GCE

Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in

Biology (Salters-Nuffield) (8048)
For examination from 2006

Edexcel Advanced GCE in

Biology (Salters-Nuffield) (9048)
For examination from 2007

April 2005

Sample assessment material

Biology (Salters-Nuffield) (8048/9048)
Edexcel AS/A GCE in
 Surname Initial(s)
Centre Paper Reference
No.

Signature
Candidate
No. 6 1 3 5 0 1
Paper Reference(s)

6135/01 Examiner’s use only

Edexcel GCE Team Leader’s use only

Biology (Salters-Nuffield)
Advanced Question Leave
Number Blank

Unit Test 5 Paper 01 1

Time: 1 hour 2
3
4
5
Materials required for examination Items included with question papers
Ruler Nil

Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, the paper reference, your surname
and initials, and your signature.
The paper reference is shown above. Check that you have the correct question paper.
Answer ALL FIVE questions in the spaces provided in this booklet.
If you need to use additional answer sheets, attach them loosely but securely inside this booklet.
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used.
Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.

Information for Candidates

The marks for individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).
The total mark for this question paper is 40.

Advice to Candidates
You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and
arguments clearly and logically, taking account of your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.

Total

UA016189 – Sample assessment material – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005 59
 Leave
blank
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided

1. Parkinson’s disease leads to the gradual loss of balance and movement, often with muscle
tremors. This disease is believed to be caused by a lack of the neurotransmitter dopamine
in parts of the brain. The disease can be treated with the drug L-dopa.

(a) Explain why the lack of dopamine leads to the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Suggest why L-dopa, rather than dopamine, is used for the treatment of patients with
Parkinson’s disease.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Multiple sclerosis is a disease that causes patches of inflammation in the brain. State
the name of an imaging technique and describe how the images could be used to
establish which parts of the brain have been damaged in a patient with multiple
sclerosis.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(3) Q1

(Total 6 marks)

60 UA016189 – Sample assessment material – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005
 Leave
blank
2. There is much debate about the reasons for variation in human characteristics. One source
of evidence in this ‘nature and nurture’ debate is provided by studies of identical
(monozygotic or MZ) twins.

In one study, which involved 69 pairs of identical twins, fifty pairs of the twins had been
brought up together since birth and nineteen pairs of the twins had been brought up apart
since birth. The height, body mass and intelligence (IQ) of each twin was measured and
the difference between each pair was determined for each characteristic.

The table below shows the mean differences between the pairs of twins.

Mean difference
Characteristic 50 pairs of identical twins 19 pairs of identical twins
brought up together brought up apart
Height / cm 1.7 1.8
Body mass/kg 1.9 4.5
Intelligence (IQ) 3.1 6.0

(a) Explain what these figures suggest about the effects of nature and nurture on these
three characteristics.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Suggest two reasons why the conclusions drawn from the data above should be
treated with caution.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2) Q2

(Total 5 marks)

UA016189 – Sample assessment material – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005 61
 Leave
blank
3. (a) The diagram below shows a spirometer. This apparatus is used to measure the
volume of air breathed in and out and the frequency of breathing under different
conditions.

Pure oxygen in
Pen
box chamber

Transparent box
Graph paper Hinge

Rotating
drum
Face mask

Valves
Soda lime
absorbs carbon
Water
dioxide

A spirometer was used to compare a person’s breathing at rest and during exercise.
The results are shown in the graphs below.

At rest During exercise

Volume
of oxygen
/dm3

1 dm3 1 dm3
–

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time /s Time /s

62 UA016189 – Sample assessment material – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005
 Leave
blank
The minute volume is the volume of oxygen taken into the lungs in one minute, and
is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the breathing rate.

(i) Using the information in the graphs, calculate the minute volume at rest. Show
your working.

Answer ...................................
(2)

(ii) Calculate the increase in the minute volume that occurred in this person as a
result of the exercise. Show your working.

Answer ...................................
(2)

(b) Cardiac output also increases during exercise.

(i) State what is meant by cardiac output.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Explain how increases in minute volume and cardiac output during exercise
enable rapid delivery of oxygen to muscles during exercise.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(2) Q3

(Total 7 marks)

UA016189 – Sample assessment material – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005 63
 Leave
blank
4. (a) Explain how nerve impulses are conducted along a myelinated axon after an action
potential has been initiated. You should write your answer in continuous prose.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(6)

(b) Habituation is a type of learning that allows animals to ignore repeated unimportant
stimuli. For example, snails withdraw their tentacles when the tentacles are gently
touched, but if the tentacles are repeatedly stimulated in this way they are no longer
withdrawn.

Tentacles

64 UA016189 – Sample assessment material – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005
 Leave
blank
The diagram below shows a synapse involved in this type of response.
Ca2+
Calcium
channel

Neurone 1 Neurone 2

With repeated stimulation the calcium channels become less responsive. Using the
diagram of the synapse and your own knowledge, suggest how changes in the
functioning of the synapse might bring about habituation.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(4) Q4

(Total 10 marks)

UA016189 – Sample assessment material – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005 65
 Leave
blank
5. In an investigation, small samples of tissue were removed from the leg muscles of
international athletes of the same age and sex. The athletes included sprinters (100 m),
middle distance runners (800 m) and long distance runners.

SDH is an enzyme involved in the reactions of the Krebs cycle. LDH is an enzyme that
catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

The results of the analysis of the muscles are shown in the table below.

Mean percentage
Athletes of slow twitch Mean SDH activity Mean LDH activity
fibres /arbitrary units /arbitrary units
100 m sprinters 24 1.70 1.60
800 m runners 52 2.00 1.10
Long distance runners 70 2.25 1.00

(a) Explain why successful sprinters usually have a low percentage of slow twitch fibres
in their leg muscles.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Explain the relationships between the mean activity of SDH and LDH in the leg
muscles and the distances run by the athletes.

(i) SDH

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(2)

66 UA016189 – Sample assessment material – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005
 Leave
blank
(ii) LDH

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Describe the role of the electron transport chain of mitochondria in the synthesis of
ATP.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(4)

(d) Explain the fate of lactate produced by the activity of LDH in athletes such as
sprinters.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2) Q5

(Total 12 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER: 40 MARKS

END

UA016189 – Sample assessment material – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005 67
 Unit test (6135/01)

Question 1

Maximum mark

(a) Reference to non-functioning of synapses/eq

Control of {motor functions/motor neurone function}

Reference to {cerebellum/motor cortex/parietal lobe}

Reference to {substantia nigra/basal ganglion/mid brain}

2 marks

(b) Dopamine cannot enter the brain/L-dopa can be converted to

dopamine/L-dopa is {easier/cheaper} to make/converse
1 mark

(c) 1. {MRI/FMRI} scan/{CT/CAT} scan/thermal imaging/X-rays/PET

2. Reference to 3-D image [only applies to MRI, FMRI, CAT scan and PET]

3. {Shape/size/colour} difference

4. Density of tissue

5. Comparison to image of a normal brain/method of identification of

damaged areas

6. Reference to monitoring over time

3 marks

Total 6 marks

122 UA016189 – Sample assessment material– Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005
Question 2

Maximum mark

(a) 1. Identical twins are genetically identical/eq

2. Height mainly due to {genes/nature}/not affected much by

environment

3. Body mass and intelligence are mainly due to

{environment/nurture/eq}

4. Reference to figure(s) to back up argument/valid comparison eg less

effect of nurture of those reared together/converse

[max 2 marks for description]

5. Reference to body mass eg diet, exercise

6. Reference to intelligence eg schooling, parental encouragement

7. Reference to height being {polygenic/multifactorial}

[max 2 marks for explanation]

3 marks

(b) 1. Only a small sample/eq

2. Fewer (MZ) twins reared apart/converse

3. Characteristics not measured using {same/comparable} units

4. Intelligence {difficult to measure/subjective/testing unreliable}

5. Reference to not knowing whether the differences are statistically

significant

6. No comparison with {unrelated people/rest of population/dizygotic

twins/other siblings}

7. Reference to two samples being matched for {age/sex/culture/race/eq}

8. One-off measurements and differences in characteristics may change

over time

9. Fears that the data may have been falsified

2 marks

Total 5 marks

UA016189 – Sample assessment material– Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005 123
Question 3

Maximum mark

(a) (i) {0.4 – 0.55} x 12

= {4.8 – 6.6} (dm3 min-1)

2 marks

(ii) {1.1 - 1.3} x 36 = {39.6 - 46.8} (dm3 min-1)

Increase of {33.0/42.0}/increased by about 6 times

2 marks

(b) (i) Heart rate x stroke volume/volume of blood pumped out of

{heart/ventricles} in one minute/eq
1 mark

(ii) (As minute volume increases) {volume of oxygen breathed in/gas

exchange/tidal volume} increases/eq

Increased diffusion of oxygen into {blood/muscle}

(Increase in cardiac output) increases volume of (oxygenated) blood

reaching muscles/eq
2 marks

Total 7 marks

124 UA016189 – Sample assessment material– Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005
Question 4 Maximum mark

(a) 1. Reference to local currents

2. Depolarisation of {adjacent/next} section of axon

3. Sodium channels open/sodium ions move in (to axon)

4. More sodium ions move in so more sodium channels open/positive

feedback idea

5. Correct reference to +40 mV/{becomes positive/less negative} inside the

axon

6. Potassium channels open/potassium ions move out (of the axon)

7. Membrane repolarises

8. Wave of depolarisation/depolarisation — repolarisation process repeats

itself along the axon/eq

9. Refractory period/hyperpolarised/more negative than resting potential

10. Idea of impulse moves in one direction only

11. Myelin sheath speeds up conduction

12. Current jumps between {nodes of Ranvier/gaps in the myelin

sheath}/saltatory effect
6 marks

UA016189 – Sample assessment material– Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005 125
Question 4 continued Maximum mark

(b) 1. Less calcium (ions) enter into neurone /fewer calcium channels open

2. Fewer neurotransmitter vesicles {move to/fuse with}

(presynaptic/neurone 1) membrane/less neurotransmitter released
(into synaptic cleft)

3. Less neurotransmitter diffuses (across the synaptic cleft)

4. Less neurotransmitter binds to {receptor/sodium channel} on

(postsynaptic/neurone 2) membrane

5. Fewer sodium (ion) channels open/less sodium (ions) enter

6. Less membrane depolarisation/{fewer/no} action potentials initiated (in

neurone 2)
4 marks

Total 10 marks

126 UA016189 – Sample assessment material– Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005
Question 5 Maximum mark

(a) Sprinting requires rapid {release of energy/production of ATP}/eq

Slow fibres {generate ATP/respire} aerobically

OR
Fast twitch fibres can (produce ATP) {respire anaerobically/by
glycolysis}

Slow twitch fibres have more {mitochondria/myoglobin}/converse

2 marks

(b) (i) As distance of event increases, SDH (activity) increases/eq/converse

The longer the distance the more {energy/ATP} produced

aerobically/eq/converse

Reference to SDH being involved in aerobic respiration

(ii) LDH (activity) is greater over shorter distances/eq

The shorter the distance the more {energy/ATP} produced anaerobically

Reference to LDH being involved in anaerobic respiration

4 marks

UA016189 – Sample assessment material– Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005 127
Question 5 continued Maximum mark

(c) 1. Correct reference to reduced {coenzymes/NADH2/FADH2}

2. Hydrogen splits into electrons and {protons/H+}

3. Electrons passed from one carrier to next

4. From higher energy levels to lower energy levels

5. {Redox/oxidation} reactions release energy (for synthesis of ATP)

6. Reference to more ATP being produced/eq

7. Oxygen as terminal electron acceptor/water is formed

4 marks

(d) Most of the lactate is converted back into pyruvate

And is (oxidised) to carbon dioxide and water (via the Krebs cycle)

Releasing energy to synthesise ATP

Some lactate may also be converted into glycogen (and stored in the
muscle or liver)

Reference to oxygen debt

2 marks

Total 12 marks

128 UA016189 – Sample assessment material– Edexcel AS/A GCE in Biology (Salters-Nuffield) – Issue 1 – April 2005