1 GRAMMAR Introduction Understanding grammar words 1 Match the examples (1-14) with the grammar words (a-n). 1 alan, the ats at, to, for do, have... can, must. Ifyou do that, Ti... she, someone, myself. all, some, both, either past simple, present perfect suum What’ your name? Where do you live? 10 happy, important, g00d soe 11. slowly, carefully, well 12. getup in the morning, look up a word 13 The letter that arrived this morning is for you. 14 Itis made of wood, The book was written in 2001. on weevaunun a verb tenses £ adjectives k phrasal verbs auxiliary verbs g adverbs 1 articles modal auxiliaries h conditional sentence m_ determiners prepositions i passive voice n_ relative clause € questions j. pronouns 2 Match the tenses in italics (1-8) with their names (a-h). Helen is leaving first thing in the morning, ...\..... Tye been studying English for two years. neu If had a helicopter, 1d get to school more easily! ... I get up at 7.30 every day. .n. Next year I'll be taking my final exams at university. on By the time we got to the station, the train had left. Tve lived in Athens all my life. ewaneene While I was walking along the street a dog ran in front of a car... a present simple € past simple b present continuous f past continuous present perfect past perfect present perfect continuous ——h_ future continuous CamScannerGRAMMAR 1 INTRODUCTION Thinking about language in context 3 For each situation (1-4) underline the best expression. The other alternatives may be wrong in grammar, or too informal/impolite, or too formal/polite for the 1 situation. 1 Its your birthday on Saturday. Invite a friend to your party. a) Til have a party on Saturday. You will come, hi n Sa 0 ©) Thave a party on Saturday. Are you coming? 2. You are on the bus. Ask a stranger to open the window. a) Could you open the window, please? b) Open the window. ©) Excuse me, but do you think you could possibly open the window? 3. You arrive late for class and apologize to your teacher. a) Imlate, I apologize, b) Sorry I'm late, ). Please accept my most sincere apologies. 4 You area witness to a minor accident. Explain what you saw to a policeman. a) This car comes down the road and hits a tree, bang! b) A carhad come down the road and had hit a tree. ©) Acarcame down the road and hita tree. Other ways of learning 4 Which ways of learning English do you use? What could you start doing now? Reading for pleasure. ‘Translating. Making lists of words, or problem points, ina notebook. Using a dictionary. Listening to songs. Keeping a diary. Reviewing your written work. Looking at English-language Internet sites. ‘Watching television, watching films or listening to the radio, 10. Using a self-study grammar! vocabulary book. Which English? English is a world language, and the English spoken in the USA or Australia differs from the English spoken in Britain, There are also differences between speakers from Scotland, Ireland and England, and between different parts of the same country. This book uses what is generally called Standard British English. References are also made to some differences in American English. E CamScanner ewewnureneGRAMMAR Present time 1 Present simple: form © Form the present simple with the infinitive form of the verb (without to). Add s in the third person singular he/shefit. Hike You like He/She/It likes We like They like Some verbs are irregular: have, be, Ihave Youhave He/She has Wehave They have Jam Youare ‘He/She is We are They are © Spelling changes Verbs ending in o, s ch, sh, x add -es for the third person singular. He goes She misses She watches He wishes He relaxes © Questions Form yes/no questions with do + the infinitive (without to). Use does for he/shelit. Do you like Italian food? Does she like Italian food? Use do/does to form questions with when, what, why, where, how and, in certain situations, who. What do you want? Where does she live? © Negatives Form negatives with do not + the infinitive (without 10). Use does not for he/she/it. Ido not like that. She does not like that. © Short forms (contractions) In speech and informal writing, do not becomes don't, and does not becomes doesn't. Idon't like that. She doesn’t like that. Present simple: meaning © The present simple can describe: 1 Hebitual actions. Tusually get up at 7.30. 2 Actions and situations that are generally or usually true. Liz plays in the school basketball team We like ice cream. 3 Facts which are always true. The sun rises in the east. © The present simple also has some future meanings (see Grammar 9). CamScanne:‘GRAMMAR 2 PRESENT TIME 1 Present simple: pronunciation ‘Verbs which end in /2/, /dy/, /s/, /, Af! and /ks/ have an extra syllable in the third person, pronounced /tz/. watches misses relaxes ‘After /ff, k/, /p/s It, third person sound is /s/: hits /ats! Other third person /s/ endings are pronounced as /2/: sees (si:z/ Present continuous: form ‘Form the present continuous with the auxiliary be and the -ing form of the main verb. Jam relaxing. You are relaxing. He/She is relaxing. Weare relaxing. They are relaxing. © Spelling changes Verbs ending -e drop the -e when they add -ing. like liking decide deciding write writing Verbs with one syllable, ending in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant when they add -ing. sit sitting swim swimming dig. digging Verbs ending -ie change -ie to -y. lie lying tie tying die dying ‘© Short forms (contractions) In speech and informal writing, there are short forms: Pm writing. You're writing He's/She’s writing. Were writing. They're writing. © Questions Form yes/no questions by putting the auxiliary be before the subject. Am I writing? Are you writing? Is he/she writing? Are we writing? Are they writing? Wh- questions follow the same pattern. What are you writing? Why are we writing? © Negatives Form negatives with the verb be + not. Tam not writing. He is not writing. ‘They are not writing. In speech and informal writing, there are short forms: Tim not writing. He's mot writing. They're not writing. He isn’t writing ‘They aren't writing. Present continuous: meaning © Use the present continuous to describe: 1 Actions in progress at the present moment. Sorry, I can't speak to you, I'm washing my hair. 2. Actions happening ‘around now, but not at the moment of speaking. ‘I'm reading The Lord of the Rings. © The present continuous also has future meanings (see Grammar 8).. CamScannerINTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 1 Underline the correct phrase in each sentence. What time go you/do you go to bed on Saturdays? Why are you waiting/do you waiting outside the door? Don’t ask Tim. He doesn't know/not knows the answer. Thaving/I'm having my lunch at the moment. ‘When you leave/do you leave the house in the morning? I don’t understand, What is happening/is happen? Excuse me, does you know/do you know the time? ‘This isa great party. I'm having/Am I having a lovely time. evaurone 2. Read the answers and then complete the questions. 1 Where .....ees. S48. Live, ‘Sue? She lives at the end of Axwell Road. 2 Do scr Jim? No, I dor’t know him. 3. What. At the moment? I'm doing my homework, Here? No, we change trains at the next station. 6 Wh Tim wearing two pullovers because I feel cold! 3 Rewrite each sentence so that the verb in italics is a negative contraction. 1 Naomi and Bill are watching television. bt @OsL Ath BEAL ICRI. WARING ROLES Rta. 2 Peter likes chocolate cake. 3. Tm using this pencil at the moment. 4 The children are having lunch in the kitchen, 5. I get up early on Saturday. 6 Blena is writing a novel. CamScanne:Nee ‘GRAMMAR 2 PRESENT TIME 1 4 Complete each sentence with a present simple or present continuous form of the words in bold. 1 Rt smu. Cheese sandwiches? . at the moment? you read 4 [iltalk to you later... Thave 5 We not use computers 6 Look out of the window! .. itsnow 7 This is an examination! Why... you talk 8 Ann _. to school by bus every day. a uniform at your school? you wear 10 Pathas got an interesting hobby. she build a boat. 5 Choose the correct spelling from each pair of words. 1 Gritingpwritting 9 using/useing 2 diging/digging 10 waiting/waitting 3 takeing/taking 11 washeing/washing 4. deciding/decideing 12. riding/rideing 5 swiming/swimming 13. flyeing/flying 6 having/haveing 14. studing/studying 7 lying/lieing 15 going/goeing 8 readding/reading ° CamScanner10 —= —— GRAMMAR Present time 2 Present simple: frequency adverbs © Frequency adverbs explain how often something happens. The frequency adverb usually comes between subject and verb, always AVA SS Lalways get up at 7.00. usually — SVSS it usually rains when I go on holiday! often V¢¢ Pat often goes to football matches, sometimes JV We sometimes eat pizza for lunch. rarely v Jane rarely listens to jazz. never - ‘My bus never arrives on time. © With the verb be the adverb comes after the verb. Jima is usually late. © Other frequency adverbs are: frequently (WVVV), normally (vA), occasionally (/V), seldom (/), hardly ever (7). © Present continuous with always ‘We can use always with the present continuous when we are exaggerating or complaining, ‘We emphasize always in speech in this case, You're always forgetting your keys! State verbs and action verbs A state is when something stays the same. An action is when something happens. State verbs are not usually used in any continuous form. Iknow what you mean, (NOT Lantknowing-whet-yowremeaning ) Examples of state verbs are: + senses: appear, hear, look like, see, taste + fecling: like, hate, love, prefer, want, wish + thinking: agree, believe, forget, know, think, understand + possession: belong to, contain, have, own = being: be, exist + other: cost, depend on, mean, need Some of the verbs in the previous list can have a ‘state’ meaning and an ‘action’ meaning, Examples include be, have, taste, think. Thave two sisters. (permanent state) I'm having problems with this computer. (temporary action) CamScanneine! GRAMMAR 3 PRESENT TIME 2 Some state verbs can describe a temporary feeling. How is your new school? I'm really loving it at the moment! © feel “There is almost no difference of meaning between the simple and continuous with feel. feel awful! Pm feeling awful! How do you feel now? How are you feeling now? Present simple or continuous? Compare: simple Present continuous permanent temporary habits and routines in progress now facts that are always true events happening at the moment general situations a particular situation live in Budapest. (all the time) Pm living in Budapest. (fora few months) This plane lands in Frankfurt. (routine) We're landing. (in progress now) Present simple in narrative In speech we can use the present simple to make a story or joke with past events appear more immediate and interesting. A man walks into a bar and asks for a glass of water. The barman says ... ‘We also use the present simple in written summaries such as plots of television series. The story so far: Michael meets Susan in the library and tells her about the missing earrings ... Present continuous: future meanings ‘The present continuous can be used with a future meaning to describe: 1 A fixed future arrangement. There is usually a future time expression. Paul és leaving early tomorrow morning. My parents are buying me a mountain bike for my birthday. 2. A social arrangement. Are you doing anything on Saturday? We're going skating. u CamScannerINTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 1 Underline the correct sentence for each situation. 1 You want to invite a friend to your party on Friday. You say: a) Thave a party on Friday. Do you want to come? b) Lm having a party on Friday, Do you want to come? ‘You find a wallet on your desk and ask the people nearby: 2) Who does this wallet belong to? b) Who is this wallet belonging to? A friend invites you to a snack bar at lunch time. You say: a) Thanks, but always go home. b) Thanks, but I'm always going home. A friend opens the door and says: What are you doing? You reply: a) Iwork asa secretary, b) Tm repairing the computer. You haven't decided yet about buying a new bike. You say: a) I think about it. b) I'm thinking about it A friend asks: Do you like lemon tea? You reply: a) [prefer tea with milk. b) T'm preferring tea with milk. A friend asks you if you have finished the book she lent you. You say: a) Sorry, I still read it. b) Sorry, I'm still reading it. Its a hot day, but a friend has @ heavy coat on. You ask: 4) Why do you wear a heavy coat? b) Why are you wearing a heavy coat? 2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 That can't be right! I don't beliove/I’m not believing it! Caroline can't swim today, She has/is having a cold. See you in the morning. I leave/'m leaving now. What do you dofare you doing? If you drop it, it will explode! Stop doing that, Bll! You're/You're being very silly 1 drive/T'm driving! You can sit in the back with Martin, What do we eai/are we eating this evening? I'm really hungey! You're a great cook! This cake tastes/is tasting wonderful. Where do you go/are you going? I haver't finished speaking to you! Chemistry is hard, J don’t understand/I'm not understanding it. CamScannerGRAMMAR 3 PRESENT TIME 2 3 Put each verb in brackets into the présent simple or present continuous. 1. Ugh, take it away! I (hate) : mice! 2 Who (you, go) to the match on Saturday with? 3. Inthe winter, what (you, wear) wat 4. Tean't stand horror films. I (think) they're silly! 5 Diana (not, usually, sit) . so NeXt t0 Ellen. 6 Why (you, look at). me like that? 7 Excuse me. (this bus, stop) ‘outside the station? 8 I (not take) the bus to school today. 4 Match each sentence (1-8) with a suitable response (ah). 1. What do you usually do on your birthday? ... 2. Would you like to meet again on Saturday? 3. What do you usually do at the weekend? 4. Have you finished your homework? 5 What are you doing? .. 6 7 8 ‘What are you doing on Friday? ‘Are you in the school basketball team? What do you dot... Thave a party. 1 go out cycling with my friends. Twork in a travel agency. Yes, we play every Friday. I'm still doing it. Its hot in here. 'm opening some windows. Tim going back to Canada tomorrow. I'm having a party. rete eo oe 5 Puteach verb in brackets into the present simple or present continuous. 1 What (usually, you, do) da, yoruasaallyy. do. after school? Dont worry about the cat, It (only, eat) . can't work out the answer. (you, know) What’ the matter? Why (you, stare) . eNauken (you, speak) 7 English? I'm looking for a hotel. Elena (stay) _ with me while her house is being decorated. You should go on a diet. (you, put) on weight. (they, speak) French or Germant | can't tell the difference. 43 CamScanner