111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1This chapter deals with three equations commonly

used in fluid mechanics:

- The mass equation: is an expression of the conservation of mass principle;

- The Bernouli equation: is concerned with the conservation of kinetic potenial,
and flow energies of a fluid stream and their conversion to ech other in regions
of flow where net viscous forces are negligible and where other restrictive
conditions apply;
- The energy equation: is a statement of the conservation of energy principle.

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Conservation of Mass

The conservation of mass relation for a closed system undergoing a change:

For the control volume (CV), mass balance is expressed in rate form as

Conservation of mass:

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where:

- - the total rates of mass flow into the control volume;

- - the total rates of mass flow out of the control volume;

- - the rate of change of mass within the control volume boundaries.

The Linear Momentum Equation

The momentum of a rigid body of mass m moving with a velocity is .

Conservation of Energy

Conservation of energy:
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where:

- - the total rates of energy transfer into the control volume;

- - the total rates of energy transfer into the control volume;

- - the rate of change of energy within the control volume boundaries.

5.2 CONSERVATION OF MASS:

Techinically, mass is not exactly conserved. It turns out that mass m and energy E can
be converted to each other according to the well-known formula proposed by Albert
Einstein (1879-1955):

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where:

- - the speed of light in vacuum, which is m/s.

The amount of energy involve is equivalent to an extremely small mass compared to

the system’s total mass. Therefore, in most engineering analyses, we consider both
mass and energy as conserved quantities.

For closed systems, the conservation of mass principle is implicitly used by requiring
that the mass of the system remain constant during a process.

For control volumes, mass can cross the boundaries, and so we must keep track of the
amount of mass entering and leaving the control volume.

Mass and Volume Flow Rates

Mass flow rate: the amout of mass flowing through a cross section per unit time and is

denoted by .
The differential mass flow rate of fluid flowing across a small area elemnet:

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where:
- - the fluid density;

- - a small area element;

- - the component of the the flow velocity normal to .

The mass flow rate through the entire cross-sectional area of a pipe or duct is obtained
by integration:

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Velocity is never uniform over a cross section of a pipe because of the no-slip
condition at the walls (from zero at the walls to some maximum value at or near the
centerline of the pipe).
Average velocity:

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where:

- - the area of the cross section normal to the flow direction;

If the speed were all through the cross ssection, Eq. (5.5) becomes:

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Volume flow rate : The volume of the the fluid flowing through a cross section per
unit time:

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The mass and volume flow rates are related by:

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where:
- - the specific volume.
Conservation of Mass Principle
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume can be experessed as:

or

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where:

- - the change in the mass of the control volume during the

process.

It can also be expressed in rate form as

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where:

- - the total rates of mass flow into the control volume;

- - the total rates of mass flow out of the control volume;

- - the rate of change of mass within the control volume boundaries;

Consider a control volume of arbirary shape:
The mass of a differential volume within the control volume is
Total mass within the CV:

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Rate of change of mass within the CV:

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The control volume is a closed system:

Normal component of velocity:

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where:

- - the normal component of velocity;

- - the flow velocity at ;
- - an angle off the normal of ;
- - the outward unit vector of normal to .
Differential mass flow rate:

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Net mass flow rate:

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Note that :

- Outflow: is positive for

: a net outflow of mass;

- Inflow: is negative for

: a net inflow of mass;

General conservation of mass:

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Can also be expressed as:

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where:
- - represents the area for an inlet or outlet;
- The summation signs – emphasize that all the inlets and outlets are to be
considered;
Can alse expressed as:

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A simple rule in selecting a control volume:
“ Make the control surface normal to the flow at all locations where it crosses the fluid
flow, whenever possile”.
Moving or Deforming Control Volumes

For a moving but nondeforming control volume

where:

- - the fluid velocity;

- - the velocity of the control surface;

- - the relative velocity - the fluid volecity observed by a person moving with
the control volume.
For deforming control volume (the velocity of the fluid crossing a deforming part of
the control surface is expressed relative to the control surface)
where:

- - the fluid velocity;

- - the relative velocity in this case at any point on the control surface;

- - the local velocity of the control surface at that point relative to a fixed
point outside the control volume.
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
During a steady-flow process:
Steady-flow:

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Steady-flow (single stream):

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Special Case: Incompressible Flow
Canceling the density from both sides of the general steady-flow relation
Steady, incompressible flow:

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Steady, incompressible flow (single stream):

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