DRAWING 1 REVIEWER (FINALS)

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INTRODUCTION OF THE TRADITIONAL ART DRAWING

I. Introduction of Traditional Art

What is traditional art?

- traditional art is made using more physical conventional media such as pencils, charcoal,
oil paints, clay, and such.
- Traditional art has existed for centuries before technology and will continue to exist
despite the rising popularity of digital art.
- Traditional art forms include the seven forms of fine arts. These fine arts are drawing,
painting, sculpture, architecture, cinema, music, and theatre.
- What distinguishes classic art from digital art forms is its physical presence.
- Traditional arts are learned from person to person, passed from one generation to the
next, and influenced by culture, family, ethnicity, and era.
- It can also express the thoughts and feelings of a point in history. Sharing traditions
strengthens the ties of a community while connecting folks to the past and future.
- Traditional arts are the “do it yourself arts” originally practiced serving a useful purpose
— like quilts and labor songs — and are now practiced for the pure joy of it.

II. Brief History of Drawing

- Caves of Lascaux
- The first drawings of humanity discovered during an archaeological mission are
estimated to be more than 70,000 years old.
- see the main lines concerning the graphic arts being drawn.

- Mesopotamia - cuneiform writing, which uses pictorial symbols.

- Hieroglyphics – defined as figurative writing and continued to draw to tell scenes of daily
life, or great mythological passages, with elements and bodies drawn without perspective,
the bust often in front, and the head in profile.
- The beginnings of the Middle Ages - the drawing is anchored in the religion and the
drawing is more realistic.
- the lines remain linear, they are more and more done with a pen, a brush, and always with
a silver point.
- We begin to glimpse the effects of shadows made with hatching, but also the birth of
perspective, which will be developed at the end of this era. The proportions of the bodies
still seem uncertain in some respects, but the details become more precise, with draping
 effects on clothes, or the movements which are also more varied in the poses of the
characters.
- This is also the time of illumination. On the books considered as the most precious, the
texts are decorated with numerous illustrations, entering the category of decorative arts.
- The Renaissance – a great revolution and a return to the roots at the end of the Middle
Ages, all the graphic arts were to undergo a refinement that would bring about a real
revolution in the way of drawing.
- great drawings and paintings were produced, representing scenes from the Bible, whose
main characters were humanized, in a style inspired by ancient statues, and commissions
for realistic portraits by the nobility became more and more frequent.
- The 17th to the 20th century - drawing is popularized.
- Many artists from the working classes or from the old bourgeoisie who had lost their
superbness would emerge.
- Thus, from a drawing and a classical painting, directly coming from the Renaissance, we
will see other styles, such as impressionism and post-impressionism, develop.
- The human being will be represented less and less in a romantic way, and the elements of
everyday life will be more and more at the center of the sketches of the draftsmen.
- 19th to 20th century - innovative painting, sometimes abstract, and drawing will take its
place as a major art by developing, especially in the press, but also in comics and manga.

III. Form of Visual arts

- The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking,
design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines
(performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as
arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts are the applied arts such as
industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design, and decorative art.
- the visual arts definition includes those artistic achievements that can be seen, such as
statues or paintings. These types of visual arts can be divided into three categories:
decorative, commercial, and fine art.
3 types of Visual arts
1. Fine art can be described as a type of art that is created mostly for its visually pleasing
qualities.
2. Decorative arts are frequently disregarded as art forms because they are both aesthetically
pleasing as well as functional.
3. Commercial art, like ornamental art, maybe both utilitarian and aesthetically pleasing. It
is an artistic service developed for monetary gains, such as marketing.

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PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR VISUAL ARTS

I. Notable National Artists of the Philippines (for visual Arts)

- The Order of National Artists is the highest recognition given to Filipinos who have
contributed significantly to the status of Philippine arts, such as music, visual arts,
literature, film, broadcast arts, theater, dance, architecture, design, and allied arts.
- Since its inception in 1972, only 73 individuals have been conferred this highest honor.
The Order is conferred to individuals by the National Commission for the Culture and the
Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) at a ceremony in
Malacañang Palace.

HERE ARE SOME OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR VISUAL ARTS:

1. Fernando C. Amorsolo (1972, Painting, Posthumous Conferment)- Amorosolo is the first

National Artist of the Philippines. His most known works are of the dalagang Filipina,
landscapes of his Filipino homeland, portraits and WWII war scenes.
2. Guillermo E. Tolentino (1973, Sculpture)- Tolentino is one of the greatest sculptors in
Philippine history. His most prominent works are- the Bonifacio Monument, UP oblation,
and the seal of the Republic of the Philippines.
3. Carlos "Botong" V. Francisco (1976, Painting)- Botong Francisco was one of the giants
of the modernists, one of his greatest works can be seen at the National Museum of Fine
Arts, Manila.
4. Victorio Edades (1976, Painting)- Edades emerged as the “Father of Modern Philippine
Painting”. His works are composed of distorted human figures, dark colors, and themes
depicting factory workers and the like.
5. Napoleon Abueva (1976, Sculpture)- Abueva is hailed as the “Father of Modern
Philippine Sculpture.” Abueva made seemingly easy work out of hardwood, adobe,
metal, stainless steel, cement, marble, bronze, iron, alabaster, coral, and brass.
6. Vicente Manansala (1981, Painting)- Manansala’s works depict a nation in transition,
bridging the gap between the life of the rural and urban citizens.
7. Cesar Legaspi (1990, Painting)- best known for his Cubist-inspired works. Consistently
tackling issues of social injustice and the plight of the working classes.
8. Hernando Ocampo (1991, Painting)- a Filipino artist best known for his abstract
paintings. Following Modernist traditions, Ocampo used bold color palettes and
biomorphic shapes inspired by both his country’s landscape and science fiction writing.
9. Arturo Luz (1997, Painting)- Luz is known to be a founding member of the modern Neo-
Realist school in Philippine art. he has worked in a variety of styles and techniques in
varying degrees of abstraction to create playful geometric figures and forms.
10. Jeremias Elizalde Navarro (1999, Painting)- was a multi-faceted quintessential artist with
the vision, foresight, and prolific genius that made a mold all of its own. Navarro
passionately experimented with different media including oil, acrylic, watercolor, metal,
wood, mixed media and found objects in his abstract and figurative paintings, sculptures
and assemblages.
11. Ang Kiukok (2001, Painting)- Kiukok gained prominence in the local and international
art scene because of his unique style that fused expressionism, surrealism, and cubism.
12. José Joya (2003, Painting)- Jose Joya was a pioneer modern and abstract artist who was
active as a painter, printmaker, mixed-media artist and ceramicist. best known for his
Abstract Expressionist works which utilized a variety of techniques, including controlled
drips, impasto strokes, and transparent layering.
13. Benedicto "BenCab" Reyes Cabrera (2006, Painting)- BenCab is one of the most sought-
after painters in the Philippines today. He has been noted as "arguably the best-selling
painter of his generation of Filipino artists."
14. Abdulmari Asia Imao (2006, Sculpture)- Imao is the first Filipino Muslim to receive the
recognition. His expertise is working on metal brass casting and ceramic sculpture.
15. Ramón Valera (2006, Fashion Design)- Valera was a fashion designer. He was
responsible for designing the standard of what is recognized today as the terno.

II. An Overview on Filipino Arts

- The traditional arts in the Philippines encompass folk architecture, maritime transport,
weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic arts,
ornament, textile, or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional culture.
The arts of the Philippines reflect a society with diverse cultural influences and traditions.
- the strong influence of modernism in Philippine art during the thirty years from the 50s to
the 70s demanded the purity of painting as painting and sculpture as sculpture. But this
began to change in the 80s with the new and younger artists’ explorations into multi-
media and installation art.
- it appears that the most salient feature of Philippine arts is a rather stylized, rhythmic, and
patterned design or organization of forms. It is heartening to realize that no matter how
extensive Western influence is on Philippine culture, the Filipinos’ traditional sensibility,
worldview, values, and attitudes remain essentially intact, as can be gleaned from their
contemporary visual arts.
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PENCIL DRAWING AND TECHNIQUES IN PENCIL SHADING

I. Characteristics of Pencil, Charcoal, And Pen Ink Drawing

- Pencils are the most versatile drawing media because of the variety of marks that can be
made.
- Most pencil cores are made of graphite powder mixed with a clay binder.
- Graphite pencils (traditionally known as "lead pencils") produce grey or black marks that
are easily erased, but otherwise resistant to moisture, most chemicals, ultraviolet
radiation, and natural aging.
- Pencil drawing is a drawing executed with an instrument composed of graphite enclosed
in a wood casing and intended either as a sketch for a more elaborate work in another
medium, an exercise in visual expression, or a finished work.
- The characteristics of pencil drawing often vary depending on the type of pencil used (its
thickness and color), how hard or lightly it is being pressed against the drawing material
(often card or paper), the angle of a pencil, and how sharp it is.
- Charcoal drawings are much like pencil drawings, only a lot rougher and a lot darker. The
main characteristic of charcoal as a medium is that, unless it is fixed by the application of
some form of gum or resin, it is impermanent, easily erased, or smudged.
- Drawings done with charcoal pencils will usually appear to have more depth than a
drawing with graphite.
- Pen and ink drawing describes the process of using pens to apply ink to a surface. The
main medium of Asian art and calligraphy is in Japan, China, and Korea. Also used in
many book illustrations during the 1800s.

The full range of graphite drawing pencils looks something like this: 9B, 8B, 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B,
3B, 2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H

II. Techniques in Pencil, Charcoal, and Pen Ink Shading

- Hatching- it is the placement of lines near each other.

- Contour follows the object's contour, curve or outline.
- Weaving- sets of lines can have a specific organized pattern to them, or they can be
placed more randomly.
 - Stippling- placing many, many dots on the paper to indicate shading.
- Random lines- Lines going in various directions.

III. Understanding light and form

Value or Tones simply refers to how light or dark an object or area is. Understanding
value is almost synonymous with understanding light and form. The combination of
light and shadow creates a range of values, which then creates the illusion of form.

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DRAWING MEDIUMS (TRADITIONAL)

I. Various Art Equipment and its Usage

Basic art equipment (traditional):
• An active sketch book/drawing book is several plain papers joined together.
• Colored pencils are ideal for creating and coloring paper/writable-based projects.
• Mechanical Pencil like traditional pencils but the lead can be refillable.
 • Compass- This instrument is used to draw arcs and circles.
• Fixative is a resin that has been dissolved in a colorless spirit solvent. It prevents
drawings made with pencil or charcoal from being smudged. • Paint brushes come in
different bristles and shapes. Usually used to apply paint or ink.
• Ruler- a device used in geometry and technical drawing.
• Paint is more than just the color though; it is a material that is applied as a liquid and
dries by a variety of chemical processes to a solid.

II. Drawing media

- Dry media includes charcoal, graphite, chalks, and pastels. Each of these mediums gives
the artist a wide range of mark-making capabilities and effects, from thin lines to large
areas of color and tone.
- Graphite media includes pencils, powder, or compressed sticks.
- Pastels are essentially colored chalks usually compressed into stick form for better
handling. They are characterized by soft, subtle changes in tone or color.
- Charcoal, perhaps the oldest form of drawing media, is made by simply charring wooden
sticks or small branches, called vine charcoal, but is also available in a mechanically
compressed form.
- Wet media traditionally refers to ink but really includes any substance that can be put into
solution and applied to a drawing’s surface. Because wet media is manipulated much like
paint – through thinning and the use of a brush – it blurs the line between drawing and
painting.
- Ink can be applied with a stick for linear effects and by brush to cover large areas with
tone. It can also be diluted with water to create values of gray.
- Felt tip pens are considered a form of wet media. The ink is saturated into felt strips
inside the pen then released onto the paper or other support through the tip.
III. Basic Shapes and Forms

Shape is an enclosed area of space created through lines or other elements of the
composition.
• Geometric shapes are precise areas that can be made using a ruler or compass. These shapes
can be simple or complex and generally give an artwork a sense of order.
• Organic shapes/Free Form are complex and imprecise. They give works of art a natural
feeling. Form is an element of art closely related to shape. Like shape, form can be geometric
or organic. However, unlike shape, form is always three-dimensional. A form is measurable
by length, width, and height, and encloses volume.
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DEFINING CONTOUR, NEGATIVE SPACE, AND GESTURE DRAWING

I. Characteristics of contour and negative space drawing

- Contour line art is a method of drawing where you draw only the outline of an object,
without any shading. “Contour” means “outline” in French, which is where the name
comes from.
- A contour drawing is done when the artist looks intently at the EDGES of an object but
rarely looks at the paper while the pencil moves.
- The goal of contour drawing is to make a line that is authentic to what you are seeing and
to train your hand to copy your eye's movement. Types of contour line drawing: Blind
contour, Continuous line contour, Modified contour, and Cross contour.
- In negative space drawing, instead of observing the positive shape of an object, you draw
the shape of the space around the object. Positive shapes are solid forms in a design while
negative shapes are the areas that surround the positive shape.

II. Defining Gesture Drawing

- Gesture drawing involves capturing the action, form, and pose of a subject. The purpose
of gesture drawing is primarily to study human form and anatomy.
- You will start to get a feel for the contractions, joints, twists, pulls, and curves
demonstrated by the human body.

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PERSPECTIVE DRAWING PART 1

What is perspective?
- Perspective in sketching is a tool how to create a realistic illusion of 3-dimensional space.
- Perspective drawing is a way for us to express a three-dimensional space on a two-
dimensional surface.

I. Linear Perspective
- Linear perspective is a system of creating an illusion of depth on a flat surface. There are
4 major types of perspective defined by the number of primary Vanishing Points lying on
the Horizon Line: One Point Perspective, Two Point Perspective, Three Point Perspective,
and Multi-Point Perspective.

Standard terms in Perspective drawing.

•Vanishing Point(s): The point(s) where parallel lines seem to converge and disappear. To
put it a different way, it is the point or point where orthogonal lines come together.
 • Horizon Line (aka “Eye Level Line”): This imaginary line represents the farthest
distance in the background. In perspective drawing, a horizon line is the height of the
viewer’s eyes.
• Orthogonal Lines: Imaginary diagonal lines that are parallel to the ground plane and
radiate from or converge to the vanishing point(s).
• Transversal Lines: These lines are parallel to the picture plane. They connect orthogonal
lines at right angles, establishing an object’s fixed width or height.

One-point perspective is a type of linear perspective drawing that uses a single vanishing point
to create the illusion of depth in an artist’s drawing.

Two-point perspective uses two points placed on the horizon line. Two Point Perspective is a
systematic way of drawing box-like objects or anything that can be logically arranged into a
geometric, grid-like structure.
Three-point perspective uses three vanishing points (VP) where two of them are on the horizon
line and the third is either high above the horizon line (at the zenith) or way below (the nadir) it.
Three-point perspective uses three sets of orthogonal lines and three vanishing points to draw
each object.

Ant’s Eye View

Bird’s Eye View

The last type of linear perspective is the Multi-point perspective - it is the case when there are
more than two primary vanishing points on the horizon line. In a Multi-Point Perspective
drawing, each object will have separate sets of vanishing points with a variety of angles and none
of the objects are parallel to each other.

II. Atmospheric Perspective

PERSPECTIVE DRAWING PART 2

Aerial perspective, also called atmospheric perspective, method of creating the illusion of depth,
or recession, in a painting or drawing by modulating color to simulate changes effected by the
atmosphere on the colors of things seen at a distance.

III. Curvilinear Perspective

The curvilinear perspective grids work with 4, 5, and even 6 primary vanishing points. They can
be also divided into these categories based on their type of field of vision: Cylindrical field of
vision (4 vanishing points), Hemispherical field of vision (5 vanishing points), and Spherical
field of vision (6 vanishing points).

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TYPES OF DRAEING (PART 1) LANDSCAPE, PORTRAITS, AND STILL LIFE

I. Characteristics of landscape, portrait, and still life drawings

•A landscape painting or drawing refers to an artwork whose primary focus is natural scenery,
such as mountains, forests, cliffs, trees, rivers, valleys, etc. Landscape artists can choose to depict
their vision of the earth in a variety of ways.
They can be painted realistically, to replicate nature as closely as possible. Landscapes can also
be surreal and purely imaginative, as in Dali's unusual and dreamlike artwork.
•A portrait painting or drawing depicts the image of a particular person animal, or group thereof.
The subject of a portrait is usually called a “sitter" because traditionally people would sit in front
of the artist to have their portrait painted.
•A still life painting or drawing is a piece that features an arrangement of inanimate objects as its
subject. Usually, these items are set on a table and often include organic objects like fruit and
flowers and household items like glassware and textiles.

II. Landscape, portrait, and still life artists.

• Landscape
o Claude Monet (1840-1926) La Grenouillere, The Beach at Trouville
o JMW Turner (1775-1851) Burning of the House of Lords and Commons
o Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) Sunday Morning Going to Town, Planting Rice
• Portrait
o Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Lady with an Ermine and Mona Lisa o Rembrandt (1606-
1669) The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Nicolaes Tulp
o Juan Luna (1857-1899) Spoliarium, The Death of Cleopatra and The Parisian Life
• Still life
o Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) Still Life with Basket, Still Life with Plastic Cupid
o Francisco de Zurbaran (1598-1664) Still Life with Lemons, Oranges & Rose

III. Doodle
- The original definition of “to doodle” is “to draw, sketch or scribble idly” especially
while you are doing something else.
- Doodles are simple drawings that can have concrete representational meaning or may just
be abstract shapes. Doodling is the act of creating drawings in an unconscious or
unfocused manner.
IV. Characteristics of Fantasy drawing, Illustrations, and Caricatures
•Fantasy drawing or Fantasy art depicts imaginary, surreal, or visionary themes. It can be
characterized by subject matter – which portrays non-realistic, mystical, and mythical or
folkloric subjects or events – and style, which is representational and naturalistic, rather than
abstract – or in the case of magazine illustrations and similar, in the style of graphic novel art
such as manga.
•An illustration is a drawing, painting, or printed work of art that explains, clarifies,
illuminates, visually represents, or merely decorates a written text, which may be of a literary
or commercial nature. It is a visual explanation of a text, concept, or process, designed for
integration into published media, such as posters, flyers, magazines, books, teaching
materials, animations, video games, and films.
•A caricature is a drawing of a real person which distorts or exaggerates certain features, but
still retains a likeness: in other words, an exaggerated piece of portrait art. Caricature may be
one of the most popular forms of art, but as figurative drawings, they are typically just as
skillful and more influential than most portrait paintings.

V. Artworks of Fantasy drawing artists, Illustrators, and Caricaturist

• Fantasy drawing
o Gustave Moreau (1826-1898) The Sphinx
o Yoshitaka Amano (1952) Speed racer and Final Fantasy
• Illustrators
o Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) Divine Comedy by Dante
o Christoph Niemann (1970) Coffee Break (Cover story at The New Yorker, 2015)
o Apolonio "Pol" Medina Jr. (1962) Pugad Baboy (comic strip)
• Caricaturist
o Honoré Daumier (1808-1879) Past, Present, Future
o David Levine (1926-2009) US presidents

VI. Popular art style today

Art can be quite puzzling if you just recently come across these terms: movement, style, and
aesthetic. But are these just buzzwords or are there any relevance to each other?
• Impressionism- This type of art involves the use of brushwork and light to highlight the
essence of a subject.
• Cubism- often looks like a form of abstract art, yet it is a style of realism
• Pop Art- It was a fun style that uses the imagery of mass media and popular cultures, such
as advertisements, news, comic books, and movies to tell a story.
• Abstract Art- also known as concrete art or nonobjective art.
• Still life- art that depicts still or inanimate objects.
 • Figurative is regarded as what contrasts abstract art - art that does not employ recognizable
motifs - also known as non-representational art.
• Modern Art-characterized by ‘the artist’s intent to portray a subject as it exists in the world,
according to his or her unique perspective and is typified by a rejection of accepted or
traditional styles and values’.
• Geometric- This art style uses a range of geometric shapes from simple triangles, squares,
and circles to complex shapes that require math to create. • Minimalism-a style of abstract
painting or sculpture characterized by extreme simplicity of form: in effect, a type of visual
art reduced to the essentials of geometric abstraction.
• Surrealism- a form of expression that ‘surpasses realism’.
• Contemporary Art- a style that is forever changing because it is the present style. • Kawaii-
Giant eyes, rounded shapes, and simplistic features are hallmarks of one of the cutest forms
of art.
• The graffiti-can art style uses an existing or a new typeface to arrange text in an endeavor to
convey a message.
• Photorealism- is a style of highly detailed paintings in which the artist attempts to replace
an image from a photograph. 8

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BASIC MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES

I. Definition of Materials and Techniques

The substances or materials used in the creation of a work of art, as well as any production or
manufacturing techniques, processes, or methods incorporated in its fabrication. The specific part
of a work is composed of a certain material manufactured or created using a particular technique.

Materials Things needed to create the work of art, along with an indication of where they were
employed. It is important to know not only the name of the material but also how the material
was used in the creation of the work. Examples: Paper, wood, canvas, charcoal, clay, cement,
fiberglass, ceramics, fabric etcetera.
Processes or Techniques The means, method, process, or technique by which material was used
in the creation of a work. Examples: painting, drawing, sculpting, carving, collage, stenciling,
weaving, etcetera.
* Printmaking, or photography, is a skill that requires connoisseurship. The process by which an
object, work, or image was created may not be known or may be under dispute.
To start up (for example a public art piece),
• Theme or topic to portray
• Study sketches (materials, techniques, and dimensions are included, tentatively)
• Approved plan (the sketched work that was consulted)
• Final sketches (materials, techniques, dimensions, and duration are included, and approved as
well)
• Mockup/scale

• Budget
• Documentation of the behind-the-scenes
• Final piece
• Artist’s Statement.