TOPIC NAME – Safe Sphere Home Safety Device

ABSTRACT implementation of sensor modules for gas

detection, humidity sensing, and temperature
This project presents the design and monitoring. These modules will be integrated into
implementation of an integrated gas, humidity, and a centralized system that collects, processes, and
temperature detector system for environmental displays the sensor data. The system will also
monitoring applications. The system consists of include a user interface for easy access to the data
sensor modules for detecting gas concentrations, and configuration of the system parameters.
humidity levels, and temperature variations in the Overall, the proposed gas, humidity, and
surrounding environment. Key features of the temperature detector system will contribute to
system include high sensitivity and accuracy in improving environmental monitoring capabilities,
detecting various gases, such as carbon monoxide leading to enhanced safety, health, and well-being
(CO), methane (CH4), and ammonia (NH3), as in various indoor and outdoor settings.
well as real-time monitoring and data logging
capabilities. The sensor data is processed and PROBLEM STATEMENT:
displayed on a user interface, providing valuable Develop a smart environmental monitoring system
insights into the environmental conditions. The using gas, humidity, and temperature sensors to
project's objectives are to develop a cost-effective ensure indoor air quality. The system will
and reliable detector system suitable for indoor and continuously collect data on gas levels, humidity,
outdoor use, optimize sensor calibration and data and temperature, providing real-time feedback to
processing algorithms, and demonstrate the users. Through this, users can track and analyze air
system's effectiveness in detecting and monitoring quality, receiving alerts in case of hazardous
environmental parameters. The proposed system conditions. The project aims to enhance health and
has potential applications in agriculture, and indoor safety in indoor environments by empowering
air quality monitoring, contributing to improved users to make informed decisions and take
safety, efficiency, and comfort in various necessary actions to improve air quality.
environment.
Additionally, the system will feature a user-
friendly interface for data visualization and
INTRODUCTION analysis, allowing users to easily interpret the
sensor data. The project will involve designing a
Environmental monitoring is essential for ensuring robust sensor network, integrating data collection
the safety and comfort of individuals in indoor and and processing modules, and developing a
outdoor environments. Gas, humidity, and responsive alert system. Through this project, we
temperature levels are critical parameters that need
aim to create a reliable and efficient solution for
to be monitored to prevent health hazards and
monitoring indoor air quality, ensuring a healthier
ensure
and safer living environment.
optimal living and working conditions. In this LITERATURE SURVEY
project, we propose the development of an
integrated gas, humidity, and temperature detector The integration of gas, humidity, and temperature
system to address these monitoring needs. The sensors for indoor air quality monitoring has been
system aims to provide real-time data on gas widely studied and implemented in various
concentrations, humidity levels, and temperature applications. Research has shown that poor indoor
variations, enabling users to take proactive air quality can have significant health implications,
measures to maintain a safe and comfortable including respiratory issues and allergies.
environment. The integration of these sensors into Therefore, several studies have focused on
a single system offers several advantages, developing sensor-based systems to monitor and
including cost-effectiveness, convenience, and improve indoor air quality. A number of reviews
efficiency in data collection and analysis. The on the subject of Safe Sphere: Home Safety Device
project will focus on the design and
TOPIC NAME – Safe Sphere Home Safety Device
were done in the past either as part of research Murvaya, Ioan Sileaa, 2008; they told in their
papers/technical reports on a certain leak detection survey on gas leak detection and localization
method and other gas related subjects. Ch. techniques various ways to detect the gas leakage.
Manohar Raju and N. Sushma Rani, 2008; they They introduce some old or new technique to
introduce an android based automatic gas detection detect the gas. The proposed techniques in this
and indication robot. They proposed prototype paper are nontechnical methods, hardware based
depicts a mini mobile robot which is capable to methods which include acoustic methods, optical
detect gas leakage in hazardous places. Whenever methods and active methods. In their survey they
there is an occurrence of gas leakage in a particular told a wide variety of leak detecting techniques is
place the robot immediately read and sends the available for gas pipelines. Some techniques have
data to android mobile through wireless been improved since their first proposal and some
communication like Bluetooth. We develop an new ones were designed as a result of advances in
android application for android based smart phones sensor manufacturing and computing power.
which can receive data from robot directly through However, each detection method comes with its
Bluetooth. The application warns with an advantages and disadvantages. Leak detection
indication whenever there is an occurrence of gas techniques in each category share some advantages
leakage and we can also control the robot and disadvantages. For example, all external
movements via Bluetooth by using text commands techniques which involve detection done from
as well as voice commands. The previous mobile outside the pipeline by visual observation or
robots are based on heterogeneous technologies portable detectors are able to detect very small
like GSM, GPS, internet based etc., but the main leaks and the leak location, but the detection time
disadvantage of those prototypes were the absence is very long. Methods based on the mathematical
of communication in particular areas. So, with the model of the pipe have good results at high flow
rapid developments and tremendous changes in rates while at low flow rates a mass balance based
technology we have lots of techniques to eradicate detection system would be more suitable. This
previous problems. Wireless communication disadvantage is prone to disappear for some of
protocols play a vital role in present trends. these techniques due to forthcoming technological
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee etc., we use one of the advancements. In proposed paper, they work
best features of smart phone, i.e., the Bluetooth
on the classification of leak detection technologies.
technology to control and monitor parameters
Most detection techniques rely on the measurement
driven by a robot. They introduce a robot and
of a certain physical quantity or the manifestation
mobile application. In the meantime, the system
of a certain physical phenomenon. This can be
prototype has imposingly demonstrated its use and
used as a rule for classification as we have several
capability in intensive series of tests. The drive
common used physical parameters and phenomena:
unit, the navigation system and, therefore, the
acoustics, flow rate, pressure, gas sampling, optics
complementary sensor systems performed superbly
and sometimes a mix of these. An example is
throughout the tests. The robot facilitates
available in relation to the optical detection
independent gas detection and leak localization in
methods. Because of the great variety of these
sites that are otherwise troublesome to access.
detection solutions, leak finding technologies are
Moreover, it helps to avoid mistreatment of human
sometimes classified into optical and non-optical
inspectors in probably dangerous environments.
methods. Zhao Yang, Mingliang Liu, Min Shao,
However, before readying in industrial settings,
and Yingjie Ji, 2011; in this paper they told about
more development is needed (e.g., in explosion
their research on leakage detection and analysis of
protection, package development, etc.), and in fact
leakage point in the gas pipeline system. In this
legal problems should be processed before
paper they gave various model which used
readying in business settings. Still, it is certain that
SCADA I/F Model: The SCADA system has the
an autonomous, mobile gas detection and leak
function of transferring the acquired data from a
localization robot is possible today and can
pipeline system to Transient Simulation Model
significantly enhance safety [1]. Pal-Stefan
every 30 seconds. This module communicates with
TOPIC NAME – Safe Sphere Home Safety Device
SCADA. Dynamic parameters are collected every gas cylinder. In the advent of leakage, the
30 seconds, such as pressure, flow and resistance of the sensor decreases increasing its
temperature. Transient Simulation Model: conductivity. Corresponding pulse is fed to
Transient flow is simulated utilizing perfect microcontroller and simultaneously switches on the
numerical methods based on actual data. Pressure buzzer and exhaust fan. Microcontroller sends a
and temperature served as independent variables message “EMERGENCY ALERT: LPG gas
are provided in order to get average pressure and leakage found in your home” to required cell
average temperature. Then all the parameters of the numbers via GSM module and the same will be
gas in the pipeline system can be acquired. displayed on LCD. In automatic Gas booking
Leakage Detection: The leakage detection is system, LCD continuously monitors the weight of
carried out by comparing the data acquired through the gas in cylinder and displays it on seven
the SCADA system with that by the Transient segment display. When the weight of the gas is less
Simulation Model. This model could provide than or equal to 2 Kg, a logic high pulse is fed to a
leakage point judgment and prompt warning based port pin of microcontroller. As this pin goes high,
on transient simulation and volume balance. microcontroller will send a booking message to
Leakage detection model is set up based on distributor of format, "AA01-RAJA-05-B". At the
continuity equation, momentum equation, energy same time, the message will be displayed on LCD
equation, state equation and volume mass balance. as “Cylinder Booking”. Hardware and Software
THE leakage detection model includes five Requirements are Load cell, Instrumentation
modules: SCADA I/F, Dada Bass, Transient amplifier, 2*16 LCD, LPG sensor, GSM modem,
Simulation, Leakage Detection, Output. Leaks as PC, Keil uvision4, Visual studio2008, Pro-load
small as 0.3% of the nominal gas flow are readily software. The gas leakage detection system was
detected. When leakage point is much closer to proposed, designed and successfully implemented
inlet, the pressure is even higher, so differential in this paper for home safety and industrial
pressure between gas and atmosphere is still applications. This system detects the leakage of the
bigger, and leakage is even more. The pipeline LPG and alerts the consumer about the leak by
outlet pressure and leakage position almost reveal SMS and as an emergency measure the system will
the linear relation. The results show that leakage turn off the power supply, while activating the
and outlet pressure are more important parameters alarm. Along with gas leakage detection, this
compared to the coefficient of frictional resistance system gives a fully automated approach towards
and pipeline diameter. the gas booking. Real time weight measurement of
the gas and its display on LCD makes it an
A computer program to run on-line has been
efficient home security system and also can be
developed to obtain leakage location and performs
used in industries and other places to detect gas
well when Journal of VLSI Design and Signal
leaks. This project is implemented using the ARM
Processing leakage percentage ranges from 0.3% to
7 processor and simulated using the Keil software.
93% of the nominal gas flow. So the developed
The cost involved in developing the system is
program software turns out to be a very useful tool
significantly low and is much less than the cost of
in automatic supervision of pipelines as well as
gas detectors commercially available in the market
instantaneous leakage detection . S Shyamaladevi,
[4]. Falohun A.S., Oke A.O., and Abolaji B.M.
V G Rajaramya, P Rajasekar and P Sebastin
2016; in this paper they proposed their dangerous
Ashok, 2014; In this research paper they told about
gas detection using an integrated circuit and MQ-9.
their project ARM7 based automated high
In this basically, they used an embedded design
performance system for LPG refill booking and
which includes typical input and output devices
leakage detection and methodology to make their
include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small or
project. The paper is designed based on modular
custom LCD displays, radio frequency devices, and
approach which is easy to analyze as LPG cylinder
sensors for data such as temperature, humidity,
booking unit, gas leakage monitoring unit at the
light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no
consumer end and server system unit at the
keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other
distributor side. MQ6 placed in the vicinity of the
TOPIC NAME – Safe Sphere Home Safety Device
recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer, assemblage. The sensor which was proposed in this
and may lack human interaction device. The paper is MQ 9. It advantage is that it has; good
amount and type of detectors and the type of fire sensitivity to CO/Combustible gas, high sensitivity
alarm system that one chooses for property to methane, propane and CO, long life and low
protection will depend on the owner’s property cost, Simple drive circuit. The enveloped MQ-9
protection goals, the value of the property and the has 6 pins, 4 of which are used to fetch signals, and
requirements of the owner’s insurance company. other 2 for providing heating current. The sensor
Generally, heat detection will be used in all areas works with voltages between 5V and 12V AC or
that are not considered high value. Here again, one DC. A 5V supply voltage was used for this design.
of the most common mistakes in fire alarm system Once powered, the output of the sensor is normally
application is to provide partial protection of a HIGH but goes LOW when gas is sensed. One
building and expect high performance from the common approach is the use of low-cost sensors
installed systems of any kind. The principle of combined with data analytics techniques to provide
operation which is proposed in this paper is the gas real-time monitoring and analysis. These systems
detector alarm system is designed with the typically involve deploying sensors in different
intention to ensure that the event of gas is areas of a building to collect data on gas
intelligently detected, promptly notified and concentrations, humidity levels, and temperature.
interactively managed. It is built around a timer to The data is then
accept input from the gas sensor, MQ-9, and
processed to identify patterns and trends, enabling
activate a buzzer and set of led that alerts in the
users to take proactive measures to improve indoor
event of gas. The sensor used is the MQ9 and from
air quality. Additionally, research has also explored
the datasheet, it specializes in gas detection
the use of machine learning algorithms to predict
equipment for carbon monoxide and CH4, LPG
air quality based on sensor data, further enhancing
family and any other relevant industry or car
the capabilities of these systems.

COMPONENTS

 Arduino UNO
 Gas Sensor - MQ6, MQ135
 Humidity Sensor - DTH11
 Temperature Sensor - LM35
 Connecting Wires
 Breadboard
 LCD Display
 Software Used- Arduino IDE

Here are some features of Arduino UNO:

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION •Preprogrammed bootloader: Allows uploading
1. Arduino UNO new code without the use of an external hardware
programmer
•Serial communication: Uses pins like Tx and Rx
to provide serial communication
•USB com drivers: Provides a pathway for serial
communication using USB com drivers
TOPIC NAME – Safe Sphere Home Safety Device
•Serial monitor: Provides on the IDE software to
send or receive text data from the board
•Analog inputs: Labelled A0 through A5, each of
which provide 10 bits of resolution Gas Sensor -MQ135
•AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs
•Reset: Bring this line LOW to reset the
microcontroller.

Gas Sensor MQ6

The MQ135 gas sensor is a popular sensor

for detecting a variety of gases, including
ammonia, nitrogen oxides, benzene, smoke,
and CO2. It is commonly used in air quality
control equipment for homes and offices.
The sensor operates on the principle of
chemical reaction with the gases, which
changes the conductivity of its internal
The MQ6 gas sensor is a commonly used sensor
material. This change in conductivity is
for detecting LPG, butane, propane, methane, then measured and converted into a gas
alcohol, hydrogen, and smoke. It operates on the concentration reading. The sensor requires
principle of chemical resistance, where the calibration and has a warm-up time before
sensor's resistance changes when it comes into accurate readings can be obtained.
contact with the gas being detected. The MQ6
sensor consists of a sensing element made of tin Humidity Sensor – DTH11
dioxide (SnO2) which lowers its resistance in the
presence of the targeted gas molecules, leading to
a change in voltage output. This change in voltage
isproportional to the gas concentration in the
environment. The sensor requires a heater coil to
heat the sensing element to a specific temperature
for it to operate effectively. The heater consumes a
certain amount of power, and it is essential to
allow the sensor to heat up for a few minutes
before taking measurements. Due to its simplicity,
low cost, and ease of use, the MQ6 gas sensor is
widely used in gas leak detection systems, safety
alarms, and other applications where detection of
these gases is critical. However, it's important to
note that the sensor has limitations, such as
Some The DHT11 is a basic, ultra-low-cost
sensitivity to humidity and other gases, and digital temperature and humidity sensor. It
requires periodic calibration for accurate uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a
measurements. thermistor to measure the surrounding air
and outputs a digital signal on the data pin.
It can measure relative humidity ranging
TOPIC NAME – Safe Sphere Home Safety Device
from 20-90% with an accuracy of ±5%. The
temperature range is 0-50°C with an
accuracy of ±2°C. It operates on 3.3-5V
and is commonly used in weather stations,
environmental monitoring systems, and
other projects where humidity and
temperature data are needed.

Temperature Sensor (LM35)

Connecting wires are insulated conductive

wires used to create electrical connections
between components in electronic circuits.
They come in various gauges (thicknesses)
and lengths to suit different applications.
The insulation prevents short circuits and
ensures that the wires do not touch each
other or other conductive surfaces.
Common types of wires include solid core
(single, solid conductor) and stranded
(multiple thin strands twisted together)
wires. They are typically made of copper or
aluminium for conductivity and flexibility.
The LM35 is a precision integrated-circuit
temperature sensor that provides an output Breadboard
voltage linearly proportional to the Celsius
temperature. It does not require any A breadboard is a device used to prototype
external calibration or trimming to provide electronic circuits without the need for
typical accuracies of ±1/4°C at room soldering. It consists of a rectangular plastic
temperature and ±3/4°Cover a full -55 to board with a grid of holes into which
+150°C temperature range. The LM35's electronic components can be inserted. The
low output impedance, linear output, and holes are typically arranged in rows and
precise inherent calibration make columns, with each row and column
interfacing to readout or control circuitry electrically connected internally.
especially easy. It can be directly calibrated Breadboards are divided into two sections,
in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) and usually labelled as "rows" and "columns."
provides a temperature proportional voltage
output, which makes it ideal for interfacing
with Analog -to-Digital converters (ADCs).

Connecting Wires
TOPIC NAME – Safe Sphere Home Safety Device
The rows are used for power distribution sharpness. LCDs require a backlight to
(typically labelled with red and blue lines illuminate the display, as the liquid crystals
indicating positive and negative rails) and themselves do not emit light. The backlight
the columns are used for connecting is typically provided by LEDs (Light
components and creating circuit Emitting Diodes) positioned behind or
connections. Breadboards allow for quick around the edges of the screen.
and easy experimentation with different
circuit designs, as components can be easily CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
inserted, moved, and removed. They are
commonly used by hobbyists, students, and Mq135:
professionals to test and prototype
electronic circuits before soldering them The MQ-135 sensor detects gases like
onto a more permanent circuit board. ammonia, nitrogen oxides, benzene, and
carbon dioxide by measuring changes in
LCD Display electrical resistance. It provides an analog
output voltage proportional to gas
An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is concentration, which can be used with
a flat-panel display technology that uses the microcontrollers. Calibration may be
light-modulating properties of liquid needed for accuracy, and its performance
crystals to display images, text, or video. It can be affected by temperature and
consists of multiple layers, including a humidity. It's commonly used for air quality
polarized panel, a liquid crystal solution, monitoring and gas detection applications.
and electrodes that apply electric current to
control the orientation of the liquid crystals. Dht11:

The DHT11 is an affordable digital sensor

that measures temperature (0°C to 50°C)
and humidity (20% to 90% RH) with
moderate accuracy. Operating at 3.3V to
5V, it provides digital output for easy
integration with microcontrollers like
Arduino. While popular for DIY projects,
it's not suitable for high-precision
applications due to its limitations in
accuracy and sampling rate.

Lm35dz:

Temperature Range: Typically, it can

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is measure temperatures from -55°C to
a flat-panel display technology that uses the +150°C.The LM35DZ is a temperature
light-modulating properties of liquid sensor that provides an analog voltage
crystals to display images, text, or video. It output proportional to temperature in
consists of multiple layers, including a Celsius. It operates in a wide temperature
polarized panel, a liquid crystal solution, range, has a high accuracy of ±0.5°C, and
and electrodes that apply electric current to works with a single power supply. It's
control the orientation of the liquid crystals. widely used in temperature monitoring and
LCD screens are widely used in devices control systems due to its low cost and
such as computer monitors, television reliability.
screens, smartphones, and digital watches.
They are known for their low power
Lcd:
consumption, thin profile, and ability to
display content with high resolution and
TOPIC NAME – Safe Sphere Home Safety Device
The 16x2 LCD with I2C interface is a text monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), and
display module that utilizes the I2C hydrogen sulfide (H2S), helping to prevent
protocol for communication. It features 16 accidents and ensure workplace safety.
characters per row and 2 rows, making it  Health Monitoring - These sensors are used
suitable for displaying simple messages. in medical devices and home appliances to
The module typically includes a built-in monitor indoor air quality, temperature, and
backlight for improved visibility in various humidity, which can impact health and
lighting conditions. Its I2C interface allows comfort.
for easy connection to microcontrollers
with minimal pin requirements, and there DISADVANTAGES
are libraries available to simplify
programming and control.  Calibration - Sensors require periodic
calibration to maintain accuracy, which can
be time-consuming and may require
specialized equipment.
 Drift - Over time, sensors can drift from
their calibrated values, leading to inaccurate
readings if not regularly recalibrate
 Cross-Sensitivity - Some sensors may be
sensitive to multiple gases or environmental
factors, leading to potential interference and
inaccurate readings.
 Limited Lifespan - Sensors have a limited
lifespan and may degrade over time,
especially in harsh environments or with
continuous use.
 Cost - High-quality sensors can be
expensive, especially for applications
requiring high accuracy and reliability.
Maintenance - Sensors may require
regularmaintenance, cleaning, or
replacement to ensure proper operation and
accuracy.

Conclusion

In conclusion, humidity, temperature, and

gas sensors play a crucial role in various
ADVANTAGES applications, including environmental
monitoring, industrial automation,
 Environmental Monitoring - These sensors healthcare, and smart buildings. These
are crucial for monitoring air quality, sensors provide valuable data that can be
temperature, and humidity in indoor and used to optimize processes, improve safety,
outdoor environments. They help in and enhance user comfort. With
maintaining optimal conditions for human advancements in sensor technology and
comfort, health, and safety. data analytics, these sensors are becoming
 Energy Efficiency - By monitoring more affordable, accurate, and versatile,
temperature and humidity, these sensors opening up new possibilities for their use in
can help in optimizing heating, ventilation, different industries. As the Internet of
and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, Things (IoT) continues to grow, these
leading to energy savings. sensors will play an increasingly important
 Safety - Gas sensors are essential for role in creating smart, connected
detecting harmful gases such as carbon
TOPIC NAME – Safe Sphere Home Safety Device
environments that respond intelligently to
changes in the environment.

REFERENCES

1.Huide Liu, Suwei Li, Lili Gao, and Tao

Wu, "An automatic fire alarm system", 2nd
IEEE International Conference on
Information Management and Engineering,
April 2010.

2.Grosshangler, W. L. "An Assessment of

Technologies for Advanced Fire
Detection," Heat and Mass Transfer in Fire
and Combustion Systems, HTD-vol.223,
pp.1-10, ASME, December 1992.

3.Giang, T. H., "Modern Concept and

Technique in Fire Safety Engineering,"2nd
International Symposium on Safety Science
and Technology, Beijing, China, August
2000.

4.Shields, T. J., and Silcock, G. W. H.,

"Buildings and Fire" Longman Scientific &
Technical, Essex, England,1987