SCIENCE 7

QUARTER 2
Week 1
 BIOLOGY
01 Biology is a branch of
science that deals
with the study of life.
Magnifying Glass
Our eyes are not able to see small
things as clearly. We may need a
magnifying glass in order to help us
read and see small objects and this
helps because magnification makes the
object appear bigger so we see it more
clearly.
Microscope

A microscope does the same

thing. The most common type
of microscope we usually use
in the Science laboratory is a
compound microscope.
Microscope
Microscope ▪ The microscope is an important
tool in the study of living things.
▪ The term (microscope) can be split
into two separate words “micro”
(means small or tiny) and
“scope” (means to view or to
observe).
▪ Therefore, a microscope can be
understood as an instrument to
observe tiny elements.
 Microscopic

According to Merriam Webster Dictionary,

Microscopic- very small or fine, invisible
or indistinguishable without the use of a
microscope.
 Brief History
2 of Microscope
Life Through The
Lens
 Most Essential Learning
Competencies

✓ Discuss the history of microscope and justify the

importance of the invention of microscope in the modern
science.
Without Microscopy there
is no Modern Science
The invention that let us see beyond
what our eyes alone cannot see.

The invention that let us see viruses!

All through out history diseases have
been mysterious and terrifying, why?
Because before, people was unable to see
bacteria and viruses that cause any of the
illnesses and diseases that they are
experiencing. Its a scary thing because
people tend to fear the unknown. People
back then created or invented myths to
explain their suffering. Some people
believed that diseases were cause by
demons, witches or were curses sent
down to punish humankind.
Light Microscope/Optical Microscope
Activity 1: Matchy! Matchy!
What to Do:
1. Read and comprehend the paragraphs on the
next slides.
2. Make a glimpse history of the microscope by
copying and filling in the boxes.
3. The first item is done for you.
4. Write your answer in your Science notebook.
 On the early 13th century, spectacle makers were
producing lenses for glasses. The early simple
“microscopes” were known as “flea glasses” because they
were used to study small insects. A father- son duo,
Zaccharias Janssen and Hans Lippershey, created the first
microscope in the 1590s. In the year 1625, Galileo Galilei
perfects the principle of microscope. In 1665, an English
physicist, Robert Hooke looked at a sliver of cork
through a microscope lens and notice some “pores” or
“cells” in it. Anton van Leewenhoek built a simple
microscope in 1674 with only one lens to examine blood,
yeast, insects and many other tiny objects.
In year 1925,Richard Zsigmondy developed the
ultra-microscope that could study objects below the
wavelength of light and won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry
in 1925. In 1930 Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll created the
first functioning electron microscope. The phase-
contrast microscope was invented by Frits Zernike in
1932, allows the study of colorless and transparent
biological materials. Thanks to the invention of an
electron microscope humankind has been brought face
to face with viruses our ancient invisible foe.
13th Century Simple “microscopes” were known as “flea
glasses” because they were used to study
small insects.
Who invented the first
microscope?
 Zaccharias Janssen and Hans Lippershey
(1590)
Dutch eyeglass makers Zaccharias
Janssen and Hans Lippershey are
noted as the first men to develop the
concept of the compound microscope.
By placing different types and sizes of
lenses in opposite ends of tubes, they
discovered that small objects were
enlarged.
 Zaccharias Janssen and Hans Lippershey
(1590)
1590 –first compound microscope
 Robert Hooke
(1665)
He used a compound microscope to observe
pores in cork.

He called them “cells”.

 Robert Hooke 2
(1665)
His book is Micrographia.

Robert Hooke was an English inventor,

microscopist, physicist, surveyor, astronomer,
biologist and artist, who played an important role
in the scientific revolution.
 Robert Hooke 2
(1665)
His book is Micrographia.
 Anton Van Leewenhoek
(1674)

1st to see single-celled

organisms in pond water

3
 Anton Van Leewenhoek
(1674)
“animalcules” with the hand made microscope

He was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the

Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A
largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly
known as “the Father of Microbiology”, and one of
the first microscopists and microbiologists. Van
Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work
in microscopy and for his contributions toward the
establishment of microbiology as a scientific
discipline. 3
https://youtu.be/c_BiLl2v6OE - Leewenhoek and Microscopic life

https://youtu.be/ePnbkNVdPio - Seeing the invinsible

Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
Electron Microscope
1930 – created the first functioning
electron microscope

Electron microscopes can provide pictures

of the smallest particles. Its magnification
and resolution is unmatched by a light
microscope.
Pollen grains:
Electron
microscope view
Ebola Virus:
Electron
microscope view
HIV – causes AIDS:
Electron
microscope view
Covid 19 : Electron
microscope view
What if microscopes had
never been invented?
So what have microscopes
done for us?
In conclusion, microscopes are very
important. Diseases would have been
more common without them. Our world
would be very different in a bad way
without the invention of the microscope.
 Most Essential Learning
Competency
✓Identify the parts of the microscope and
their functions. (S7LT-IIa-1)
 Specimen

In Science, the specimen is the object, or

part of the object or an organism that we
study or examine under the microscope.
The noun specimen comes from the Latin
word specere, meaning “to look.”
 Specimen

Plant Cells Animal Cells Microorganisms

Specimen

Corona Virus
MICROSCOPY
The science of
investigating very
tiny organisms and
small objects using
02
the microscope.
 MAGNIFICATION

It describes how much larger an object

appears when viewed.

Increase of an object’s apparent size.

MAGNIFICATION
 RESOLUTION

The capacity of a microscope to

distinguish small gaps between two
separate points which human cannot
distinguish. It is used to see finer details of
an object.
RESOLUTION

A B
COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE
Compound
microscope is the
most common type
of microscope.
WHY IS IT CALLED
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE ?
The word compound is used because
in order to magnify an image, a path
of light from the source will pass
through a path with series of lenses,
where each lens enlarges the image
formed by the previous lens. In this
process the images of the small
object become larger when you view
it.
Compound microscope comprises of three major
parts based on their functions.
Magnifying

Illuminating

Mechanical Parts
 Magnifying
Eyepiece

Objective
Also known as the
ocular lens. This is
Lens
the part used to
look through the These are the major
microscope. It is lenses used for specimen
visualization. They have a
found at the top of magnification power of
the microscope. Its 40x-100x. There are
standard about 1- 4 objective
lenses placed on one
magnification is 10x microscope, in that some
with an optional are rare facing and others
eyepiece having face forward. Each lens
magnifications has its own
magnification power.
from 5X – 30X.
 The typical Objective Lenses are the following:
01 02 03
Low Power Objective High Power Objective Oil Immersion Objective
it has a it has a it has a magnification
magnification magnification power of 100x. It is usually
power of 10x. It is power of 40x. It is the longest objective and
used to see the used to view used to view bacteria, very
structures from a small protist and fungi. It
general outline of
requires the use of special
the specimen. larger perspective.
oil.
Compound microscope comprises of three major parts
based on their functions.
Magnifying

Illuminating

Mechanical Parts
 This is the
microscopes light
source, located at
Illuminator
the base.

It is used instead of a mirror.

it captures light from an
external source of a low
voltage of about 100V.
 Condenser

This part collects and focuses

the light from the mirror to
the specimen.
 Diaphragm
It is also known as the
iris. It is found under
the stage of the
microscope and its
primary role is to control
the amount of light that
reaches the specimen.
Compound microscope comprises of three major parts
based on their functions.
Magnifying

Illuminating

Mechanical Parts
Eyepiece tube
It is the eyepiece holder
and connects them to
the objective lenses.
 Head/Body Tube
This is also known as
the body. It carries
the optical parts in
the upper part of the
microscope.
 Revolving
Nosepiece

Also known as the

revolving turret. It holds
the objective lenses. It is
movable hence it can
revolve the objective
lenses depending on the
magnification power of
the lens.
 Adjusting
Knobs

1. COARSE FOCUS/ COARSE

ADJUSTMENT: This is the knob on
the side of the microscope that
moves the objective lens up and
down. It is used in conjunction with
the fine focus.
2. FINE FOCUS/ FINE ADJUSTMENT:
A knob used to fine-tune the focus
of a specimen in conjunction with
the coarse focus.
 This is the
Stage section on which
the specimen is
placed for
viewing.

It acts as
Base microscopes
support. It also
carriers the
microscopic
illuminators.
 Arm

This is the part

connecting the base and
to the head and the
eyepiece tube to the
base of the microscope.
It controls how far
the stages should Rack stop
go preventing the
objective lens from
getting too close to
the specimen slide
which may damage
the specimen.

It holds the
specimen slides in Stage Clip
place.
10 Fun Facts about the History of the Microscope

The earliest microscopes were known as “flea glasses” because they were
used to study small insects.

A father-son duo, Zacharias and Han Jansen, created the first compound
microscope in the 1590s.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek created a single lens microscope in the 1660s. It could
magnify an object up to 200 times, powerful lenses that could see teeming bacteria in
a drop of water.
10 Fun Facts about the History of the Microscope
Robert Hooke discovered cells by studying the honeycomb structure of
a cork under a microscope.
Marcello Malpighi, known as the father of microscopic anatomy, found
taste buds and red blood cells.

Robert Koch used a compound microscope to discover tubercle and

cholera bacilli.
10 Fun Facts about the History of the Microscope

When an object is photographed while under the microscope, it is known as

a micrograph.

The smallest object observed through a light microscope was 500

nanometers long.
In 2008 the TEAM 0.5 debuted. It is the world’s most powerful
transmission electron microscope and is capable of producing images
half a ten-billionth of a meter.
10 Fun Facts about the History of the Microscope
Researchers used microscopes in 2013 to demonstrate how life could
have started.