ability to evoke emotions
or other emotional states. An alternative gains emotional value when it relates to certain emotions,
or when such emotions are sparked or maintained. The profile of emotions connected to the
alternative is used to gauge the emotional value. Emotional value is based on a profile of feelings
connected with the alternative. Goods and services are commonly linked with emotional responses
somehow like the romance evoked by a candlelight meal or the fear evoked by a horror film. For
example, some meals evoke feelings of comfort due to their relationship with childhood memories,
while consumers are often said to have "love affairs" with their vehicles (Sheth, J. N., Newman,
B. I., & Gross, B. L., 1991).

IV 3: Social Value
Social value is the perceived advantage derived from the affiliation of an alternative with one or
more particular social groups. . An alternative might gain social value through affiliation with
stereotypical demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural-ethnic groups. A profile of selected
imagery is work to show social value. Choices, including highly visible products like clothing,
jewelry and goods or services that need to be enjoy with others such as present, entertainment
products are frequently influenced by social value. A certain make of a car may be selected mainly
for the social image it evokes rather than for its mechanical performance. Even things commonly
regarded as functional or utilitarian which kitchen equipment are regularly chosen for their social
significance (Sheth, J. N., Newman, B. I., & Gross, B. L., 1991).

IV 4: Conditional Value
Conditional value is the perceived usefulness gained by an alternative as a result of the particular
situation or combination of conditions confronting the decision maker. An alternative gains
conditional value in the presence of antecedent physical or social conditions that improve its
functional or social value. Conditional value is determined using a profile of choice contingencies.
The usefulness of an alternative frequently depends on what is happening. For instance, certain
goods are only useful during annual times of the year such as Christmas cards, while others are
related to "once in a lifetime" occasions such as a wedding gown or are only necessary in an

20
emergency. More nuanced conditional linkages are present in many products such as popcorn at
the movies (Sheth, J. N., Newman, B. I., & Gross, B. L., 1991).

IV 5: Epistemic Value
Epistemic value is the apparent benefit derived from an alternative's ability to pique interest, offer
novelty, and sate a desire for information by having survey questions about novelty, interest, and
knowledge; an alternative gains epistemic value. Completely novel experiences undoubtedly have
epistemic significance. However, a basic change-of-pace alternative can likewise be endowed with
epistemic value. For example, if a customer is dissatisfied or tired with their existing brand, they
might choose the alternative out of curiosity like tasting a new flavour of coffee or a desire to learn
like visiting a different nightclub (Sheth, J. N., Newman, B. I., & Gross, B. L., 1991).

2.5 Hypotheses development

H1: The functional value positively affects purchase intention of consumers towards EVs.
Functional value perceived usefulness for customers depends on an alternative ability for practical,
utilitarian, or physical performance, including factors like reliability, durability, and cost (Sheth et
al., 1991 ; Lin & Huang, 2021). It also usually expresses received value in terms of product quality
and price and has a positive impact on green purchasing behavior (e.g., purchasing price and
quality of EVs). According to Coad et al (2009), the purchase price of electric vehicles is a key
factor in determining their adoption by the people, as EV are more expensive than conventional
cars. This is because EVs are having new technology compared to conventional cars, such as power
source of EVs are powered by electricity stored in rechargeable battery packs, which means it
reduces the use of gasoline and fuel, so it is more eco-friendly to the drivers. When the function
overall is better than conventional cars, consumers may have purchase intentions towards EVs,
although EVs are more expensive. While at the same time, consumers would consider the
acceptance quality of EVs, through how well the EVs have been made, and also the overall quality
of EVs compared to conventional cars. According to the research of Banerjee and Pillania (2009),
consumers' decision to purchase a car is largely influenced by the overall quality and price.

H2: The emotional value positively affects purchase intention of consumers towards EVs.

21
Emotional value is the utility of perceived gain from another type's ability to raise up an emotion
or emotional state (Sheth et al., 1991 ; Lin & Huang, 2021). These emotions can be either positivity
and negativity. Positivity can be a feeling of reminiscence, faithfulness and enthusiasm. Feelings
of anger include culpability, hatred, and being afraid. Products and services are often associated
with emotional responses. Suki and Suki (2015) states that the emotion encourages consumers to
purchase green products, such as electric vehicles. This is because consumers may feel that they
are contributing to protect the environment and sustainable development. For example, when
buying a car, it could potentially be linked to the level of comfort and security offered by the car.
Other than that, drivers prefer to buy an electric vehicle if it provides higher levels of comfort.
Furthermore, Hartmann and Apaolaza-Ibáñez (2012) have stated that consumers would prefer
buying the green products, because with that, they have the opportunity to express their own
concern for the environment. Against the background of green vehicles, Ng et al. (2018) stated
that the benefits of personal expression have an indirect positive impact towards consumers'
purchase behavior intentionality. Given this favorable connection, certain consumers are more
willing to buy electric vehicles, because they can earn their own satisfaction when embracing eco-
friendly consumption as an elevated lifestyle.

H3: The social value positively affects purchase intention of consumers towards EVs.
Social value is the perceived benefit obtained through vicarious associations with one or more
particular social groups (Sheth et al., 1991). Another option derives social value through
association with positive or negative stereotypical demographic, socioeconomic groups. Pettifo et
al. (2017) found that social value is a significant factor of the choices, that people will make
consider on purchase a vehicle, and buyers are impact by the beliefs and behaviors of those
surrounding them (e.g. when the benefits of having electric vehicles are being spread out by the
people that driving or other ways such as advertising). Also, Barbarossa et al. (2015), Grewal et
al. (2000), and Hagman et al. (2016) pointed out that electric vehicle owners can gain social
benefits through green self-identification. In other words, when the consumers are receiving
positive feedback (e.g. having EVs is the action of protecting the environment, this is a good way),
they might encourage more people to purchase electric vehicles. And consumers also will feel that
they are having a good impression towards society, because they are more towards eco-friendly
users and have taken action for protecting the environment.

22
H4: The conditional value positively affects purchase intention of consumers towards EVs.
Conditional value is the perceived utility gained from an alternative for a particular situation or set
of situations faced by a decision maker (Sheth et al., 1991). It refers to the environment around an
individual in response to stimuli related to their needs and desires (Nicholls et al., 1996). Biswas
and Roy (2015) explain that conditional value plays a decisive role in shaping sustainable
consumption behavior, influencing consumer purchasing intention towards the environment. Other
than that, Lim et al. (2019) found that environmental attitudes were the most reliable indicator of
a person's behavior in favoring green products over conventional goods (e.g. people would be more
likely to purchase electric vehicles rather than conventional cars, because of concern on
environmental conditions), because they are using their own ways to protect environment, when
they are having the personal condition to purchase EVs. Then, external factors such as government
policy, sale promotions, and environmental consequences may cause conditional value (e.g. if the
promotional activity is making a discount rate for electric vehicles, then people might choose to
buy EVs), because EVs are having more benefits and are more eco-friendly compared to
conventional cars.

H5: The epistemic value positively affects purchase intention of consumers towards EVs.
Epistemic value is the perceived utility derived from the vicarious ability to stimulate curiosity,
provide novelty, or satisfy a desire for knowledge (Sheth et al., 1991). (Biswas and Roy, 2015; Lin
and Huang, 2012) emphasize the positive role of epistemic value in shaping green consumer
behavior. For instance, some researchers found that there was a positive effect of the novelty value
on consumers’ intention to purchase green products (e.g. new technology and innovation that EV
have may increase consumers’ purchase intention towards EVs), and they might be fascinated
because of new innovation. (Biswas and Roy, 2015, Lin and Huang, 2012, Rahnama, 2017, Suki
and Suki, 2015, Zailani et al., 2019). Moreover, one of the main drivers of seeking variety is
attributed to changes in the external environment. According to Sheth et al. (1991), the motivation
to seek diversity often drives product search and behavior change (e.g. environmental impact
knowledge, technological innovation), with the different types of information, consumers may
desire to acquire more and seek more information, to satisfy their desire for knowledge.

23
2.6 Conceptual framework

Figure 1: Research framework - Theory of Consumption value (TCV)

24
CHAPTER 3 - Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction
This chapter offers a comprehensive glimpse into the research design and methodology centered
around the enduring determination to embrace electric vehicles for purchase. The chapter
elucidates the chosen study population and sample, the intricacies of questionnaire composition,
and the definition and measurement of pertinent variables. Bringing this chapter to a close, we
discuss the statistical methodologies and the assortment of techniques employed to amass relevant
data.

3.2 Research Design

A research design can be likened to a strategic blueprint meticulously outlining the path of a
scientific inquiry. It encompasses a structured arrangement of methods, equipment, and procedural
frameworks harnessed to achieve the research objectives. This blueprint offers a clear roadmap for
the seamless execution of the research endeavour, expertly guiding researchers through the
intricacies of data collection and analysis. Importantly, a research design also serves as a proactive
tool, aiding in identifying and resolving potential challenges that may emerge during the research
process. It functions as a compass, ensuring a comprehensive and systematic exploration of the
research problem, thus infusing the study with coherence and precision (Research Guides:
Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: Types of Research Designs, n.d.).

Aligned with this perspective, the present research is dedicated to unravelling the landscape of
purchase intention concerning electric vehicles. Adopting a quantitative survey method, the study
meticulously scrutinizes the various factors that contribute to individuals' inclinations towards
adopting electric vehicles (Fleetwood, 2023). As data collection culminates, the subsequent
analysis will be deftly executed through the adept utilization of quantitative tools. Statistical
software like SPSS and G-power will play a pivotal role in extracting meaningful insights and
patterns from the amassed data, thereby contributing to a well-rounded understanding of the
purchase intention of electric vehicles in the modern automotive landscape.

25
Nonexperimental research lacks manipulation of independent variables and random participant
assignment. Nonexperimental research primarily focuses on relationships between variables.
Despite this distinction, nonexperimental research remains significant and not less valuable than
experimental research (Open Textbook Library, n.d.). By using Google Forms, an online tool that
simplifies creating and sharing surveys and questionnaires. It can design custom forms with
various question types, distribute them easily, and collect responses. The platform automatically
compiles data into summaries and graphs for analysis (Business Insider, 2021.). The rationale
behind our selection of a cross-sectional study is its distinction from longitudinal research
approaches that necessitate a continuous relationship with participants. Cross-sectional studies
offer affordability and simplicity in execution, setting them apart from more complex
observational research methods (Thomas, 2023).

3.3 Data Collection Method

The data collection approach employed in this study encompasses questionnaire surveys. This
systematic method involves a series of inquiries designed to gather statistical information about
the characteristics, beliefs, or behaviors of a given population (Preston, 2009). Employing
questionnaire surveys offers numerous advantages. They are cost-effective, saving resources by
eliminating expenses related to printing and distribution. Swift access to target audiences is
facilitated through various digital channels, enhancing engagement. Respondent anonymity
ensures candid responses, contributing to the authenticity of collected data. The systematic nature
of questionnaire surveys streamlines data collection and analysis processes, promoting efficiency.
These surveys are versatile and adaptable to diverse research contexts and topics. With the capacity
to collect data from many participants, questionnaire surveys bolster the credibility of findings.
The structured format ensures consistency, reducing potential biases, while the ease of data
processing and analysis simplifies research endeavors. Flexibility in participation times and
environmental friendliness due to reduced paper consumption further underscore the merits of
questionnaire surveys, making them valuable for insightful research.

The information gathered for this study constitutes primary data exclusively obtained from the
intended participants using Google Forms. The data collection phase spanned five days,
commencing on August 17, 2023, and concluding on August 22, 2023. The focal demographic for

26
respondents predominantly comprised vehicle operators familiar with electric vehicles, ensuring
that the received responses align closely with our research aims.

3.4 Survey Questionnaire Development

With their predetermined answer options, close-ended questions simplify surveys, ensuring swift
responses and easy quantitative data analysis. They excel when specific responses are required,
offering efficiency and actionable insights (The Editorial Team, 2023). By combining close-ended
and open-ended questions, researchers can access a balanced view of numerical trends and
qualitative perspectives, aiding informed decision-making.

The questionnaire items employed in this study have been sourced and validated from existing
literature. For purchase intention is adapted from Yuan et al. (2022). Functional value, conditional
value and emotional value is adapted from Lin and Huang (2012). Epistemic value is adapted from
Chakraborty and Paul (2023). Lastly, the social value is adapted from Lin and Huang (2012).

This research questionnaire used a 7-point Likert scale. 7 options was provided which include
“strongly disagree”, “disagree”, “slightly disagree”, “neutral”, “slightly agree”, “agree”, and
“strongly agree”. The adoption of seven-point Likert scales offers distinct advantages. These scales
provide heightened sensitivity, allowing for precise interface evaluation while remaining concise.
(Admin & Admin, 2014)

27
3.4.1 Operation of the Constructs
3.4.1.1 Independent Variables
“Independent variables 1” adapted from Lin and Huang (2012)
Operationalization of “Independent Variables 1 – Functional Value”

“Independent variables 2” adapted from Lin and Huang (2012)

Operationalization of “Independent Variables 2 – Conditional value”

28
“Independent variables 3” adapted from Lin and Huang (2012)
Operationalization of “Independent Variables 3 – Emotional value”

29
“Independent variables 4” adapted from Chakraborty and Paul (2023)
Operationalization of “Independent Variables 4 – Epistemic value”

“Independent variables 5” adapted from Lin and Huang (2012)

Operationalization of “Independent Variables 5 – Social value”

3.4.1.2 Dependent Variables

A dependent variable is subject to change when modifications are made to the independent variable
(Bhandari, 2023). The dependent variable in this research is the purchase intention of electric
vehicles.

“Dependent Variables” is adapted from Yuan et al. (2022).

Operationalization of “Dependent Variable 1 – Purchase intention”

30
3.4.2 Questionnaire Design
The questionnaire starts with the cover page which introduces yourself and the purpose of this
survey and a question asking about the interviewee ever heard about electric vehicles. In section
2, it includes the dependent variable which is the purchase intention (Dependent variable 1). In
section 3 will include the (Independent variables 1) which is the functional value. Following
section 4, there will be included the (Independent variables 2) which is the conditional value. After
this section, there will be section 4 which includes the (Independent variables 3), the emotional
value. The following section is section 5 which includes the (Independent variables 4), the
epistemic value. Lastly there will be section 6 which is the social value (Independent variables 5).
After all the sections there will be an ending question asking the respondent are they understand
about the question in this survey form.

3.5 Sampling Design

This study adopts a quantitative methodology, employing a non-probability sampling strategy
known as purposive sampling. The focal population encompasses Malaysians, specifically those
inclined towards purchasing electric vehicles. The primary unit of analysis revolves around
Malaysians demonstrating an interest in electric vehicle acquisition.

3.5.1 Sampling Technique

Research sampling methods can be divided into probability and non-probability sampling.
Probability methods, such as simple random and stratified sampling, ensure randomness and
representative samples. Non-probability methods, like convenience or purposive sampling, offer

31
accessibility but can introduce bias. The choice depends on research objectives and practical
considerations (McCombes, 2023).

In this study, we opted for purposive sampling as our sampling approach, targeting individuals in
Malaysia who possess both an interest in and awareness of electric vehicles. To establish suitability,
respondents were presented with screening questions regarding their interest in electric vehicles.
If respondents indicated "No," the Google Forms survey would bypass the purchase intention
section, redirecting them to section 3 which focuses on the functional aspects of the forms.
Conversely, if respondents selected "Yes," Google Forms would guide them to proceed with
answering the questionnaire items.

3.5.2 Sample Size

The survey's sample size corresponds to the count of fully answered responses. It's labeled as a
sample because it represents only a portion of the individuals whose viewpoints or actions interest
us (SurveyMonkey, n.d.). This study employed G-power to assess statistical power derived from
the test. Our targeted sample size is 100 people, after the questionnaire was distributed, we received
101 responses which fulfill our sample size.

3.6 Data Analysis Method

The data analysis method we used is SPSS. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), or
IBM SPSS Statistics, is software for analyzing statistical data in various fields. It supports data
analysis, transformation, and graphing and is commonly used in research, marketing, and
healthcare. SPSS can handle diverse data sources like surveys, customer databases, and research
results, offering tools for descriptive statistics, predictive modeling, and more (Contributor, 2018).
The reason we use SPSS as our data analysis method is because SPSS provides efficient data
import or export, strong merging capabilities, and user-friendly features without requiring syntax
knowledge. It offers reliable and swift results, dynamic graphs, and multilingual support for
effective data management. With minimal error risks, it's a user-friendly choice for both
quantitative and qualitative data analysis, featuring versatile graph options.

32
3.7 Research Ethics
At the core of our research endeavour lies an unwavering commitment to ethical conduct rooted
in principles that safeguard the rights and well-being of our valued participants. Central to this
commitment is the principle of informed consent, a cornerstone of trust and transparency. We
pledge to ensure that every participant comprehends the minutiae of the study, encompassing its
objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. By empowering participants to make
voluntary decisions, we uphold their autonomy and withdrawal rights, fostering an environment
of openness and respect. As we delve into the intricate tapestry of research, we recognize the
paramount importance of confidentiality and anonymity. Rest assured, your privacy is of the
utmost priority to us. We pledge to guard your data diligently, maintaining strict confidentiality.
Moreover, we commit to upholding the shield of anonymity, ensuring that no individual can be
linked to their responses. This encourages candid and uninhibited input and cultivates a secure and
confidential space where your insights are protected. In our pursuit of knowledge, we
unequivocally adhere to minimizing harm. Your well-being is our highest concern, guiding every
facet of our study design. We pledge to thoroughly assess and address potential risks, employing
a comprehensive approach that prioritizes your safety. Should any challenges arise, our
commitment extends to swift intervention and unwavering support, placing your welfare above all
research objectives. By adhering to these ethical principles, we underscore our dedication to
conducting research that is rigorous and insightful and values the protection of your rights and
interests above all else.

Summary
In summary, this chapter has outlined the research design and methodology adopted for
investigating the purchase intention of electric vehicles. The research design is a strategic plan
guiding the study's execution and problem-solving. Using a quantitative survey approach, the study
examines factors influencing electric vehicle adoption, with analysis carried out using tools like
SPSS and G-power. Data collection involves questionnaire surveys, ensuring cost-effectiveness,
engagement, and authenticity. Ethical considerations encompass informed consent, confidentiality,
anonymity, and minimizing harm. The sample consists of Malaysians interested in electric vehicles,
chosen through purposive sampling. The study's focus on ethical standards and methodological
precision aims to contribute valuable insights into purchase intention regarding electric vehicles.

33
3.8 Research Gantt Chart

Week 1 and 2 is doing literature review, start on Week 2 is questionnaire design ends on Week 3
and conducting survey on Week 4, data presentation, analysing data and writing condition start on
Week 5, Finishing the first draft and addressing feedback such as the result of SPSS on Week 7.
Finally, the study completed on Week 8.

34
4.1 Introduction

The outcomes of the data analysis used to address the study's research questions and evaluate its
hypotheses are presented in this chapter. The summary of the data gathered, the respondents'
demographic profile, and the statistical analysis are all described. Software called SPSS was used
to analyse these statistical analyses. The evaluation comprised many analyses, such as descriptive,
factor, correlation, and reliability analysis using regression.

4.2 An Overview of Data Collected

The data collection period set up for 2 weeks because research questionnaire being issued to public
2 week ago. 101 respondents have been collected from the questionnaire in order to do the final
data analysis.

4.3 Data Processing

Data processing in business research refers to the systematic and organized transformation of raw
data collected from various sources into meaningful and usable information. It involves a series of
steps aimed at cleaning, organizing, analysing, and interpreting the data to derive valuable insights
and support informed decision-making. Effective data processing is crucial for ensuring the
accuracy, reliability, and validity of research findings. Various types of data processing will take
place in this research such as omissions, straight lining, and ineligible respondent. Omissions
means missing answer when the respondents forget to fill in or they unable to understand the
question and try to avoid it. But on this research questionnaire, omissions won’t happen by using
google form because it has the function to set up all the question must be filled in or answered in
order to proceed next page or submit the questionnaire. Furthermore, straight-lining can occur for
various reasons, such as respondent fatigue, lack of interest, or a tendency to avoid thinking deeply
about each question. When respondents straight-line, it suggests that they are not providing
thoughtful and accurate answers, which can undermine the integrity of the research results. By
filtering up the possibility of straight-lining, sum-up all the SPSS data value of attribute, subjective
norms and perceived behaviour control and calculate the standard deviation. If any respondent
consist 0 of standard deviation, straight-lining will found. According to the research report, found

35
that 1 out of 102 respondents answer questionnaire with straight-lining and decided to delete it
(refer to Appendix 4.1).

Appendix 4.1 Straight-lining result

4.4 Descriptive Analysis

A type of data analysis known as descriptive analysis helps to describe, illustrate, or elegantly
summarize data points so that patterns that satisfy all of the data's requirements can emerge. It is a
method for finding connections and patterns in both recent and old data (Villegas, n.d). It is used
to determine the main tendencies of the variables including mean, mode, standard deviation,
skewness and kurtosis, skewness, and kurtosis.

4.4.1 Central Tendency and Dispersion

A dataset's central tendency is a descriptive summary provided by a single value representing the
middle of the data distribution. A subset of descriptive statistics called central tendency includes
the variability (dispersion) of a dataset. The central tendency can be described by mean, median
and mode (Taylor, 2020). The central tendency measures are inadequate to describe the data.
Despite having completely separate data sets, two data sets can have the same mean. The degree
of variability must therefore be known in order to describe data. The dispersion measures provide
this information. The three most often employed statistics of dispersion are range, interquartile
range, and standard deviation (Manikandan, n.d).

4.4.1.1 Mean

36
According to the research result, there are 6 sections of theory of consumption value. The mean
result in 5.7327, 5.9010, 5.9035, 6.0561, 5.8762 and 6.0520. (Refer to Appendix 4.2)

4.4.1.2 Standard Deviation

A statistical tool called a standard deviation is used to assess precision. The standard deviation is
the average variation between two measurements. Low standard deviations signify excellent
precision while large standard deviations signify low precision (Anderson, n.d). According to the
research result, the standard deviation result in 1.7153, 1.5238, 1.6050, 1.5159, 1.4763 and 1.3934
(Refer to Appendix 4.2).

4.4.1.3 Skewness and Kurtosis

The values for asymmetry and kurtosis between -2 and +2 are considered acceptable in order to
prove normal univariate distribution. That data is considered to be normal if skewness is between
‐2 to +2 and kurtosis is between ‐7 to +7 (Watson, 2018). According to the research result, the
skewness result in -1.864, -1.721, -1.824, -1.896, -1.800 and -2.197 and the kurtosis result in 2.995,
2.235, 2.424, 2.690, 2.805 and 4.455. (Refer to Appendix 4.2).

Appendix 4.2 Mean, Standard Deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis

4.5 Goodness of Measures

4.5.1 Reliability Analysis

The degree of consistency and stability of an instrument is measured through reliability analysis.
Cronbach's alpha reliability test was used to evaluate an instrument's dependability. Cronbach's

37
alpha is usually measured against a baseline of 0.7. The items are sufficiently consistent at this
level and above to suggest the measure is reliable. Values around 0.7 are typically minimally
acceptable but not excellent. However, there are various minimum values in specific sectors and
industries. A Cronbach’s coefficients alpha value of 0.5 is the lowest acceptance level as an
indication of internal consistency and reliability (Frost, n.d).

Purchase Intention Functional Value Conditional Value

Emotional Value Epistemic Value Social Value

Variables Total Items No of Item Deleted Cronbach’s Alpha

PI 3 None 0.929
FV 5 None 0.943
CV 4 None 0.940
EmoV 3 None 0.931
EpiV 4 None 0.907
SV 4 None 0.926

38
4.5.2 Factor Analysis

In order to test the validity of the measurement model of this study, the total of 23 items used to
measure intention to share were subjected to factor analysis. In order to condense the data from a
large number of variables into a smaller number of variables, factor analysis can be used in big
data. This same justification also explains why it is frequently referred to as "dimension reduction”
(Team, n.d). As an index of all variables, we can use this score for further analysis. The KMO
Measure of Sampling Adequacy of this study which is 0.929 while the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity
was significant with 2490.949. As shown in Appendix 4.3, the value of KMO was above the
common acceptable level of 0.5 or greater.

Appendix 4.3

39
 Appendix 4.4

4.5.3 Pearson’s Correlation Analysis

The Pearson correlation measures how strongly two variables are correlated linearly. Its range of
values is from -1 to 1, with -1 indicating a completely inverse linear correlation, 0 representing no
correlation, and 1 representing a completely inverse positive correlation (Berman, 2016).
According to the research result, the Pearson correlation of every variable show 1 of each means
that the questionnaire is valid and useful to the research. At the same time, it show that all
respondents mostly understand our questionnaire item and able to provide the clear and accurate
answer. (Refer to Appendix 4.5).

40
 Appendix 4.5

4.6 Multiple Regression Analysis

A single dependent variable and several independent variables can be analyzed using the statistical
technique known as multiple regression. In order to forecast the value of the single dependent
value, multiple regression analysis uses independent variables whose values are known. Each
predictor value is given a weight, with the weights indicating how much each predictor contributed
to the final forecast (Moore, 2006). According to the research result, Multiple regression analysis
was performed to test the hypotheses. As shown in Appendix 4.6, the relationship (R SQUARE)
between the dependent variable and all independent variables is significant as the R value is more
than 0.5 (R SQUARE = 0.548). Dependent variable can be explained by the five IVs up to 54%,
and another 46% to explained by other IVs that are not included in the framework. Furthermore,
the significant of ANOVA show 0.001 which is less than 0.05. Less than 0.05 means that there are
not issue on the independent variable and theory of consumption value (Refer to Appendix 4.7).

41
Lastly, the coefficient of significant less than 0.05 means that have a significant relationship. As
shown in Appendix 4.8, there are three independent variable are significant related to theory of
consumption value and two variables show insignificant relationship which is conditional value
and emotional value.

Appendix 4.6

Appendix 4.7

Appendix 4.8

42
References

bpStatisticalReviewofWorldEnergy. (2022). The Statistical Review of World Energy Analyses

Data on World Energy Market from the Prior Year. The Review Has Been Providing
Timely, Comprehensive and Objective Data to the Energy Community since 1952.
https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-
economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf

Asadi, S., Nilashi, M., Samad, S., Abdullah, R., Mahmoud, M., Alkinani, MH.,
Yadegaridehkordi, E. (2021, February 1) Factors impacting consumers’ intention toward
adoption of electric vehicles in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol 282.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124474

Bi, Chao., Shujuan, Jin., Shizhuo, Li., Ya’nan., Li. (2023, September 20). Can green advertising
increase consumers’ purchase intention of electric vehicles? An experimental study from
China. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol.419.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138260

Khan, Shamila Nabi, & Muhammad Mohsin. (2017, May 1). The Power of Emotional Value:
Exploring the Effects of Values on Green Product Consumer Choice Behavior. Journal of
Cleaner Production, vol. 150.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.187

Habich-Sobiegalla, Sabrina, et al. (2018, December 20) Electric Vehicle Purchase Intentions of
Chinese, Russian & Brazilian Citizens: An International Comparative Study. Journal of
Cleaner Production, vol.205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.318

Amir. (2021, January 5). Malaysia has 32.3 million motor vehicles, 15.8 million drivers. New
Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/01/654712/malaysia-has-323-
million-motor-vehicles-158-million-drivers

MIDA. ( n.d.). Malaysia’s shift toward green mobility. MIDA.

https://www.mida.gov.my/malaysias-shift-towards-green-mobility/

eDF. (n.d.). Benefits of electric cars on the environment. eDF.

https://www.edfenergy.com/energywise/electric-cars-and-
environment#:~:text=Benefits%20of%20electric%20cars%20on%20the%20environment,
generation%20to%20keep%20them%20running

43
Alexander. (2022, June 8). Electric Vehicles in Malaysia: Tax Incentives for Owners and
Manufacturers. AseanBrifing https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/electric-vehicles-in-
malaysia-tax-incentives-for-owners-and-manufacturers/

Muzir, NAQ., Mojumder, MRH., Hasanuzzaman, M., Selvaraj, J. (2022, July 7). Challenges of
Electric Vehicles and Their Prospects in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Review. MDPI.
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/14/8320

Vodus. （2022, May 25). The future of EV in Malaysia. Vodus. https://vodus.com/article/the-

future-of-ev-in-malaysia

Letmathe and Suares. (2017). A consumer-oriented total cost of ownership model for different
vehicle types in Germany. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,
vol. 57, pages 314-335.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920917304868

Coffman, M., Bernstein, P., Wee, S. (2015). Factors affecting EV adoption: a literature review
and EV forecast for Hawaii. Electric Vehicle Transport Center.
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7b9de0dd1b15584781
c947a34686406ae541c630

Paswan et al. (2014). Consumer reaction to price increase: An investigation in gasoline industry.
Journal of Product and Brand Management.
https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84927520031&origin=inward

Helveston, JP., Liu, Y., Feit, EM., Fuchs, E., Klampfl, E., Michalek, JJ. (2015). Will subsidies
drive electric vehicle adoption? Measuring consumer preferences in the U.S. and China.
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 73, pages 96 -112.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856415000038

InternationalTradeAdministration. (2022, August 23). Malaysia automotive electric vehicle.

International Trade Administration.
https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/malaysia-automotive-electric-vehicles

Prinona. （2023, April 25). What Is A Green Product? – Examples, Advantages, & Challenges.
Feedough.
https://www.feedough.com/green-product/

44
Kumar. (2020, April 20). Adoption of electric vehicle: A literature review and prospects for
sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 253, no.119911.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965261934781X

Biswas & Roy. (2015, January 15). Green products: an exploratory study on the consumer
behaviour in emerging economies of the East, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol.87,
pages 463-468.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652614010142

Alganad, AMN., Isa, NM, Fauzi, WIM. (2023). Why people do not purchase green cars in
Malaysia: The influence of consumption values on consumers’ attitude towards green
cars. Case Studies on Transport Policy, vol.12, no.101007.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213624X23000615?ref=pdf_downlo
ad&fr=RR-2&rr=7fd19f70bc7213db

Bi, C., Jin, S., Li, S., Li, Y. (2023, September 20). Can green advertising increase consumers'
purchase intention of electric vehicles? An experimental study from China. Journal of
Cleaner Production, vol.419, no.138260.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623024186?ref=pdf_downloa
d&fr=RR-2&rr=7fc95cf46a6d13e3

Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., Bodin, J. (2015) Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption
research: A review and research agenda. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and
Environment, vol.34, pages 112-136.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920914001515

Suki, NM. (2016, September 20) Consumer environmental concern and green product purchase
in Malaysia: structural effects of consumption values. Journal of Cleaner Production,
Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 132, pages 204-214.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652615013153

Mamun, AA., Naznen, F., Yang, Q., Ali, MH., Hashim, NMHN. (2023) Modelling the
significance of celebrity endorsement and consumer interest on attitude, purchase
intention, and willingness to pay a premium price for green skincare products. Heliyon,
vol 9, e16765 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023039725

Lin, PC., Huang, YH. (2012) The influence factors on choice behavior regarding green products
based on the theory of consumption values, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 22,
pages 11-18. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652611003738

45
Lee, SS., Kim, Y., Roh, T. (2023, September 15). Pro-environmental behavior on electric vehicle
use intention: Integrating value-belief-norm theory and theory of planned behavior,
Journal of Cleaner Production, vol.418, no.138211.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623023697

Liu, H., Wang, S., Zhao, D., Li, J. (2017). The intention to adopt electric vehicles: Driven by
functional and non-functional values. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and
Practice, vol. 103, pages 185-197.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856416309971

Khan, SN., Mohsin, M. (2017, May 1) The power of emotional value: Exploring the effects of
values on green product consumer choice behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol.
150, pages 65-74.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652617304134

Alganad, Isa and Dauzi (2023). Why people do not purchase green cars in Malaysia: The influence
of consumption values on consumers’ attitude towards green cars. Case Studies on
Transport Policy, Volume 12.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213624X23000615.

Banerjee, S. & Pillania, R. (2009). Relative position of resale value as a decision variable in a car
purchase: a Thurstone Case V analysis of a multiattribute car purchase decision model in
India. Int. J. Electr. Hybrid Veh., 2 (2) (2009), pp. 77-97.

Barbarossa et al., (2015). A self-identity-based model of electric car adoption intention: A cross-
cultural comparative study. J. Environ. Psychol., 42 (2015), pp. 149-160

Biswa, A. & Roy, M. (2015). Green products: An exploratory study on the consumer behavior in
emerging economies of the East. J. Clean. Prod., 87 (1) (2015), pp. 463-468.

Coad et al., (2009). Consumer support for environmental policies: An application to purchases of
green cars. Ecol. Econ., 68 (7) (2009), pp. 2078-2086.

Grewal et al., (2000). The role of the social-identity function of attitudes in consumer
innovativeness and opinion leadership. J. Econ. Psychol., 21 (3) (2000), pp. 233-252

Hagman et al., (2016). Total cost of ownership and its potential implications for battery electric
car diffusion. Res. Transp. Bus. Manag., 18 (2016), pp. 11-17.

46
Han et al., (2017). The intention to adopt electric cars: Driven by functional and non-functional
values. Transp. Res. A Policy Pract., 103 (2017), pp. 185-197.

Hartmann and Apaolaza-Ibáñez, (2012). Consumer attitude and purchase intention toward green
energy brands: The roles of psychological benefits and environmental concern. J. Bus. Res.,
65 (9) (2012), pp. 1254-1263.
Lim et al., (2019). The antecedents of green car purchase intention among Malaysian consumers.
European Journal of Business and Management Research, 4(2), 1-8.

Lin P. & Huang Y. (2012). The influence factors on choice behavior regarding green products
based on the theory of consumption values. Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 22,
Issue 1.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652611003738.

Nicholls et al., (1996). Relationship between situational variables and purchasing in India and the
USA. International Marketing Review, 13 (6) (1996), pp. 6-21.

Ng et al., (2018). Predicting purchase intention of electric cars in Hong Kong. Australasian
Marketing Journal (AMJ), 26 (3) (2018), pp. 272-280.

Pettifor et al., (2017). Social influence in the global diffusion of alternative fuel vehicles–a meta-
analysis. J. Transp. Geogr., 62 (2017), pp. 247-261.

Sheth et al., (1991). Why we buy what we buy: a theory of consumption values. Journal of
Business Research, 22 (2) (1991), pp. 159-170.

Straughan and Roberts, (1999). Environmental segmentation alternatives: a look at green

consumer behavior in the new millennium. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16 (6) (1999),
pp. 558-575

Suki, N.M. (2013). Green awareness effects on consumers’ purchasing decisions: Some insights
from Malaysia. International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, 9 (2) (2013), pp. 49-63.

Suki & Suki (2015). Impact of consumption values on consumer environmental concern regarding
green products: Comparing light, average, and heavy users. Int. J. Econ. Finance. Issues,
5 (2015), pp. 92-97.

47
Chakraborty, D., & Paul, J. (2023). Healthcare apps’ purchase intention: A consumption values
perspective. Technovation, 120, 102481.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102481

Lin, P., & Huang, Y. (2012b). The influence factors on choice behavior regarding green products
based on the theory of consumption values. Journal of Cleaner Production, 22(1), 11–18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.10.002

Yuan, R., Liu, M., & Blut, M. (2022). What’s in it for you? Examining the roles of consumption
values and Thaler’s acquisition–transaction utility theory in Chinese consumers’ green

purchase intentions. European Journal of Marketing, 56(4), 1065–1107.

https://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2020-0609

Contributor, T. (2018). SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). WhatIs.com.
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/SPSS-Statistical-Package-for-the-Social-
Sciences#:~:text=SPSS%20provides%20data%20analysis%20for,spreadsheet%20in%20i
ts%20main%20view.

Fleetwood, D. (2023). Quantitative research: What it is, tips & examples. QuestionPro.
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-
research/#:~:text=Quantitative%20research%20collects%20information%20from,be%20
depicted%20in%20numerical%20form.

McCombes, S. (2023). Sampling Methods | Types, Techniques & Examples. Scribbr.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/

Preston, V. (2009). Questionnaire survey. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 46–52).

https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044910-4.00504-6

Research Guides: Organizing your Social Sciences Research Paper: Types of Research Designs.
(n.d.).
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchdesigns#:~:text=The%20research%20design%20r
efers%20to,problem%20will%20be%20thoroughly%20investigated.

Sample Size Calculator: Understanding sample sizes | SurveyMonkey. (n.d.). SurveyMonkey.

https://www.surveymonkey.com/mp/sample-size-

48
 calculator/#:~:text=What%20is%20sample%20size%3F,or%20behavior%20you%20care
%20about.

The Editorial Team. (2023, August 23). Close-ended questions: Definition, types, and examples.
Delighted. https://delighted.com/blog/close-ended-questions

Thomas, L. (2023). Cross-Sectional Study | Definition, Uses & examples. Scribbr.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/cross-sectional-
study/#:~:text=A%20cross%2Dsectional%20study%20is,observed%20%20variables%20
without%20%20influencing%20th%20em.

Villegas, F. (n.d). Descriptive analysis: what it is + best research tips. Question Pro.
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/descriptive-
analysis/#:~:text=Descriptive%20analysis%20is%20a%20sort,utilizing%20recent%20an
d%20historical%20data.
Taylor, S. (2020, 26 May). What is central tendency?. CFI.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/data-science/central-tendency/.
Manikandan, S. (n.d). Measures of dispersion. National Library of Medicine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3198538/#.
Anderson, P. (n.d). Accuracy and precision. Sophia. https://app.sophia.org/tutorials/accuracy-
and-precision--
3#:~:text=Precision%20is%20determined%20by%20a,standard%20deviations%20indicat
e%20high%20precision.
Waston, P. (2018,14 August). Testing normality including skewness and kurtosis. MRC
Cognition and Brain Science Unit. https://imaging.mrc-
cbu.cam.ac.uk/statswiki/FAQ/Simon#:~:text=The%20values%20for%20asymmetry%20a
nd,between%20%E2%80%907%20to%20%2B7.
Frost, J. (n.d). Cronbach’s alpha: definition, calculations & example. Statistics by Jim.
https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/cronbachs-alpha/.
Team, W. (n.d). What is factor analysis?. WallStreetMojo.
https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/factor-analysis/.
Berman, JJ. (2016). Pearson correlation. ScienceDirect.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/pearson-
correlation#:~:text=The%20Pearson%20correlation%20measures%20the,meaning%20a
%20total%20positive%20correlation.
Moore, AW. (2006). Multiple regression. ScienceDirect.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/multiple-
regression#:~:text=Multiple%20regression%20is%20a%20statistical,of%20the%20single
%20dependent%20value.
49
Appendix

50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57