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Unit 1 Class l1 and l2

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Unit 1 Class l1 and l2

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ankushchoudhary4631
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIT 1:

Fundamentals of DC and AC
circuits
Electrical Circuit
Charge and Current
• Charge: Charge is an electrical
property of the atomic particles of a
matter.
S.I Unit: Coulomb (C)
Symbol: Q
• Current: Rate of change of charge.
OR
Continuous flow of
electrons in an electrical circuit.
S.I Unit: Ampere (A)
Symbol: I
Charge and Current
• Mathematically,
𝑡
𝑑𝑄
𝐼= 𝑜𝑟 𝑄 = ∫ 𝐼. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑡0
Or, in simple terms:
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑇
So, 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb/ 1 second.
QUICK QUIZ
Coulomb is same as:
A. Watt /sec
B. Ampere/sec
C. Joule-sec
D. Ampere-sec
QUICK QUIZ
The total charge entering the terminal is 5𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡 𝑚𝐶. Calculate current
at t= 0.5 sec.:
A. 31.2 A
B. 31.2 mA
C. 62.8 mA
D. 62.8 A
Voltage
• It is the energy (Work) required
to move a unit charge through
an element.
S.I Unit: Volt (V)
Symbol: V
Power and Energy
• Power: Rate at which the work is done.
OR
Time rate of absorbing or supplying energy
S.I Unit: Watts (W)
Symbol: P
Mathematically,
𝑃 = 𝑑 𝑊 =𝑑 𝑊 . 𝑑 𝑞 = 𝑉.𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑡

Implies, 𝑃 = 𝑉. 𝐼
Power and Energy
• Energy: Capacity of doing work.
S.I Unit: Joules(J)
Symbol: E
QUICK QUIZ
Calculate the current ratings of 100 Watt incandescent bulb and 15
Watt LED lamp operated with the domestic supply of 220 Volt?
A. Bulb = 0.068 A and LED = 0.45 A
B. Bulb = 0.45 A and LED = 0.068 A
C. Bulb =0.50 A and LED = 0.068 A
D. Bulb = 0.50 and LED = 0.68 A
QUICK QUIZ
From the previous question, it can be inferred that:
A. LED consumes 5 times more current than Bulb.
B. Bulb consumes 5 times more current than LED..
C. LED consumes 6.6 times more current than Bulb.
D. Bulb consumes 6.6 times more current than LED.
Network Components

Active Passive

Battery
Resistance (R)
Capacitance (C)
Transistor,
Inductance (L)
Op-amp,
Transformers
Diode
VS and CS
Generators
Resistance
• Resistance: It is an opposition to the flow of current.
S.I Unit: Ohm (Ω)
Symbol: R
Capacitance
• Capacitance is the ability of a device to store
electrical energy in an electrostatic field.
• A capacitor is a device that stores energy
in the form of an electrical field..
• A capacitor is made of two conductors
separated by a dielectric.
S.I Unit: Farad (F)
Symbol: C
Two important Properties:
1. No current flows through the capacitor, if the
voltage remains constant.
2. Voltage across a capacitor cannot
change instantaneously.
Inductance
• Inductance is the characteristic of an electrical
conductor that opposes a change in current flow.
• An inductor is a device that stores energy in a
magnetic field.

• When a current flows through a conductor,


magnetic field builds up around the conductor. This
field contains energy and is the foundation for
inductance.
S.I Unit: Henry (H)
Symbol: L
Two important Properties:
1. No voltage appears across an inductor, if the current
through it remains constant.
2. The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.
Capacitance and Inductance
• 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 • 𝑉=𝐿 𝑑𝐼
𝑑𝑄 𝑑 𝐶𝑉 𝑑
𝑑𝑉
• 𝐼= = =𝐶 •
1
𝐸 = 𝐿𝐼2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 2
• 𝐸 = 𝐶𝑉 2 𝜇 𝑁2 𝐴
2 • 𝐿=
𝗅(length of coil)
• 𝐶 = 𝐴∈
𝑑
QUICK QUIZ
Identify the passive element
A. Battery
B. Transformer
C. Transistor
D. OP-amp
QUICK QUIZ
Find the value of capacitance if the value of voltage increases linearly
from 0 to 100 V in 0.1 s causing a current flow of 5 mA?
A. 10 µF
B. 5 F
C. 10 F
D. 5 µF
Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law states that:
“the current in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the voltage across its
terminals, provided that the physical parameters like
temperature, etc. remain constant”
Mathematically,
𝐼α𝑉
Or,
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
𝑙
Where, Resistance 𝑅 = ρ
𝐴
Resistivity Table
Conductance
• A useful quantity in circuit analysis is the reciprocal of resistance R,
known as conductance and denoted by G
1 𝐼
•𝐺= =
𝑅 𝑉
• S.I Unit: mho (ohm spelled backwards) or Siemens
• Symbol:
• Power dissipated in the resistor can be expressed as:
2
𝑉
• 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼2 𝑅 =
𝑅
Applications of Ohm’s Law
1. To find unknown Voltage (V)
2. To Find unknown Resistance (R)
3. To Find unknown Current (I)
4. Can be used to find Unknown Conductance (G)=1/R
5. Can be used to find unknown Power (P)=VI
6. Can be used to find unknown conductivity or Resistivity
Applications of Ohm’s Law
1. It is widely used in circuit analysis.
2. It is used in ammeter, multimeter, etc.
3. It is used to design resistors.
4. It is used to get the desired circuit drop in circuit design (Example,
Domestic Fan Regulator).
5. Advanced laws such as Kirchhoff’s Norton’s law, Thevenin’s law are based on
ohm’s law.
6. A laptop and mobile charger using DC power supply in operation and
working principle of DC power supply depend on ohm’s law.
Limitations of Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law holds true only for a conductor at a constant temperature.
Resistivity changes with temperature.
• Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze circuits.
• It is NOT applicable to non linear elements, For example, Diodes,
Transistors, Thyristors, etc.
• This law cannot be applied to unilateral networks.
Short-circuit and Open-circuit
• For a short circuit, R = 0 Ω • For an open circuit, R = ∞ Ω
• Therefore, V = I.R = 0 V • Therefore, I = V/R = 0 V
• NOTE: (current, I can be of any • NOTE: (voltage,V can be of any
value) value)
QUICK QUIZ
The voltage and the conductance of
the given circuit is:
A. 30 V, 10 µS
B. 30 mV, 100 µS
C. 30 V, 100 µS
D. 30 mV, 10 µS
QUICK QUIZ
The power of the given circuit is:
A. 60 mW
B. 70 mW
C. 80 mW
D. 90 mW
Series Connection
• SERIES CONNECTION: Two or more elements are in series if they
exclusively share a single node and consequently carry the same
current.
Parallel Connection
• PARALLEL CONNECTION: Two or more elements are in parallel if
they are connected to the same two nodes and consequently
have the same voltage across them
Battery Voltage In Series And Parallel
Note: Resistors in series behave as a single resistor whose resistance is equal to the sum of the
resistances of the individual resistors.
Resistors in Parallel
.
How to find Equivalent Resistance for
Series-Parallel Combinations
Example: To find 𝑹𝒆𝒒
QUICK QUIZ
Find Equivalent Resistance in Ohms?

A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20
QUICK QUIZ
Find Equivalent Resistance in Ohms?

A. 12
B. 17
C. 19
D. 29

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