Basic Electronics and Electrical

Engineering: ECE 249

UNIT I: Fundamentals of D.C.

and A.C Circuits
Lecture No.: 2
Topic: Basic Electrical Quantities,
Ohm’s Law, and Kirchoff’s Laws

Delivered By: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo

Head, Patent and Design Cell
Division of Research and Development
Intellectual Property Rights Cell
Basic Electrical Quantities
 Basic Electrical Quantities
• Charge: Charge is an electrical
property of the atomic particles of a
matter.
S.I Unit: Coulomb (C)
Symbol: Q
• Current: Rate of change of charge.
OR
Continuous flow of
electrons in an electrical circuit.
S.I Unit: Ampere (A)
Symbol: I
Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 3
 Basic Electrical Quantities
• Mathematically,
𝑡
𝑑𝑄
𝐼= 𝑜𝑟 𝑄 = 𝐼. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑡0
Or, in simple terms:
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑇
So, 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb/ 1 second.

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 4

 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 1)
1 Coulomb is same as:
a) Watt /sec
b) Ampere/sec
c) Joule-sec
d) Ampere-sec

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 5

 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 2)
The total charge entering the terminal is 5𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡 𝑚𝐶. Calculate current
at t= 0.5 sec.:
a) 31.2 A
b) 31.2 mA
c) 62.8 mA
d) 62.8 A

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 6

 Basic Electrical Quantities
• Voltage: It is the energy (Work)
required to move a unit charge
through an element.
S.I Unit: Volt (V)
Symbol: V

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 7

 Basic Electrical Quantities
• Power: Rate at which the work is done.
OR
Time rate of absorbing or supplying energy
S.I Unit: Watts (W)
Symbol: P
Mathematically,
𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑞
𝑃= = . = 𝑉. 𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡

Implies, 𝑃 = 𝑉. 𝐼

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 8

 Basic Electrical Quantities
• Energy: Capacity of doing work.
S.I Unit: Joules(J)
Symbol: E

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 9

 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 3)
Calculate the current ratings of 100 Watt incandescent bulb and 15
Watt LED lamp operated with the domestic supply of 220 Volt?
a) Bulb = 0.068 A and LED = 0.45 A
b) Bulb = 0.45 A and LED = 0.068 A
c) Bulb =0.50 A and LED = 0.068 A
d) Bulb = 0.50 and LED = 0.68 A

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 10

 Resistance
• Resistance: It is an opposition to
the flow of current.
S.I Unit: Ohm (Ω)
Symbol: R

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 11

 Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law states that:
“the current in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the voltage
across its terminals, provided that the physical parameters like
temperature, etc. remain constant”
Mathematically,
𝐼∝𝑉
Or,
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
𝜌𝑙
Where, Resistance 𝑅 =
𝐴

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 12

Ohm’s Law
Resistivity Table

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 13

 Ohm’s Law
• Power dissipated in the resistor can be expressed as:
𝑉2
• 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼2 𝑅 =
𝑅

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 14

 Ohm’s Law
Conductance
• A useful quantity in circuit analysis is the reciprocal of resistance R,
known as conductance and denoted by G
1 𝐼
•𝐺= =
𝑅 𝑉
• S.I Unit: mho (ohm spelled backwards) or Siemens
• Symbol:

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 15

Basic Electronics and Electrical
Engineering: ECE 249

UNIT I: Fundamentals of D.C.

and A.C Circuits
Lecture No.: 3
Topic: Basic Electrical Quantities,
Ohm’s Law, and Kirchoff’s Laws

Delivered By: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo

Head, Patent and Design Cell
Division of Research and Development
Intellectual Property Rights Cell
 Ohm’s Law
Short-circuit and Open-circuit
• For a short circuit, R = 0 Ω • For an open circuit, R = ∞ Ω
• Therefore, V = I.R = 0 V • Therefore, I = V/R = 0 V
• NOTE: (current, I can be of any • NOTE: (voltage,V can be of any
value) value)

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 17

 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 1)
For an open circuit, identify correct statements:
1. Current can be of any value
2. Voltage would be equal to zero
3. Voltage can be of any value
4. Current would be equal to zero
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 4
D. 3 and 4

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 18

 Applications of Ohm’s Law
1. To find unknown Voltage (V)
2. To Find unknown Resistance (R)
3. To Find unknown Current (I)
4. Can be used to find Unknown Conductance (G)=1/R
5. Can be used to find unknown Power (P)=VI
6. Can be used to find unknown conductivity or Resistivity

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 19

 Applications of Ohm’s Law
1. It is widely used in circuit analysis.
2. It is used in ammeter, multimeter, etc.
3. It is used to design resistors.
4. It is used to get the desired circuit drop in circuit design (Example,
Domestic Fan Regulator).
5. Advanced laws such as Kirchhoff’s Norton’s law, Thevenin’s law are based
on ohm’s law.
6. Electric heaters, kettles and other types of equipment working principle
follow ohm’s law.
7. A laptop and mobile charger using DC power supply in operation and
working principle of DC power supply depend on ohm’s law.
Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 20
 Limitations of Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law holds true only for a conductor at a constant temperature.
Resistivity changes with temperature.
• Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze circuits.
• It is NOT applicable to non linear elements, For example, Diodes,
Transistors, Thyristors, etc.
• This law cannot be applied to unilateral networks.

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 21

 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 2)
The voltage and the conductance of
the given circuit is:
A. 30 V, 10 µS
B. 30 mV, 100 µS
C. 30 V, 100 µS
D. 30 mV, 10 µS

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 22

 Series and Parallel Connections
• SERIES CONNECTION: Two or more elements are in series if they
exclusively share a single node and consequently carry the same
current.

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 23

 Series and Parallel Connections
• PARALLEL CONNECTION: Two or more elements are in parallel if
they are connected to the same two nodes and consequently
have the same voltage across them

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 24

Series and Parallel Connections

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 25

Series and Parallel Connections

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 26

Series and Parallel Connections

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 27

Series and Parallel Connections:
Illustration

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 28

Series and Parallel Connections:
Illustration

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 29

 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 3)
Find Equivalent Resistance in Ohms?

A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 30

 Try Yourself
Find Equivalent Resistance in Ohms?

A. 12
B. 17
C. 19
D. 29

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 31

Basic Electronics and Electrical
Engineering: ECE 249

UNIT I: Fundamentals of D.C.

And A.C. Circuits
Lecture No.: 4
Topic: Kirchoff’s Laws
(KVL and KCL), Numericals

Delivered By: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo

Assistant Professor
VLSI Design, ECE
Division of Research and Development
Intellectual Property Rights Cell
 Kirchoff’s Laws
• Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze circuits.
• However, when it is coupled with Kirchhoff’s two laws, we have a
sufficient, powerful set of tools for analyzing a large variety of electric
circuits.
• These laws are:
1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 33

 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

• It states that:
“the algebraic sum of currents entering a node is zero”.
OR
“ Sum of currents entering a node = Sum of currents leaving a node “
• Based on Law of Conservation of Charge.
• Mathematically, 𝐼 = 0

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 34

 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 1)
KCL equation for the given network is:
A. 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
B. 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼3
C. 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
D. -𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐼3

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 35

 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 2)
Current 𝐼0 is given by:
A. -4 A
B. -2 A
C. 4 A
D. 16 A

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 36

 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

• It states that:
• “algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.”
• OR
• “ Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises.”
• Based on Law of Conservation of Energy
• Mathematically, ∑𝑉=0

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 37

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): Sign
Convention

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 38

 Let us Recall!
• Taking Clockwise direction (Def. 1):
+𝑉1 − 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 − 𝑉5 = 0

• Taking Anti-clockwise direction(Def. 1):

−𝑉4 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 + 𝑉5 = 0

• Voltage rise = Voltage drop

+𝑉1 + 𝑉4 = 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉5

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 39

 QUICK QUIZ (Poll 3)
KVL is based on:
a) Law of conservation of Charge
b) Law of conservation of momentum
c) Law of conservation of Energy
d) None of these

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 40

 Problem 1
Find 𝑖1 and 𝑖2 in the circuit:

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 41

 Problem 2
Find currents and voltages in the circuit:

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 42

 QUICK QUIZ
Voltage 𝑉0 is given by:
A. 30 V
B. 14 V
C. 10 V
D. 6 V

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 43

 Problem 3 (Try Yourself)
Using KCL, KVL and Ohm’s law determine
𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , 𝑖, 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 ?

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 44

 Problem 4
Find the current through 3 Ω resistor in the given circuit?

Delivered by: Dr. Irfan Ahmad Pindoo 45