Hypothesis

Testing on a
Single
Population
 Hypothesis Testing on the Mean of a
Single Population
𝑯𝟎 Value of Test Statistic 𝑯𝟏 Critical Region
̅ !
%&' 𝜇 < 𝜇# 𝑧 < −𝑧+
𝑧= ; 𝜎 known
𝜇 = 𝜇# (/ * 𝜇 > 𝜇# 𝑧 > 𝑧+
𝜇 ≠ 𝜇# 𝑧 < −𝑧+/, or 𝑧 > 𝑧+/,
̅ !
𝜇 = 𝜇# 𝑡 = %&' ; 𝑣 = 𝑛 − 1, 𝜎 unknown 𝜇 < 𝜇# 𝑡 < −𝑡+
-/ *
𝜇 > 𝜇# 𝑡 > 𝑡+
𝜇 ≠ 𝜇# 𝑡 < −𝑡+/, or 𝑡 > 𝑡+/,
Example 1:
A random sample of 100 recorded deaths in
the United States during the past year showed
an average lifespan of 71.8 years. Assuming a
population standard deviation of 8.9 years,
does this seem to indicate that the mean
lifespan today is greater than 70 years? Use a
0.05 level of significance.
A random sample of 100 recorded deaths in the United States during the past year
showed an average lifespan of 71.8 years. Assuming a population standard
deviation of 8.9 years, does this seem to indicate that the mean life span today is
greater than 70 years? Use a 0.05 level of significance.

Given sample information Hypotheses

sample size 𝑛 = 100
sample mean 𝑥̅ = 71.8 𝐻!: 𝜇 = 70
𝐻": 𝜇 > 70
Given population information
population standard deviation 𝜎 = 8.9 Test Statistic
𝑥̅ − 𝜇!
Given testing information 𝑧=
level of significance 𝜶 = 0.05 𝜎/ 𝑛
 Test Statistic Since the test statistic
̅ !
#$% )*.,$)!
𝑧= = ≈ 2.02 is within the critical
&/ ( ,.-/ *!!
region, we say that
the sample data give
sufficient evidence to
reject 𝑯𝟎 and to
critical region = 0.05 conclude that the
mean lifespan today is
greater than 70 years.
1.645 2.02

Excel function -NORM.S.INV(.05) gives the z-value whose area to the right is 0.05
→ 𝑃 𝑧 > 1.645 = 0.05
 Test Statistic
̅ !
#$% )*.,$)! Since the P-value is less
𝑧= = ≈ 2.02 than the significance
&/ ( ,.-/ *!!
level 𝜶, we say that the
sample data give
sufficient evidence to
P-value reject 𝑯𝟎 .
The evidence in favor of
2.02 𝐻* is significant.
P-value = 𝑃 𝑧 > 2.02 = 0.0217
The Excel function NORM.S.DIST(2.02,1) gives the area to the left of z = 2.02.
To get 𝑃 𝑧 > 2.02 , we use 1-NORM.S.DIST(2.02,1)
Note the following characteristics of the problem:
• The test relates to the population mean µ.
• The population standard deviation 𝜎 is known.
• There is only one sample with a large sample size.
• The test has the critical region in one tail of the
distribution, i.e. the test is a one-tailed (right-tailed)test.
̅ !
"#$
• The test statistic is 𝑧 = .
%/ '
• We can check if the test statistic is within the critical
region.
• We can compare the P-value to the value of 𝜶.
Example 2:
A manufacturer of sports equipment has developed a
new synthetic fishing line that the company claims has a
mean breaking strength of 8 kilograms, with a standard
deviation of 0.5 kilogram. Test the hypothesis that µ = 8
kilograms against the alternative that µ ≠ 8 kilograms if a
random sample of 50 lines is tested and found to have a
mean breaking strength of 7.8 kilograms. Use a 0.01 level
of significance.
A manufacturer of sports equipment has developed a new synthetic fishing line that the company
claims has a mean breaking strength of 8 kilograms, with a standard deviation of 0.5 kilogram. Test
the hypothesis that µ = 8 kilograms against the alternative that µ ≠ 8 kilograms if a random sample
of 50 lines is tested and found to have a mean breaking strength of 7.8 kilograms. Use a 0.01 level of
significance.

Given sample information Hypotheses

sample size 𝑛 = 50
sample mean 𝑥̅ = 7.8 𝐻!: 𝜇 = 8
𝐻": 𝜇 ≠ 8
Given population information
population standard deviation 𝜎 = 0.5 Test Statistic
𝑥̅ − 𝜇!
Given testing information 𝑧=
𝜎/ 𝑛
level of significance 𝜶 = 0.01
 Test Statistic Since the test statistic is
̅ !
#$% ).,$,
𝑧= = ≈ -2.83 within the critical region,
&/ ( !.// /!
we say that the sample
data give sufficient
evidence to reject 𝑯𝟎 and
05
½c
ritic
to conclude that the mean
= 0.0 al r
ca l re g io n egi
on breaking strength of the
criti =0
.00
½ 5 new fishing line is not
equal to 8 kilograms.
-2.83-2.576 2.576

Excel function NORM.S.INV(.005) gives the z-value whose area to the left is 0.005
→ 𝑃 𝑧 < −2.576 = 0.005
 Test Statistic
𝑥̅ − 𝜇! 7.8 − 8 Since the P-value is less
𝑧= = ≈ −2.83
𝜎/ 𝑛 0.5/ 50 than the significance
level 𝜶, the decision is to
reject 𝑯𝟎 .
The evidence in favor of
½ P-value ½ P-value
𝐻* is significant.
-2.83 2.83
P-value = 𝑃 𝑧 < −2.83 + 𝑃 𝑧 > 2.83 = 0.0023 x 2 = 0.0046
The Excel function NORM.S.DIST(2.83,1) gives the area to the left of z = -2.83.
Note the following characteristics of the problem:
• The test relates to the population mean µ.
• The population standard deviation 𝜎 is known.
• There is only one sample with a large sample size.
• The test has the critical region in both tails of the distribution,
i.e. the test is two-tailed.
̅ !
#$%
• The test statistic is 𝑧 = .
&/ (
• We can check if the test statistic is within the critical region.
• We can compare the P-value to the value of 𝜶.
• The critical region is composed of two sub-regions. Each sub-
region has area 𝜶/2.
Example 3:
The Edison Electric Institute has published figures on the
number of kilowatt hours used annually by various home
appliances. It is claimed that a vacuum cleaner uses an average
of 46 kilowatt hours per year. If a random sample of 12 homes
included in a planned study indicates that vacuum cleaners use
an average of 42 kilowatt hours per year with a standard
deviation of 11.9 kilowatt hours, does this suggest at the 0.05
level of significance that vacuum cleaners use, on average, less
than 46 kilowatt hours annually? Assume the population of
kilowatt hours to be normal.
The Edison Electric Institute has published figures on the number of kilowatt hours used annually by
various home appliances. It is claimed that a vacuum cleaner uses an average of 46 kilowatt hours
per year. If a random sample of 12 homes included in a planned study indicates that vacuum
cleaners use an average of 42 kilowatt hours per year with a standard deviation of 11.9 kilowatt
hours, does this suggest at the 0.05 level of significance that vacuum cleaners use, on average, less
than 46 kilowatt hours annually? Assume the population of kilowatt hours to be normal.

Given sample information Hypotheses

sample size 𝑛 = 12
sample mean 𝑥̅ = 42 𝐻!: 𝜇 = 46
sample standard deviation 𝑠 = 11.9 𝐻": 𝜇 < 46
Given population information
Normal distribution, 𝜎 unknown Test Statistic
Given testing information 𝑥̅ − 𝜇!
level of significance 𝜶 = 0.05 𝑡=
𝑠/ 𝑛
 Test Statistic Since the test statistic is
̅ !
#$% 12$13
𝑡= = ≈ -1.16 outside the critical region,
0/ ( **.-/ *2
we say that the evidence
given by the sample data
is not sufficient to reject
𝑯𝟎 . Thus, we conclude
o n = 0.05 that, on average, vacuum
a l regi
c ri ti c
cleaners use 46 kilowatt
hours of power annually.
-1.796 -1.16 𝑡

Excel function T.INV(.05,11) gives the t-value with df = 11 whose area to the left is 0.05.
→ 𝑃 𝑡 < −1.796 = 0.05
 Test Statistic Since the P-value is
̅ !
#$% 12$13 greater than the
𝑡= = ≈ -1.16
0/ ( **.-/ *2
significance level 𝜶, the
decision is not to reject
53 𝑯𝟎 .
0.13
l u e = The evidence in favor of
P-va 𝐻* is not significant
enough to reject 𝐻! .
-1.16
P-value = 𝑃 𝑡 < −1.16 = 0.1353
The Excel function T.DIST(-1.16,11,1) gives the area to the left of t = -1.16.
Note the following characteristics of the problem:
• The test relates to the population mean µ.
• The population standard deviation is not known.
• There is only one sample with a small sample size.
• The test has the critical region in one tail of the distribution, i.e.
the test is one-tailed (left-tailed)..
̅ !
#$%
• The test statistic is 𝑡 = .
0/ (
• We use the t-distribution with 11 degrees of freedom.
• We can check if the test statistic is within the critical region.
• We can compare the P-value to the value of 𝜶.
 Hypothesis Testing on the Proportion of a
Single Population (large sample size)
𝑯𝟎 Value of Test Statistic 𝑯𝟏 Critical Region
. !
/&/ 𝑝 < 𝑝# 𝑧 < −𝑧+
𝑧= "! #!
; 𝜎 known
𝑝 = 𝑝# $
𝑝 > 𝑝# 𝑧 > 𝑧+
𝑝 ≠ 𝑝# 𝑧 < −𝑧+/, or 𝑧 > 𝑧+/,

Notes:
%
𝑝̂ = * , where x is the number of “successes” in the sample
sample size 𝑛 ≥ 30
Example 4:
A commonly prescribed drug for relieving nervous tension is
believed to be only 60% effective. Experimental results with a
new drug administered to a random sample of 100 adults who
were suffering from nervous tension show that 70 received
relief. Is this sufficient evidence to conclude that the new drug is
superior to the one commonly prescribed? Use a 0.05 level of
significance.
A commonly prescribed drug for relieving nervous tension is believed to be only 60% effective.
Experimental results with a new drug administered to a random sample of 100 adults who were
suffering from nervous tension show that 70 received relief. Is this sufficient evidence to conclude
that the new drug is superior to the one commonly prescribed? Use a 0.05 level of significance.

Given sample information Hypotheses

sample size 𝑛 = 100 𝐻!: 𝑝 = 0.60
sample proportion 𝑝̂ = 70/100 = 0.70 𝐻": 𝑝 > 0.60

Given testing information Test Statistic

level of significance 𝜶 = 0.05 𝑝4 − 𝑝!
𝑧=
𝑝! (𝑞! )
𝑛
 Test Statistic Since the test statistic
𝑝̂ − 𝑝! 0.70 − 0.60 is within the critical
𝑧= = ≈ 2.04
𝑝!(𝑞!) 0.60(0.40) region, we say that
𝑛 100 the evidence given by
the sample data is
sufficient to reject
criti
cal r
e
𝑯𝟎 and conclude that
g ion
= 0.
05 the new drug is
superior to the old
1.645 2.04 one.
 Test Statistic
0.70 − 0.60 Since the P-value is less
𝑧= ≈ 2.04 than the significance
0.60(0.40)
100 level 𝜶, the decision is to
reject 𝑯𝟎 .
P-va
lu e The evidence in favor of
= 0.
020 𝐻* is significant enough
7
to reject 𝐻! .
2.04
P-value = 𝑃 𝑍 > 2.04 = 0.0207
END PAGE