A project on

“WATER POLLUTION”

Under the guidance of

DIBYA SANKAR ACHARYA
Lecturer in Chemistry
R.C.M SCIENCE (DEGREE) COLLEGE KHALLIKOTE, GANJAM

Submitted by,
PINKILATA SAHU
+3 Final year science, Chemistry (Hons.)
Roll.no-RS1925336
Regd.no-22397/2018
 INDEX

1. Declaration
2. Certificate
3. Acknowledgement
4. Project-“water pollution”
• Introduction to water pollution
• Types of water pollution
• Sources of water pollution
• Effect of water pollution
• How to control water pollution
• How to effect on human being
• Prevention to reduce water pollution
• Most polluted area in India and outer country
• Conclusion

5. Reference
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project report entitled “water

pollution” has been undertaken by me under the guidance of
Dibya Sankar Acharya, lecturer in chemistry of R.C.M
science (degree) college, khallikote, Ganjam in order to
fulfil the requirements for 6th semester examination for the
academic session 2020-21.

Place:
Date: signature of the student
Dibya Sankar Acharya
Lecturer in Chemistry
R.C.M science (degree) college
Khallikote, Ganjam

CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
research work is carried out to investigate about the subject
matter and the related data collection and has been completed
solely and satisfactorily by PINKILATA SAHU of +3 3rd year
of Chemistry honours bearing the university roll no-
RS1925336,R.C.M science(degree) college Khallikote,
Ganjam,761030,regarding the project titled –
“Water pollution”

Place:
Date: signature of the student
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“There are times when silence speaks so much loudly then

words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose
words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings,
which are of gratitude at this point of time.”

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry

mentor Dibya Sankar Acharya , for his vital support
,guidance and encouragement without which this project
would not have come foarth.

Place:
Date: signature of the student
 WATER
❖ 71% from earth surface covered by water.97
• % salt water present in sea.
• 3% fresh water found in other place.
❖ Function
• Domestic.
• Industry.
• Agriculture.
• Reaction.
• Safety and security.
❖ Water is 70%total human body weight.
❖ 30-40% bone mass.
❖ Body functions:
• Absorption of oxygen at alveoli.
• Control of body temperature.
• Blood component.
• Digestion in kidney and intestine.
❖ Alternation of 10% body content- Health problem.
❖ Alternation of 20% body content-Death.
 INTRODUCTION
Water pollution is one of the most problems which human and
animals are facing.
We all know that water is the most essential thing we need to
live and that is why it is important but water can get easily be
polluted and it is heard to clean. Now the pollution made by
industries and other waste from the house hold is way too
much that they think better to threw it into water without
caring of environmental, animal and even themselves. So that
in India water pollution is a big problem. There are many
aquatic species in India which are Endanger because of it so
better to stop it. When mistakenly or by other factors
someone’s drink bad water he or she have to suffer a lot due
to despises not just humans animals also drink water and they
can’t be cured and that’s why die which is very bad for our
biodiversity.
TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION

Water contamination is categorized based on the source or

the natural of the water body is affects. Some of most
common pollution types are:
1. Surface water pollution:-
Surface water includes water that is found naturally in the
earth’s surface. They include lagoons, rivers oceans and lakes.
Contamination of such water features results from the
dissolving or mixing of the water with pollutants. It can be
accidental, such as oil spills in the ocean or international, like
industries eliminating their waste into reveres or sea.
2. Groundwater pollution:-
It occurs when the hazardous chemicals and particles applied
on the surface by humans seep into the ground by rainwater.
The contaminates water pollute underground water and
features such as underground rivers and water bodies.
As a result, well and boreholes might become contaminated.
The most common cause of this type of pollution is the use of
pesticides and fertilizers on farms.
3. Chemical pollution:-
Chemicals are the most common type of water contaminants.
They affect both surface and underground water bodies.
Industry and farming activities are the leading cause due to
metals used in industries and insecticides, fungicides and
pesticides used by farmer cause soil contamination. Chemical
contamination is also results from petroleum spills.
4. Nutrients pollution:-
Even through nutrients are essential for plant and aquatic life.
An excess of it is dangerous. Fertilizers have a high content of
nutrients required for plant growth. Consequently, they cause
rapid and uncontrolled growth of vegetation and algae on the
water surface when they end up in the water that leads to
clogging of water filters and contamination of drinking water.
5. Oxygen depletion pollution:-
Aquatic microorganisms thrive on biodegradable substance.
When many of these materials get into the water, the number
of microorganisms increases. They use off all the oxygen in
the water. The depletion of oxygen leads to the death of
aerobic microorganisms but promotes the thriving of
anaerobic organisms.
SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION
This section gives introduction about the most
significant source of water pollution.

Sewage (Water waste):-

Sewage is another name of waste water for domestic and
industrial processes. Despite strict regulatory control, the
environment agency data shows that the water and sewage
industries accounted almost a quarter of serious water
incidents in England and Wales in 2006.
Agriculture pollution:-
The agricultural industries cover 76%of the land area of
England and Wales. Agriculture processes such as
uncontrolled spreading of slurries and manure, disposal of
sheep dip, tillage ploughing of the land, use of pesticides and
fertilizers can cause water pollution. Accidental spills from
milk dairies can also affect the quality of water.
Oil pollution:-
Every year there are 3,000 pollution incidents involving oil
and fuels in England and Wales. Oil spillage affects water
quality in a number of ways. Oil can make drinking water
unsafe to drink. A substantial amount of oil related into ocean
and sea destroy wildlife and the ecosystems that sustain them.
Oil spills also reduce oxygen supplies within the water
environment. The main cause of oil related water pollution
are:
• Loss of storage facilities
• Spillage during delivery and;
• Deliberate disposal of waste oil to drainage systems

Radioactive substance:-
Radioactive waste is another source of water pollution.
Radioactive substance are used in nuclear power plant,
industries, medical and other scientific processes. They can be
found in watches, luminous, clocks, television sets and x-ray
machinery. There are also naturally occurring radioisotopes
from organism and within the environment. If not properly
disposal of, radioactive waste can result in serious water
pollution incidents.

River dumping:-
People dump supermarket trolley, bicycle, garden cuttings
and electronic waste into rivers and river banks. This is illegal
and offenders may be charged for fly tipping if caught.River
dumping only not causes water pollution; it also harms
wildlife and increases the flooding. Fly tipping (this includes
river dumping) is a criminal offence. In the most severe cases,
it can attract a maximum fine of 50,000 euro or a 5 year jail
terms.
Marine dumping:-
The worldwide fund for nature (WWF) estimates that
a staggering amount of waste enters into the sea every year.
Part of this is due to deliberate dumping of waste into coastal
waters. Other sources of sea are including plastics and other
materials blow or washed from land. Marine dumping is
illegal under international and other materials blower washed
from land. Marine dumping is illegal under international and
UK legislation.
Point source:-
When contamination occurs from a single source it is
called point source pollution. Through this pollution
originated from a specific place, it can affect miles of
waterways and ocean.
Point sources include wastewater, which is known as
effluent, legally or illegally discharged from a manufacturing
unit, oil refinery or wastewater treatment facility.
Nonpoint source:-
Nonpoint source pollution is contamination derived from
multiple or diffused sources. These may include contaminated
water travelled after rains, agricultural or storm water runoff
into waterways from the land.
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION:-

1. Death of aquatic animals:-

➢ Animals, including water animals, die when water is
polluted for various reasons.
➢ In a classics case of marine pollution in recent time
16000 miles of an us coastline was affected by an oil
spill. And it caused a lot of damage and deaths of many
animals.
➢ Animals are also affected by solid waste thrown into
water bodies, as they harm them in many ways.
2. Effects on human being:-
➢ Every year, unsafe water sickens about 1billion
people.
➢ Diseases spread by unsafe water include cholera,
giardiasis, and typhoid.
➢ From a study it is found that almost 20 percent of the
nation’s lakes have high levels of nitrogen or
phosphorus pollutions which cause serious risks to
infants.
➢ People often get water-borne disease outbreaks such as
cholera and tuberculosis.
3. Effects on the environment:-
➢ Chemicals and heavy metals from industrial and
municipal waste water contaminate aquatic
animals and reduce their life span and ability to
reproduce.

4. Disruption of eco-system:-
➢ Sewage and fertilizers can cause a massive
increase in the growth of algae in huge areas of
oceans, lakes or rivers. This is known as algal
bloom.
➢ This reduces oxygen level in water and this
dearth of oxygen known as Eutrophication.
➢ It can create dead zones for plants and animals.
5. Disruption of food- chain:-
➢ Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as
well. Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are
eaten by tiny animals. Later these animals are
consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food
chain continues to be disrupted at all higher
levels.
6. Effects on economic cost:-
➢ Pollution increases water treatment prices. This is due
to the additional energy costs and chemicals to filter and
clean the water.
➢ It decreases tourism industry cost. Almost 1 billion in
revenue is lost in tourism each year due to nutrient
pollution and associated algae blooms.
➢ It damages to commercial fishing and shellfish harvest.
More than half a billion people around the world
depend on them for food or fishing income.
➢ It also lowers real estate values. The EPA found that
waterfront property values drop as much as 25%.
PREVENTIONS TO REDUCE WATER POLLUTION:-
1. Disposal of toxic chemicals properly:-
➢ Chemicals like bleach, paint, and ammonia should
be disposed properly. And many of household
chemicals can be recycled.
2. Do not our fat and greases down the drain:-
➢ Grease, fat and used cooking oil should be disposed
of in the trash or kept in a fat jar for disposal.
3. Use phosphate free detergent and dish cleaner:-
➢ You can further cut down on water pollution by
using enough of these cleaners to do the job.
4. Dispose of medical waste properly:-
➢ Never flush medicines down the toilet, and never
dump them in the nearest pond or creek.
5. Eat more organic food;-
➢ Eating organic reduces the amount of chemical
pollution that ends up in the water.
6. Report water polluters:-
➢ Report people who pour oil in storm drains, toss
bags of trash in a stream, and so on.
7. Support Environmental charities:-
➢ Find an organization that’s active in your area and
make a donation every year.
8. Try to avoid plastics containers:-
➢ Use cloth bags, and reusable insulated containers to
hold drinks.
9. Keep your vehicles from leaking:-
➢ This runoff problem is easy is easy to treat just be
diligent about maintaining and repairing your
vehicles.
10. Plant some trees:-
➢ Trees reduce erosion that washes pollution into the
water and reduces erosion.
11. Help to clean up beaches and rivers:-
➢ Help to clean up the local rivers or help to collect
leftover chemicals from local residents.

MOST POLLUTED AREA IN INDIA AND OUTER

COUNTRY:-
The Yamuna River has become one of the most polluted
rivers in India as well as in the world because of high density
population growth and speedily industrialization.
According to the rankings, Ghaziabad in Uttar
Pradesh was the most polluted with the average annual
PM 2.5 levels of 106.6ug/m3, making it the second most
polluted city in the world after Hotan in China (110.2ug/m3).
The next 13 ranks were also held by cities in India.
 The other Indian cities on the list are: Bulandshahr,
Bisrakh Jalalpur (Uttar Pradesh), Bhiwadi (Rajasthan),
Greater Noida, Kanpur, Lucknow (UP), Delhi, Faridabad
(Haryana), Meerut (UP), Jind, Hisar (Haryana), Agra,
Muzaffarnagar(UP), Fatehabed, Bandhwari, Gurugram,
Yamuna Nagar, Rohtak (Haryana), Muzaffarpur (UP)and
Dharuhera(Haryana).Kashgar, also in China is ranked 15.
Manikganj in Bangladesh follows in 16th rank.
Other foreign cities that made it to the list were Lahore
and Bahawalpur in Pakistan, in the 18th and 19th rank, Dhaka
in Bangladesh ranking 23, South Tangerang in Indonesia in
the 25th spot.
CONCLUSION:-
❖ Water pollution is caused by multiple things that can
ultimately harm not only humans, animals, plants and
the environment but it can also effect the economy.
❖ Even though it is caused by multiple things, there are
multiple ways to prevent it and treat it.
❖ Water is an important resource that needs to be taken
care of and treasured. If we do not, we will lose our
most valuable resource.

REFERENCES:-
▪ www.wikipedia.org
▪ www.who.org
▪ www.youtube.com
▪ www.researchgate.com