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Tannin

The document discusses tannins, including their classification into true and pseudo tannins. True tannins are further divided into hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable tannins. The structures and characteristics of hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable tannins are described. Methods of extraction and identification of tannins from plant materials are also outlined.

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9 views

Tannin

The document discusses tannins, including their classification into true and pseudo tannins. True tannins are further divided into hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable tannins. The structures and characteristics of hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable tannins are described. Methods of extraction and identification of tannins from plant materials are also outlined.

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PHARMACOGNOSY LAB 7

TANNINS
General introduction to Tannins

Tannins are complex organic, non-nitrogenous


polyphenol plant products, which generally have
astringent properties. These compounds comprise a large
group of compounds that are widely distributed in the
plant kingdom. The term ‘tannin’ was first used by Seguin
in 1796 to denote substances which have the ability to
combine with animal hides to convert them into leather
which is known as tanning of the hide. According to this,
tannins are substances which are detected by a tanning
test due to its absorption on standard hide powder. The
test is known as Goldbeater’s skin test.
Classification of Tannins

The tannin compounds can be divided into two major


groups on the basis of Goldbeater’s skin test. A group of
tannins showing the positive tanning test may be regarded
as true tannins, whereas those, which are partly retained
by the hide powder and fail to give the test, are called as
pseudotannins..
True Tannins are chemically divided into two major
classes based on the identity of the phenolic nuclei
involved and the way they are joined in the tannins
structure. The first class is referred to as hydrolysable
tannins, whereas the other class is termed as
nonhydrolysable or condensed tannins.
Hydrolysable Tannins

As the name implies, these tannins are hydrolyzed by


mineral acids or enzymes such as tannase. Their
structures involve several molecules of polyphenolic acids
such as gallic acid, hexahydroxydiphenic, or ellagic acids,
bounded through ester linkages to a central glucose
molecule.
Non Hydrolysable Tannins or Condensed Tannins
Condensed tannins, unlike the previously explained group
are not readily hydrolysable to simpler molecules with
mineral acids and enzymes, thus they are also referred to
as nonhydrolysable tannins. The term proanthocyanidins
is sometimes alternatively used for these tannins.
The most widely studied condensed tannins are based on
flavan-3-ol, Epicatechin and catechin.
Non Hydrolysable Tannins or Condensed Tannins

Catechin structure
Epicatechin
structure
General Characteristics of Tannins

Tannins are colloidal solutions with water.


Non crystalline substance.
Soluble in water, alcohol, dilute alkali, and glycerin.
Sparingly soluble in ethyl acetate.
Insoluble in organic solvents, except acetone.
Can bind with proteins and form insoluble or soluble
tannin—protein complexes.
They cause precipitation of solution of gelatin as well as
alkaloids
They form dark blue, greenish-black soluble compounds
with ferric salts.
They are precipitated by salts of copper, lead and tin
Medicinal use of Tannins

Tannins as astringents can be used internally for the relief of


diarrhea and also can be used externally for acne and also
relieve minor skin irritations which results from superficial
cuts, insect bites and fungal infection.
Used in the treatment of burns as the proteins of the exposed
tissue are precipitated and form a mildly antiseptic, protective
coat under which the regeneration of new tissues may take a
place.
Tannins also have been employed as antidotes in poisoning by
heavy metals, alkaloids and glycosides
Anti-tumor and anti-HIV activity
Use in the process of vegetable- tanning which converts
animal hides to leather (leather industry).
Ink industry
Extraction of Tannins

Method of Extraction: Decoction


Plant used: tra Leaf Camellia sinensis F. Theaceae.
Part used: Dried Leaves

Procedure
Place 0.5 gm of powdered dry leaves of dried plant in 50 ml of
water and boil for 15 minutes. Allow the mixture to cool then
filter.
Results and Discussion.
The resultant filtrate will contain tannins. As tannins are soluble
in polar solvents, water was used in its extraction.
Identification of Tannins

Gelatin Test
To a 1% gelatine solution, add little 10% sodium chloride. If
a 1% solution of tannin is added to the gelatine solution,
tannins cause precipitation of gelatine from solution
(white ppt.)
Ferric Chloride solution
To 2 ml of the aqueous sample extract add 1 to 2 drops of
diluted ferric chloride solution. A dark green or blue
green coloration indicates the presence of tannins.
Lead sub acetate sol
To 2 ml of the aqueous sample extract add 1 ml of lead sub
acetate, precipitation indicates the presence of tannins.

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