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IDEAL

The document defines and provides examples of different types of ideals in ring theory, including left ideals, right ideals, two-sided ideals, proper ideals, prime ideals, and maximal ideals. It also gives examples to illustrate these concepts and shows how to determine if a given subset of a ring is an ideal.

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39 views

IDEAL

The document defines and provides examples of different types of ideals in ring theory, including left ideals, right ideals, two-sided ideals, proper ideals, prime ideals, and maximal ideals. It also gives examples to illustrate these concepts and shows how to determine if a given subset of a ring is an ideal.

Uploaded by

geetadevirawat29
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IDEAL

Left Ideal : a non-empty subset S of a ring R is called left ideal if :

(i) : (S,+) is subgroup of (R,+) or � ∈ �, � ∈ � ⇒ (� − �) ∈ �.


(ii) : � ∈ � , � ∈ � ⇒ �� ∈ �

Right Ideal : A non-empty subset S of ring R is called right ideal if :

(i). : (S,+ ) is a subgroup of (R,+)

(ii). : � ∈ � , � ∈ � ⇒ �� ∈ �

Ideal : Definition:

A non-empty subset S of a ring R is called an ideal or two sided ideal of R if it is a both left as well as
right ideal .

Every ideal is both left and right ideal .

Note :

(i) : for a commutative ring every left ideal is right ideal and every right ideal is left ideal .
(ii) : every ideal S of a ring R is necessarily a subring of R , but the convers need not to be true .
(iii) : The intersection of any two ideals of a ring is again an ideal of the ring .
(iv) : if I is an ideal of a ring R with unity 1∈ � , then I=R.

Type of ideal

Improper ideals : every ring R has at least two ideals which are :

(i) : R itself ( unit ideal )


(ii) : {0} zero (null ideal )

Proper Ideal : the ideals other than these two is called a proper or non – trivial ideals of R .

Simple Ring : A ring which has no proper ideal is called a simple ring .

Note : every field F has no proper ideal , the only ideals of field are {0} and F.

: every field is Simple ring .

Example 1 : show that S={ �� : � ∈ ℤ } where � is positive integer, is an ideal of the ring (ℤ, + , × ).

Solution : we have � = {�� : � ∈ ℤ} , ∀ � ∈ ℕ � ⊆ ℤ ��� � ≠ ∅

(i) : Let �, � ∈ � ⇒ � = �� ��� � = ��

Here �� − �� = � � − � ∈ � since (� − �) ∈ ℤ

(ii) : let � ∈ ℤ ��� �� ∈ �


�. �� = � �� ∈ � since � ∈ ℤ ��� � ∈ ℤ ⇒ �� ∈ ℤ
Also
�� . � = �(��) ∈ �
Hence S is left as well as right ideal of ℤ

i.e � = 2� : � ∈ ℤ , � = 3� : � ∈ ℤ , � = 4� : � ∈ ℤ ��� ��� ��� ����� �� ℤ.

Example 2: which of the following is ideal of ℝ

a. ℤ �. ℚ �. � �. ����

Solution : (a). ℤ ≠ ∅ ⊆ ℝ and ℤ, + �� �������� �� (ℝ, + ) .

But �� ∉ ℤ ∀ � ∈ ℤ , � ∈ ℝ
2 2 4
i.e let � = 2 ��� � = 3 ∈ ℝ ��� �. � = 2 3
=3 ∉ℤ

hence ℤ �� ��� ����� �� ℝ

(b). ℚ ≠ ∅ ⊆ ℝ and ℚ, + �� �������� �� ℝ, + .

But �� ∉ ℚ ∀ � ∈ ℚ , � ∈ ℝ
2 2 2 2
i.e let � = 3 ∈ ℚ , ��� 2 ∈ ℝ but �� = 3 2 =
3
∉ℚ

hence ℚ �� ��� ����� �� ℝ.

(c). {0} is ideal of every ring , hence {0} is ideal of ℝ .

ANS : c

Prime Ideal : an ideal P of a commutative ring R is called a prime ideal of R if �. � ∈ � whenever


�, � ∈ � , then either � ∈ � �� � ∈ �

EXAMPLE : Let R= ℤ be the commutative ring with unit element

And let P = {3�: � ∈ ℤ } = { . . . . . . . . . − 6, − 3,0,3,6, . . . . . . . . . } be an ideal of ℤ

Then we have to show that P is prime ideal of R


��
Let �, � ∈ ℤ ��� �. � ∈ � ⇒ 3 is divisor of �. � , �� �� = 3� ⇒ � = 3
⇒ 3|� �� 3|�

Since 3 is prime number the one of � �� � �� ���������� �� 3

⇒ ��� �� � �� � �� �� �ℎ� ���� �� 3�


Hence at least one of a or b is the member of P

Hence P is prime ideal of R

Note : all the prime ideal of the ring of integers R=ℤ are

P = { p� : � ∈ ℤ , � �� ����� ������ } .

Maximal Ideal : An ideal M (≠ R)of a ring R is called a maximal ideal of R if M ⊆ A ⊆ R then either
M=A or A=R .
An ideal M in a ring R is called a maximal ideal if M≠R and the only ideals
containing M are M and R.

a. In ℤ, all the ideals are of the form nℤ for n is positive number . The maximal ideals
correspond to the ideals pℤ, where p is prime.
b. The zero ring has no maximal ideals.
c. In any integral domain, the 0 ideal {0} is a prime ideal.
d. If R is a commutative ring with unity 1. Every maximal ideal of R is a prime ideal.
e. Every field have no proper maximal ideal

Example : which of the following is maximal ideal of ring of integers ℤ


A. 2ℤ b. 3ℤ c. 4ℤ d. 6ℤ
Solution : A. 2ℤ = { . . . . − 8, − 6, − 4, − 2 , 0,2, 4 , 6, 8 ……….. }
B: 3ℤ = { . . . . . . . . − 9, − 6, − 3,0,3,6,9. . . . . . . . . . . . }
C: 4ℤ = { . . . . . . . − 12, − 8, − 4, 0, 4, 8, 12. . . . . . . }
D. 6ℤ = {. . . . − 12, − 6, 0 , 6 , 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . }

Here ∄ any ideal A of ℤ S. t 2ℤ is proper subset of A , hence 2ℤ is maximal ideal

Similarly ∄ any ideal A of ℤ s. t 3ℤ is proper subset of A , hence 3ℤ is maximal ideal

For 4ℤ there exist an ideal 2ℤ s.t 4ℤ ⊆ 2ℤ hence 4ℤ is not maximal ideal of ℤ

For 6ℤ there exist an ideal 3ℤ s.t 6ℤ ⊆ 3ℤ

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